Relación entre flexibilidad, fuerza y VO2max de los deportistas de Imbabura

Las cualidades de la condición física como la flexibilidad, fuerza y VO2max en el deportista, se manifiestan en su totalidad en cualquier actividad deportiva. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el nivel de flexibilidad y la relación existente con el nivel de fuerza explosiva y VO2max. Se seleccionaron 137 deportistas de la provincia de Imbabura en las disciplinas de fútbol, basquetbol, escalada, atletismo, ciclismo y taekwondo y se evaluaron mediante la prueba de sit and reach, salto vertical (VERT) y test de Queen College. Los resultados mostraron que el 81,8% fueron de etnia mestiza, el 56 % de la muestra de género masculino. Las disciplinas taekwondo y escalada fueron más flexibles (31 cm), la fuerza explosiva promedio que destacó fue la escalada (48cm) de capacidad de salto, seguido del basquetbol (45cm); el VO2max de los basquetbolistas fue excelente (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). El fútbol presentó un VO2max promedio (52,8 ml*kg-1*min), con diferencias significativas entre las medias (p=<0,05). La flexibilidad de las disciplinas deportivas tuvo una relación (p=<0,00) directa moderada con la fuerza e inversa moderada (p=<0,01/ rho =-0,4) con el VO2max. La flexibilidad fue directamente proporcional a la fuerza, es decir, si aumentó la flexibilidad también aumentó la fuerza; sin embargo, la flexibilidad fue inversamente proporcional a el VO2max, es decir, la flexibilidad disminuyó y el VO2 max aumentó.

As qualidades de aptidão física como flexibilidade, força e VO2max no atleta se manifestam em sua totalidade em qualquer atividade esportiva. O objetivo da pesquisa era avaliar o nível de flexibilidade e a relação existente com o nível de força explosiva e VO2max. Um total de 137 atletas foram selecionados da província de Imbabura nas disciplinas de futebol, basquete, escalada, atletismo, ciclismo e taekwondo e foram avaliados usando o teste sit and reach, salto vertical (VERT) e o teste Queen's College. Os resultados mostraram que 81,8% eram de etnia mista, 56% da amostra era masculina. As disciplinas de taekwondo e escalada eram mais flexíveis (31 cm), a força explosiva média que se destacava era a capacidade de saltar (48 cm), seguida do basquetebol (45 cm); o VO2max dos jogadores de basquetebol era excelente (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). O futebol tinha um VO2máx médio (52,8 ml*kg-1*min-1), com diferenças significativas entre os meios (p=<0,05). A flexibilidade das modalidades esportivas teve uma relação direta moderada (p=<0,00) com força e uma relação inversa moderada (p=<0,01/ rho =-0,4) com o VO2max. A flexibilidade foi diretamente proporcional à força, ou seja, se a flexibilidade aumentou, a força também aumentou; entretanto, a flexibilidade foi inversamente proporcional ao VO2máx, ou seja, a flexibilidade diminuiu e o VO2máx aumentou.

The qualities of the physical condition such as flexibility, strength and VO2max in the athlete, are fully manifested in any sporting activity. The objective of the research was to evaluate the level of flexibility and the existing relationship with the level of explosive strength and VO2max. One hundred thirty-seven athletes from the province of Imbabura were selected in the disciplines of soccer, basketball, climbing, athletics and taekwondo and were evaluated through the sit and reach test, vertical jump (VERT) and Queen College test. The results showed that 81.8 % were of mixed ethnicity, 56 % of the sample male. The taekwondo and climbing disciplines were more flexible (31 cm), the average explosive strength that stood out was climbing (48cm) of jumping capacity, followed by basketball (45cm); the VO2max of the basketball players was excellent (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). Soccer presented an average VO2max (52.8 ml*kg-1*min), with significant differences between the means (p=<0.05). The flexibility of the sports disciplines had a moderate direct relationship (p=<0.00) with strength and a moderate inverse relationship (p=<0.01/ rho =-0.4) with VO2max. Flexibility was directly proportional to strength, that is, if flexibility increased, strength also increased; however, flexibility was inversely proportional to VO2max, that is, flexibility decreased and VO2max increased.

Condición física e inflamatoria antes de una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal / Physical and inflammatory condition before major abdominal quirurgical intervention

Introducción: El desacondicionamiento físico se asocia con disminución en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, aumento en el contenido de grasa corporal, e imbalances en respuesta inflamatoria, todos ellos factor de riesgo frente a la agresión de una intervención quirúrgica mayor. El valor de consumo de oxígeno (VO2max), el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los valores plasmáticos de citoquinas de pacientes programados para una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal a menudo no se tienen en cuenta en la valoración prequirúrgica. Objetivo: Determinar la condición física e inflamatoria de pacientes que se trataron con una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal. Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva. Muestra por conveniencia de pacientes que se trataron con una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal en dos hospitales de Manizales (Colombia). Previo a la intervención, se midió VO2max, el IMC y valores de citoquinas. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 6 hombres y 48 mujeres. Los valores promedio del VO2max se categorizaron como bajos. Se encontraron valores altos de IMC, del receptor antagonista de IL-1 (IL-1 Ra) y del factor neutrotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en los valores promedio de VO2max, de IL-1Ra y de BDNF entre los grupos. Los pacientes programados para intervención quirúrgica ginecológica y gastrointestinal tuvieron sobrepeso y los programados para intervención quirúrgica bariátrica fueron obesos mórbidos. Conclusión: Pacientes programados para una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal presentan valores bajos de VO2max para la edad y altos de IMC. Se hallaron valores altos de IL-1Ra y de BDNF asociadas a obesidad y a posible antiinflamación(AU)

Introduction: Physical deconditioning is associated with, a decrease in cardiorespiratory capacity, an increase in body fat content and imbalances in the inflammatory response, all of which are risk factors for the aggression of a major surgical intervention. The oxygen consumption value (VO2max), body mass index (BMI), and plasma cytokine values of patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery are often not taken into account in the presurgical evaluation. Objective: To determine the physical and inflammatory condition of patients who were treated with a major abdominal surgery. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive research. Convenience sample of patients who underwent major abdominal surgery in two hospitals in Manizales (Colombia). Prior to the intervention, VO2max, BMI and cytokine values were measured. Results: 6 men and 48 women participated in the study. Average VO2max values were categorized as low. High values of BMI, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra) and brain derived neutrotrophic factor (BDNF) were found. No significant differences were found in the mean VO2max, IL-1Ra and BDNF values between the groups. Patients scheduled for gynecological and gastrointestinal surgery were overweight and those scheduled for bariatric surgery were morbidly obese. Conclusion: Patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery have low VO2max values for age and high BMI. High IL-1Ra and BDNF values were found associated with obesity and possible anti-inflammation(AU)

Obesity: A mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported sleep pattern among future physicians

Background: Obesity in relation to physical fitness is of major concern nowadays, as the prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and India is no exception to it. Lack of fitness results in stress as well as increased burnout, which ultimately contributes to mortality from cardiovascular disease. Physicians who are having poor exercise habits are also less likely to counsel patients about exercise. Aim and Objectives: Hence, in this study, we aim to evaluate the body mass index (BMI) as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported sleep pattern among the resident doctors of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana. Materials and Methods: Data were collected for the cross-sectional study. Sleep pattern was determined using a validated Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated using Quetelet index. Queen’s College Step Test method was used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness by calculating VO2max. VO2max is internationally accepted parameter and is the first choice in measuring a person’s cardiopulmonary status. Results: The result of our study showed highly positive significant (P < 0.01) association and correlation between obesity and sleep patterns and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation between obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness among the resident doctors. Residents with relatively disturbed sleep pattern and with shorter sleep durations were either overweight or obese. Preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbance in sleep pattern may be one of the factors which influences BMI and also influences long-term cardiorespiratory health. Residents attributed time constraints due to training as a key barrier to physical activity. Conclusion: Proper awareness at early stage is extremely important to impress the consequences disturbed sleep pattern and in prevention of the development of obesity and improvement in the cardiorespiratory fitness.

A simulation study to compare physiological responses to hypoxia and exercise between anaemic subjects and healthy controls

Objectives: Military flying is a complex task and requires high level of physical fitness of aviators. Various aviation stressors such as acceleratory force, hypoxia, cold weather conditions and decompression sickness place enormous stress on human physiological systems of the aviators. Individuals with Hb <13 g/dL (males) are being placed in the lower medical category which makes them unfit to fly. The present study was undertaken to assess the implication of low haemoglobin (Hb) on exercise capacity and hypoxia tolerance. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five individuals with anaemia and 15 healthy controls participated in the study. The participants were subjected to normobaric hypoxia (NH) equivalent to an altitude of 15,000 feet. Different physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured during NH. Participants also performed maximal aerobic capacity (V?O2 max) and maximal anaerobic capacity test in bicycle ergometer. Results: HR, SBP, DBP and fR in anaemic subjects were higher than healthy controls during NH, whereas SpO2 in anaemic subjects was lower as compared to healthy controls. Anaemic individuals had a lower VO2 max than their healthy counterparts. Critical power and anaerobic work capacity were lower in anaemic subjects than healthy controls. Conclusion: There is a deterioration in exercise capacity and hypoxia tolerance in individuals with low Hb levels. Adequate precaution should be exercised for permitting military aviators to fly with low Hb level.

Evaluation of basal heart rate and cardio respiratory endurance among wrestlers-a cross-sectional study

Background: Cardiorespiratory endurance is the most important component of health fitness concerned with the aerobic efficiency of the body. The VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake) is the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness that determines amount of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute of exercise. Aim and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study is (1). To assess the heart rate and VO2 max among Indian wrestlers and age and sex-matched healthy controls and (2). To find the correlation between resting heart rate and VO2 max (if any). Materials and Methods: About 35 wrestlers aged between 18 and 25 years practicing in district stadium Belgaum and 35 age and sex-matched students of KLE University, Belgaum were enrolled as controls. Resting heart rate was measured, and cardiorespiratory endurance test was done on treadmill to calculate the VO2 max using Bruce protocol. Results: The data were analyzed using Student unpaired “t-test” (P < 0.05 was considered as significant). Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate strength of association between heart rate and VO2 max. The mean resting heart rate of players was significantly less than that of the controls (P < 0.001). Mean VO2 max was significantly higher in wrestlers than in the controls (P < 0.001). Negative correlation was found between the resting heart rate and VO2 max among the wrestler’s and controls. Conclusion: The higher VO2 max in the wrestlers can be attributed to the duration of training which causes greater increase in cardiac output and arteriovenous O2 difference. Resting heart rate of the wrestlers was found to be lower than that of the sedentary people. High VO2 max and low resting heart rate are both associated with cardiovascular fitness and common among endurance players. These could be beneficial tools for trained wrestlers looking to improve their performance.

Development of a reference equation for maximal exercise capacity in normal Indian subjects using cardiopulmonary exercise testing

Objectives: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an integrative assessment of multiple interdependent variables contributing to exercise response. CPET parameters such as maximum or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak) are used to estimate this response. VO2max/peak varies with physiological predictors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and activity level. The existing normative values for Indian subjects have, thus, far been adapted from Western populations who have a different body habitus in terms of these physiological predictors. We aimed to determine the relation and a prediction equation of these variables with VO2peak. Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty-one healthy subjects underwent CPET on a treadmill (Cortex Metalyzer) in a tertiary care hospital and VO2peak was calculated through Metasoft software. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for calculating the between-group difference. Logistic regression with univariate and multivariate ANOVA was used for computing the reference equation. Results: Mean VO2peak (ml/min/kg) was 29.9 ± 7.7. It was higher for males (32.81 ± 7.9 vs. 26.79 ± 6.1 [P < 0.001]) and active individuals (32.8 ± 7 vs. 26.1 ± 6.9 [P < 0.001]). Higher values were observed in younger and non-obese population (P < 0.001). Regression coefficient (r2) was 0.44 and 0.36 for male and female, respectively. Reference equation was then calculated for males and females using the r2 value. Conclusion: VO2peak was higher in males and active individuals, it declined with increasing age and BMI. The values obtained were much lower than the Western population, therefore stressing the need for the development of our own set of reference equations.

Effect of body mass index on VO2 max among apparently healthy male young adults: A cross-sectional study

Background: Factors determine the change in aerobic capacity (VO2 max). This study discovered an association between body mass index (BMI) with aerobic capacity (VO2 max) in apparently healthy male young adults. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of obesity on cardiopulmonary health of apparently healthy male young adults with following objectives: (i) To compare the VO2 max in different BMI groups and (ii) to study the correlation of BMI with VO2 max. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted among 100 male subjects of 18–30 years assessing BMI (height/weight2) and VO2 max by CPET Ergo-bike machine. Statistical analysis was done with unpaired t-test. Results: In correlation between four BMI groups and their respective VO2 max, we found that VO2 max in the underweight group (BMI <18.5) is positively correlated and statistically significant. In the normal group (BMI 18.5–24.9), it is negatively correlated and insignificant. In the overweight group (BMI 24.9–29.9), it is negatively correlated and significant and in the obese group (BMI ?30), it is negatively correlated and not significant. Conclusion: VO2 max is gradually increasing with BMI toward the normal range and decreasing away from the normal range significantly in both underweight and overweight groups. Whereas, this change of VO2 max is not so significant in both normal and obese groups as per. As BMI is inversely related to cardiopulmonary function, persons having high BMI can be motivated toward a healthy lifestyle.

Entrenamiento interválico de resistencia aeróbica en el rendimiento de las pruebas físicas del personal militar

La resistencia aérobica es la capacidad de realizar una actividad física en el mayor tiempo posible; esta es una capacidad determinante para muchos deportes y una necesidad para el personal militar activo, para lo cual se establecen estrategias especializadas en función de su potenciación como la aplicación del modelo interválico, considerado un entrenamiento basado en la repetición de periodos de trabajo de alta intensidad. En tal sentido, se planteó como objetivo de la investigación potenciar la resistencia aeróbica en soldados de la Escuela de Infantería del Ejército (EIE) a partir de un entrenamiento interválico HIIT. Se implementó una investigación descriptiva-correlacional. Se analizaron 75 soldados del curso de perfeccionamiento de la Escuela de Infantería del Ejército. Se evalúo su capacidad aeróbica e incluyó el índice de masa corporal antes y después de implementar un entrenamiento interválico durante ocho semanas. El promedio del índice de masa corporal fue de 23,91kg (normal; pretest), y de 23,38kg (normal; postest). Se muestreó significativamente diferente (p=0.000), mientras que el tiempo promedio en el test de dos millas fue de13´39min/s (pretest) y de 12´48min/s (postest), se mejora, para un -51s. El Vo2máx fue de 47,64 (ml/kg/min. pretest) y de 52,65ml/Kg/min (postest), un aumento de+5.01 ml/Kg/min, correspondiente a un 10,51 % de incremento del VO2máx. El entrenamiento interválico, se enfatiza en el extensivo-medio e intensivo-corto e incide positivamente en el desarrollo de la resistencia aeróbica a corto plazo, indica que es una alternativa para mejorar indicadores de resistencia aeróbica en soldados con un rango etario entre 23-28 años.

A resistência aeróbica é a capacidade de realizar uma atividade física no maior tempo possível; esta é uma capacidade determinante para muitos esportes e uma necessidade de pessoal militar ativo, para o qual são estabelecidas estratégias especializadas em termos de seu aperfeiçoamento, como a aplicação do modelo interválico, considerado um treinamento baseado na repetição de períodos de trabalho de alta intensidade. Neste sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa era melhorar a resistência aeróbica nos soldados da Escola de Infantaria do Exército (EIE) através do treinamento interválico HIIT. Uma pesquisa descritivo-correlacional foi implementada. Setenta e cinco soldados da Escola de Infantaria do Exército foram analisados no curso de treinamento avançado. Sua capacidade aeróbica foi avaliada e incluiu o índice de massa corporal antes e depois da implementação do treinamento interválico por oito semanas. O índice médio de massa corporal era de 23,91kg (normal; pré-teste), e 23,38kg (normal; pós-teste). A amostra foi significativamente diferente (p=0,000), enquanto o tempo médio no teste de duas milhas foi de 13'39min/s (pré-teste) e 12'48min/s (pós-teste), é melhorado, para um -51s. O Vo2max foi de 47,64 (ml/kg/min pré-teste) e 52,65ml/kg/min (pós-teste), um aumento de +5,01 ml/kg/min, correspondendo a um aumento de 10,51 % no VO2max. O treinamento interválico, enfatizado no intensivo-médio e intensivo-curto e tem um impacto positivo no desenvolvimento da resistência aeróbica de curto prazo, indica que é uma alternativa para melhorar os indicadores de resistência aeróbica em soldados com uma faixa etária entre 23-28 anos.

Aerobic resistance is the capacity to perform physical activity for as long as possible, being a determining capacity for many sports and a need for active military personnel, for which specialized strategies are established for its enhancement such as the interval model application, considered a training based on the repetition periods of high intensity load. In this sense, the research objective is to promote aerobic endurance in soldiers of the Escuela de Infantería del Ejército (EIE) from a HIIT interval training. A descriptive-co relational investigation is implemented, analyzing 75 soldiers from the improvement course of the Escuela de Infantería del Ejército, evaluating their aerobic capacity, including the Body Mass Index before and after implementing interval training for 8 weeks. The average body mass index was 23.91kg (Normal; Pretest), and 23.38kg (Normal; Posttest), being significantly different (p = 0.000), while the average time in the 2-mile test was 13'39min / s (Pretest) and 12'48 min / s (Posttest), improving -51s. The VoMax2 was 47.64 (ml / kg / min. Pretest) and 52.65 ml / Kg / min (Posttest), an increase of +5.01 ml / Kg / min, corresponding to a 10.51% increase of VO2max. Interval training, emphasizing the extensive-medium and intensive-short, positively affects the development of short-term aerobic endurance, being an alternative to improve aerobic endurance indicators in soldiers with an age range between 23-28 years.

Effects of repeated sprint training in hypoxia on physical performance among athletes: a systematic review / Efectos del entrenamiento de velocidad repetida en hipoxia sobre el rendimiento físico entre atletas: una revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: Repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) represents an innovative method in the process of development and improvement of physical performance among athletes. However, there is less scientific data on this topic. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of RSH method on motor abilities and performance among athletes, obtain new information, and expand the already known conclusions. The data search was performed of 4 electronic databases for the years 2000-2021 May as follows: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and ResearchGate. This search with English language restriction was made by using the following terms, individually/combination: "repeated sprint ability", "hypoxia", "effects", "physical performance", "VO2max" 844 studies were indentified, and 14 studies were selected (11 male studies, 1 female study, 2 both sexes). Results of this systematic review, a total sample size of 347 athletes (40 females and 307 males, aged 15.3 ± 0.5 - 35 ± 7 years), showed that RSH was an effective training method in improving all monitored variables (i.e. RSAmax, VO2max). However, it should be noted that major improvements were observed mainly in repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, and less in aerobic tests (i.e. Wingate and Yo-Yo). In conclusion, based on current scientific studies, RSH is more effective method to improve the physical performance among athletes compared to repeated sprint training in normoxia (RSN). This study suggested that the RSH has a positive effect on the monitored variables in physical performance tests especially related to RSA.

RESUMEN: El entrenamiento de velocidad repetida en hipoxia (RSH) representa un método innovador en el proceso de desarrollo y mejora del rendimiento físico entre los deportistas. Sin embargo, existen pocos datos científicos sobre este tema. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue investigar el efecto del método RSH sobre las habilidades motoras y el rendimiento de los atletas, obtener nueva información y ampliar las conclusiones ya conocidas. La búsqueda de datos se realizó en 4 bases de datos electrónicas: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science e Research Gate para los años 2000- a mayo de 2021. Esta búsqueda se realizó en artículos en idioma inglés mediante el uso de los siguientes términos, individualmente / combinación: "capacidad de sprint repetido", "hipoxia", "efectos", "rendimiento físico" y "VO2max" Se identificaron 844 estudios y se seleccionaron 14 de ellos (11 estudios realizados en hombres, un estudio realizado en mujeres y dos estudios realizados en am- bos sexos). Los resultados mostraron, un tamaño muestral total de 347 atletas (40 mujeres y 307 hombres, de 15,3 ± 0,5 - 35 ± 7 años). Se observó que la RSH fue un método de entrenamiento eficaz para mejorar todas las variables monitorizadas (es decir, RSAmax y VO2max). Sin embargo, se debe tener en consideración que se observaron mejoras importantes, principalmente, en las pruebas de capacidad de sprint repetido (RSA), y menos en las pruebas aeróbicas (es decir, Wingate y Yo-Yo). En conclusión, según los estudios científicos actuales, la RSH es un método más eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento físico entre los atletas en comparación con el entrenamiento de velocidad repetida en normoxia (RSN). Este estudio sugirió que la RSH tiene un efecto positivo sobre las variables monitoreadas en las pruebas de rendimiento físico especialmente relacionadas con RSA.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo sobre el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y la potencia anaeróbica

Introducción: Existen beneficios en salud al realizar ejercicio físico, sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que reportan el rendimiento anaeróbico y su correlación con indicadores cardiorrespiratorios. Por tal motivo, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar valores de rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y aptitud anaeróbica después de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico en el cual se determinó la correlación entre ellos. Métodos: 22 hombres (20±2 años) conformaron dos grupos, G1-(entrenamiento), 6 semanas/tres días por semana, intensidad horaria de 45 minutos/día, G2-(Control). Antes y después realizaron un test de Wingate y una prueba de esfuerzo de predominancia aeróbica. Resultados: Aumentos significativos entre el pre-pos en G1 en VO2máx y vatios que mejoraron 7,6 % y 15,9 % respectivamente, diferencia significativa en la PP y en PM/kg con una mejora del 18,8 % y 18,9 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: Un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo en bicicleta estática aumenta el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y rendimiento anaeróbico sin que exista una relación de dependencia entre las diferentes variables.

Introduction: There are health benefits when performing physical exercise, however, there are few investigations that report anaerobic performance and its correlation with cardiorespiratory indicators, for this reason, the purpose of this research was to determine the values of cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic fitness after an aerobic exercise program determining the correlation between them. Method: 22 men (20 ± 2 years), were divided into two groups, G1 (training), 6 weeks, three days a week with an hourly intensity of 45 minutes per day, G2 (control). Before and after exercise they performed a Wingate test and a predominantly aerobic stress test. Results: Significant increases between pre-post in G1 in VO2Max and watts improving 7.6% and 15.9% respectively, a significant difference in PP and PM/kg improving 18.8% and 18.9% respectively. Conclusion: A submaximal aerobic exercise program on a stationary bike increases cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic performance without a dependency relationship between the different variables.

Effect Of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Therapy Vs Parachute Resistance Training On Performance Level In Race Walkers: Comparative Study

Background: Race walking significantly places stress on the lower extremity joints affecting ADLs. The gait pattern of race walking is different than normal walking that causes biomechanical alterations leading to musculoskeletal disabilities. DNS (Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization) therapy is based on developmental kinesiology and the integration of neurophysiology and biomechanical principles in which each purposeful movement pattern is reinforced by the coordination between every segmented required for postural stability. Parachute Resistance training works on the principle of air resistance and terminal velocity, which helps in improving lower extremity muscle strength and power, decreasing the stress put on joints during physical activity. Methods: The study was completed by using a stratified sampling technique among the race walkers between the age group of 18-29 years, a total of 40 race walkers (20 males and 20 females) were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria by approaching various sports academies. Participants were divided into two groups, Group A and Group B. The groups consisted of 20 participants each. They were verbally interviewed regarding their demographics. Pre-treatment assessment of vo2max and speed was done using the Cooper test and sprint test, respectively. Participants in group A underwent Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Technique, and group B underwent a Parachute resistance training program, and post-treatment assessment of all the parameters was done. Results: DNS Therapy shows significant improvement in the performance level of race walkers in group A as compared to Group B with p-value 0.003 and 0.001. Conclusion: The study concluded that DNS therapy and Parachute resistance training exercises are equally effective in improving the performance level in race walkers.

High-intensity interval training improves cardiorespiratory endurance in rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is the most direct, effective and objective index for determining cardiorespiratory endurance and exercise capacity, but there are few studies on the varying data of VO2max in rats for a long time. In addition, the effect of high-intensity interval training on the cardiorespiratory endurance in rats during age increasing has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the improvement of 16-week high-intensity interval training on the cardiorespiratory endurance in rats, and to continuously measure the VO2 max for 16 weeks in 29-week-old rats, so as to provide data reference for the precise control of training intensity. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats aged 29 weeks old were randomly assigned into a quiet control group (normal feeding, no training) and a high-intensity interval training group. The latter group underwent the interval exercise of high-intensity (90% VO2 max) and low-intensity (50% VO2 max), 5 times per week, for 16 weeks. The VO2 max and corresponding maximal running velocity were tested and compared every 2 weeks. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sports Science and Physical Health Education Department, Beijing Sport University, with the approval No. 2015025. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the increasing age from 29 to 45 weeks, the VO2max fluctuated down-up-down. After 16 weeks of exercise, the VO2max was decreased by 31.6% in the high-intensity interval training group and 47.9% in the quiet control group. The VO2 max in the high-intensity interval training group was significantly higher than that in the quiet control group (P < 0.01). (2) The decrease of VO2 max in the high-intensity interval training group was significantly lower than that in the quiet control group at 6,8, and 16 weeks (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) The increase of maximal running velocity in the high-intensity interval training group was significantly higher than that in the quiet control group at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (4) The maximal running velocity was positively correlated with VO2 max in rats. (5) These results suggest that age increasing is an irreversible factor, and high-intensity interval training can alleviate the decrease of cardiorespiratory endurance. Six-week high-intensity interval training can significantly improve the decrease of cardiorespiratory endurance in rats due to age increasing. Eight-week high-intensity interval training can significantly delay the decrease of cardiorespiratory endurance in rats due to age increasing. Four-week high-intensity interval training can promote the value of maximal running velocity and improve sports ability.

Study for workers’ physical fitness and physical activity at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan / 体力科学

Although research on physical fitness science in Japan has developed along with occupational health issues, the role of researchers in this area has been reduced by technological advancements. Nowadays, the automation and mechanization of manual tasks have created new occupational problems. These new problems affecting workers, such as prolonged occupational sitting and a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), have been shown to increase the risk of several diseases (i.e., diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, and mortality), and further studies are needed to clarify this issue. Furthermore, in response to changes in the social structure due to the “low birthrate, aging society, and shrinking population”, a workforce with a different form than that from the postwar period is required. Therefore, the need to consider how we can avert this national crisis with the new role of researchers in the field of physical fitness science is once again drawing attention. In this article, we introduce the research being conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in Japan to meet the needs of “healthy and long working” and discuss this research in the context of future issues. Specifically, we introduce the development of a tool (the Worker’s Living Activity-time Questionnaire) to assess workers’ sitting time and epidemiological research using it. Finally, we describe the efforts to develop a new index for evaluating workers’ CRF and social implementation experiments to make the workplace a base for health promotion.

Indirect Determination of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2Max) and Its Correlation with Body Mass Index

Background: The current study was designed to evaluate cardio respiratory fitness in terms of VO2max in young healthy males and to correlate between body mass index and cardio respiratory fitness. Methods: One hundred twenty-five apparently healthy male subjects in the age group of 18 to 25 years were included in this study group. Body mass index was measured as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters square. Cardio respiratory fitness in terms of VO2max was predicted by following the protocol of Treadmill Jogging Test (TMJ). Results: There was a highly significant negative correlation between body mass index and VO2max, r = -0.75 p<0.0001. Conclusion: The result suggests that the reduced cardiac performance during progressive work rate exercise in obese individuals. Greater the BMI, more severe will be the functional impairment, suggesting excessive amount of body fat on cardio-respiratory functions and oxygen uptake by working muscles

Comparison between incremental shuttle run test and Harvard’s step test on peak exercise performance in healthy males: a cross-sectional study

Background: Cardiovascular fitness is directly related to the physical health of the person. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) is one of the major criteria to decide the cardiovascular fitness of an individual. To help quantify the fitness level by calculating their VO2max, there are various indirect maximal tests available but out of these, which one would predict VO2max better, is a major concern. Hence the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two indirect maximal tests i.e. Incremental Shuttle Run Test (ISRT) and Harvard’s Step Test (HST) on peak exercise performance in young healthy males.Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was performed on healthy untrained 100 males of age group 18-25 years. Day 1 subjects performed ISRT on 20 m track and after a 48 hours rest period, on day 3 same subject performed Harvard’s step test. Pre and post-test parameters (Pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and RPE) were measured and predicted VO2max was calculated.Results: Post-test parameters i.e. PR, RR, SBP significantly increased (p=0.00*) by Harvard’s step test. The diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly (p=0.3) for both the tests. Rating of perceived exertion by both the test was of the range 17-19 (very hard to maximal). Calculated predicted VO2max was significantly more by ISRT than HST in males (p=0.00*).Conclusions: Incremental shuttle run test is more efficient in predicting VO2max than Harvard’s step test in healthy adult’s males.

Obesity its Correlation With Sleep Patterns And Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Medical College Students Of Mmimsr, Ambala

With the advancement in technology and change in lifestyle, social shifts have been moving towards night life and the correlation between obesity and sleep duration has become even much stronger. Present study was done to find out any correlation between obesity with sleep patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness among the medical college students of MMIMSR, Mullana. Methods: 500 participants, of which 250 male and 250 female student participants of age group 18-25 years were randomly taken from Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana [Ambala] for the study. The students were examined thoroughly under similar laboratory condition so as to exclude those with the history of any acute or chronic illness or on long term medication or with a history of traumatic injuries. Pittsburg sleep quality Index (PSQI) scale was taken to access sleep patterns. Each student was given a standardized and validated questionnaire in a form of proforma to determine their sleep patterns. By using Quetelet index, BMI of each student was calculated and Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated indirectly by following the protocol of Queen’s College Step Test [QCT] method by calculating VO2max. Results: The result of our study showed highly positive significant association and correlation between obesity and sleep patterns in both male and female groups and highly significant correlation between obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in both male and female groups. Conclusion: Proper awareness and education at early stage is extremely important to impress the consequences of low sleep duration and in prevention of development of obesity and improvement in the cardiorespiratory fitness.

Adaptaciones cardiovasculares del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca / Cardiovascular adaptations of high intensity interval training in patients with heart failure: A systematic review

Resumen El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) es una modalidad de ejercicio físico que ha demostrado superiores adaptaciones cardiovasculares que el entrenamiento continuo de intensidad moderada (MICT) en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC). Sin embargo, si las adaptaciones cardiovasculares se dan en pacientes con IC con fracción de eyección (FE) disminuida esta menos definido. Propósito: Revisar la evidencia científica sobre la efectividad del HIIT en comparación con el MICT en las adaptaciones cardiovasculares de pacientes con IC que presenten FE reducida. Metodología: Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de literatura utilizando las bases de datos: "PubMed", "Academic Search Complete", "SportDiscus" y "ScienceDirect" hasta julio del 2018. Se utilizaron varios términos de búsqueda (frase boolena) o palabras claves para encontrar los artículos de la revisión: (''Heart Failure'') AND (''high intensity interval training'' OR ''continuous training'') AND ("ejection fraction" OR "VO2peak" OR "functional capacity" OR "ventricular remodeling") NOT ("animals"). El año de publicación de los estudios incluidos estuvo entre el 2007 y 2018. Resultados: Se revisaron un total de 243 estudios, donde al final se incluyeron 22 estudios cuantitativos con un total de 658 pacientes para realizar esta revisión sistemática de literatura. El HIIT es efectivo en el incremento del VO2máx en pacientes con IC, representando aumentos entre el 5.7% y el 46.2%. Además, se encontraron mayores efectos del HIIT sobre el MICT, siempre y cuando los intervalos de baja intensidad fueron activos y a una intensidad entre el 40% y el 60% de la FCreserva. También, cuando las sesiones de entrenamiento del HIIT y del MICT presentan un mismo gasto energético los efectos se igualan. Se encontraron mejorías en la FEVI entre un 2.6% y 35.7%, en algunos casos sin ser estadísticamente significativa. El HIIT genera una disminución en la remodelación del VI, reportándose una reducción de la dimensión ventricular izquierda diastólica (LVEDD) entre un 7.4% y un 11.5% y de la dimensión ventricular izquierda sistólica (LVESD) en un 14.5%. Conclusión: El protocolo HIIT es más efectivo que el MICT para mejorar el VO2máx de los pacientes con IC con FE disminuida. Con respecto a la remodelación ventricular y a la FEVI, el entrenamiento HIIT no es concluyente según esta revisión sistemática, ya que hay mucha variabilidad en los resultados.

Abstract Cardiovascular adaptations of high intensity interval training in patients with heart failure: A systematic review High intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise training modality that has been demonstrated superior cardiovascular adaptations than moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in patients with heart failure (HF). However, if these cardiovascular adaptations are similar in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) is less defined. Purpose: To review the scientific evidence of the effectiveness of HIIT versus MICT on cardiovascular adaptations in HF patients with reduced EF. Methods: A systematic review of literature using electronic data resources: PubMed, Academic Search Complete, SportDiscus and ScienceDirect until july 2008. The key terms used were: (''Heart Failure'') AND (''high intensity Interval training'' OR ''continuous training'') AND ("ejection fraction" OR "VO2peak" OR "functional capacity" OR "ventricular remodeling") NOT ("animals"). The year of publication of the included studies was between 2007 and 2018. Results: Two-hundred and forty-three studies were searched and 22 articles were included with a total of 658 to perform this systematic literature review. HIIT was better than MICT on improvements in VO2max when the period of Interval training at low intensity was continuous at 40% to 60% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Also, when the training sessions of HIIT and MICT have the same energy expenditure, the effects are equalized. Improvements in the EF of the left ventricle was found between 2.6% y 35.7% in some cases, but not statistically significant. HIIT generates a decrease in LV remodeling, reporting a reduction of the left ventricular diastolic dimension (LVEDD) between 7.4% and 11.5% and of the left ventricular systolic dimension (LVESD) by 14.5%. Conclusión: HIIT is more effective than the MICT in improving the VO2max of patients with HF with decreased EF. With regard to ventricular remodeling and LVEF, HIIT training is not conclusive according to this systematic review, since there is much variability in the results.

The Influence of Different Levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Exercise Performance 24 Hour Post Blood Donation in Male Donors

@#Introduction: Haematological parameters decrease following one unit of whole blood donation which results in a detrimental effect on cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal exercise capacity. However, it remains unclear to what extent blood donation will impact exercise performance across varying levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of a standard blood donation on maximal exercise performance performed 24 h post-blood donation in individuals with varying levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: Forty-two males (mean age 22 ± 2.1 years) were recruited and segregated into Low, Moderate and Superior fitness groups. Subjects performed a multi-stage shuttle run test on the day prior to a standard blood donation procedure, and subsequently 24 h post-blood donation. Blood samples were taken on both test days and analysed for haematological parameters. Results: Exercise performance, represented by predicted VO2max were 0.6%, 1.0% and 4.1% lower in the Low, Moderate and Superior fitness groups respectively. However, the magnitude of reduction was only statistically significant in the Superior fitness group (p = 0.017). Compared to baseline, all fitness groups demonstrated significant reductions in haematocrit (Low: -8.4%, Moderate: -9.1%, Superior: -7.2%) and haemoglobin (Low: -7.6%, Moderate: -7.8%, Superior: -5.5%) levels at 24 h post-blood donation. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that changes in haemoglobin concentrations were not associated with changes in exercise performance in all groups. Conclusion: Exercise performance was only significantly reduced in the Superior fitness group. Well-trained individuals should be refrained from blood donation just prior to competitions.

Acute effect of uphill running: current scenario and future hypotheses / Efeito agudo da corrida ascendente: cenário atual e futuras hipóteses

Strategies for metabolic adjustments are often considered by athletes throughout a running event. Planning for such events during training does not always include variations from level training, even though up/downhill exertion should definitely be a part of such planning. The differentiation of training stimuli, under adverse conditions of intensity and inclination, can generate differentiated benefits. However, uphill running raises expectations of deleterious effects. The imposition of different slope gradients throughout running could generate increased metabolic demands for sports performance. Thus, the present study aimed to answer questions mainly about the acute effects of uphill running, its relationship with aerobic performance, allowing us to introduce new hypotheses for future studies in the area on the subject. Gaps still need to be filled concerning the relevance of uphill running, and its determinants. Many of the points presently under scrutiny only lead to speculative explanations; for logical reasons, more studies should focus on the prescription of training at different slopes. This is the point at which specific conditioning is required, because the regulation of the effort and the energy cost resulting from the imposition of uphill running during competitive races depends heavily on previous experiences. This review will cover recently published research on the subject.

RESUMO Estratégias para ajustes metabólicos são frequentemente consideradas por atletas ao longo de um evento de corrida. O planejamento de tais eventos durante o treinamento nem sempre inclui treinamento em planos inclinados, que deveriam compor esse planejamento. Adiferenciação dos estímulos de treinamento, em condições adversas de intensidade e inclinação, pode gerar benefíciosdiferenciados. No entanto, a corrida ascendente aumenta as expectativas de efeitos deletérios. Portanto, a imposição de diferentes gradientes de inclinação ao longo da corrida poderia gerar demandas metabólicas aumentadas paradesempenho esportivo. Assim, o presente estudo tevecomo objetivo responder questões principalmente sobre os efeitos agudos da corrida ascendente, sua relação com o desempenho aeróbio e a proposição de novas possíveis hipóteses para estudos futuros sobre o assunto. Muitaslacunas ainda precisam ser preenchidas sobre a relevância da corrida ascendente e seus determinantes. Muitas das questões apresentadas apenas levam a explicaçõesespeculativas; por razões lógicas, mais estudos devemse concentrar na prescrição de treinamento em face dediferentes porcentagens de inclinação. Este é o ponto em que o condicionamento específico é necessário, porquea regulação do esforço e do custo de energia resultanteda imposição de corrida ascendente durante corridascompetitivas depende fortemente das experiênciasanteriores.

Analysis of reliability of peak treadmill running in maximum progressive effort test: influence of training level / Análise de confiabilidade da velocidade pico em teste de esforço progressivo máximo: influência do nível de treinamento

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability (stability) of the peak velocity measurement (VPeak) derived from the incremental maximal effort test, as well as to establish the possible influence of the level of training on these responses. METHOD: Thirty-eight male volunteers made two visits (3 - 5 days apart) to the training center where the study was conducted and performed maximal progressive running tests. The protocol consisted of increments of 0.5 km.h-1/min, starting at a running speed comfortable for each participant (7-9 km.h-1). All subjects were encouraged to achieve the maximum possible performance in both tests, with final voluntary exhaustion being the criterion for interruption. RESULTS: The intra-class correlation coefficient presented excellent consistency of measurements (ICC = 0.975 - p = 0.001). The typical relative error of the measurement was 2.6% for the stability of the measurement of VPeak. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the individual coefficients of variation for measures 1 vs. 2 (p > 0.05). Graphical representation of Bland-Altman demonstrated a homogeneous distribution of the measurement error for all dependent variables. CONCLUSION: Determination of VPeak exhibited excellent levels of reliability with small measurement errors. There was no influence of the training level on the reliability responses.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a confiabilidade (estabilidade) da medida de velocidade de pico (VPico) derivada do teste incremental de esforço progressivo máximo, bem como estabelecer a possível influência do nível de treinamento sobre estas respostas. MÉTODO: Trinta e oito voluntários fizeram duas visitas ao centro de treinamento com intervalo de três a cinco dias. Na primeira visita os voluntários assinaram um termo de consentimento, tiveram suas medidas antropométricas registradas e realizaram a primeira sessão de corrida progressiva máxima. Na segunda visita o teste progressivo máximo foi novamente realizado. O protocolo consistiu em incrementos de 0,5 km.h-1 a cada min iniciando a uma velocidade individual de corrida classificada como confortável por cada participante (7 a 9 km.h-1). Todos os participantes foram encorajados a alcançar o máximo de desempenho possível em ambos os testes, tendo como critério de finalização, a exaustão voluntária máxima. RESULTADO: O coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI) apresentou excelente consistência da medida (0,975) para VPico (p = 0,001). O erro típico relativo da medida foi de 2,6% para a estabilidade da medida de VPico. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os coeficientes de variação individuais para as medidas G1 vs. G2 (p > 0,05). A representação gráfica de Bland-Altman demonstrou distribuição homogênea do erro da medida para todas as variáveis dependentes. CONCLUSÃO: A determinação da VPico exibiu excelentes níveis de confiabilidade, com pequenos erros de medida. Não houve influência do nível de treinamento sobre as respostas de confiabilidade.