Mechanisms of weight regain after weight loss / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Obesity is a chronic noncommunicable disease with a high tendency to rebound. Although successful weight loss can be achieved with multiple means, weight regain is common. Various compensatory mechanisms underlie such phenomenon, including alterations in adipocytes, energy metabolism, gut hormones, central appetite modulation, and gut microbiome. These changes may interact with each other through gut-brain axis, and influence long-term weight maintenance. The present review focuses on potential mechanisms of weight regain to shed light on further research in this field.

The reoperation strategy after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy / 中华消化外科杂志

At present, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become the most popular bariatric surgery worldwide. LSG is simple to operate, with few complications and favorable short-term weight loss results. However, with massive LSG performed, its disadvantages have become increasingly prominent. More and more patients require revisional surgery due to insufficient weight loss, weight regain and reflux esophagitis. Based on clinical experience and existing clinical evidence, the author reviews the reoperation strategies after LSG.

Causes and countermeasures for weight regain after bariatric surgery / 中华消化外科杂志

Although bariatric surgery is the most effective and durable treatment for obesity and related metabolic diseases, weight regain (WR) after surgery is a common problem and cannot be neglected. The causes of WR are complex and require a comprehensive assessment and long-term follow-up conducted by a multidisciplinary team. The treatment for WR should be indivi-dualized according to the anatomical condition, lifestyle habits, psychological state, and compliance of patients. The authors review the current retrospective and prospective studies on the risk factors for WR, and summarize the clinical evidence on the behavioral, pharmacotherapeutic, and surgical interventions. Basing on the available research results, the authors consider that harmonized criteria for WR diagnosis is imperative. It is necessary to further clarify WR predictors, optimal combination of surgical and non-surgical therapies, and to explore the ideal time-point of medication usage by designing prospective studies, which have great importance for maintaining weight loss and preven-tion and treatment of WR after bariatric surgery.

Aplicação de plasma de argônio endoscópico para tratamento do reganho de peso após cirurgia bariátrica em uma clínica privada de Florianópolis / Using of endoscopic argon plasma for treatment of weight regain after bariatric surgery in a private clinic in Florianópolis

Introdução: Atualmente o bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) é o método cirúrgico de escolha no tratamento da obesidade. Todavia, pode ocorrer reganho de peso após a cirurgia. A aplicação do plasma de argônio por via endoscópica constitui uma opção terapêutica que visa redução do calibre da anastomose gastrojejunal, com consequente perda de peso. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação da redução do calibre da anastomose gastrojejunal com a perda de peso e sensação de saciedade nos pacientes que readquiriram peso após BGYR. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, que incluiu 34 pacientes submetidos à aplicação do plasma de argônio entre 2014 e 2018, na Usuy Clínica Médica em Florianopólis. As diferenças entre as médias de peso, IMC e diâmetro da anastomose gastrojejunal frente a aplicação do plasma de argônio e saciedade referida foram estabelecidas pelo teste de Wilcoxon (p≤0,05). Resultados: Observou-se redução de 6,26% do peso, 6,21% do IMC e 43,04% do diâmetro anastomótico comparando as médias pré e pós seis meses do procedimento. 53,3% dos pacientes sentiram-se mais saciados. Conclusão: A aplicação do plasma de argônio mostrou-se eficaz na redução do diâmetro da anastomose gastrojejunal, perda de peso corporal e diminuição do IMC.

Introduction: Nowadays the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is the surgical choice method in obesity treatment. However, weight regain may occur after the surgery. The endoscopy applied argon plasma constitutes one therapeutic option in order to reduce the gastrojejunal anastomosis caliber and consequently weight loss. Objective: To evaluate the relation between the gastrojejunal anastomosis caliber reduction, weight loss and sensation of satiety in patients who regained weight after RYGB. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study that includes 34 patients submitted to argon plasma application between 2014 and 2018 at the Usuy Medical Center in Florianopolis. Weight averages, Body Mass Index (BMI) and gastrojejunal anastomosis diameter differences regarding argon plasma application and referred satiety were established by the Wilcoxon Test (p ≤ 0,05). Results: A reduction of 6.26 % of the weight, 6.21 % of the BMI and 43.04 % of the anastomotic diameter was observed upon comparing the average rate six months before and after the procedure. 53.3 % of the patients felt more satiated. Conclusion: The argon plasma application was effective in reducing gastrojejunal anastomosis diameter, body weight and BMI.

Porcentaje de peso perdido y su recuperación en pacientes bariátricos: un análisis desde la perspectiva temporal / Percentage of total weight loss and weight regain in bariatric patients: a time perspective analysis

RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal se ha asociado a hábitos relacionados con salud. Específicamente, el futuro ha sido asociado a cambios en el estilo de vida como la incorporación de ejercicio físico. En cambio, el presente hedonista se ha asociado a la perdida sub-óptima de peso en pacientes bariátricos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las variables de la perspectiva temporal y el porcentaje de peso total perdido; su mantención o re-ganancia desde el nadir, en pacientes bariátricos. Material y métodos: Se aplicó a 97 pacientes bariátricos el Inventario de la Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo y Boyd, y un cuestionario de estilo de vida construido para esta investigación. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de peso total perdido se asoció significativamente a futuro (r= 0,221; p<0,05) y desviación del perfil temporal negativo (r= 0,324; p<0,05). La pérdida de peso insuficiente estuvo asociada al presente fatalista (t= −2,16; p= 0,033) y desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,81; p= 0,006). La re-ganancia del %PTP se asoció significativamente a la desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,09; p= 0,045) y al consumo de dulces (X2= 13,42; p= 0,009). Conclusiones: Una mayor desviación de la perspectiva temporal balanceada y un mayor consumo de dulces se asociaron a una pérdida de peso insuficiente y a la recuperación desde el nadir.

ABSTRACT Background: A person's perspective of time has been associated with health-related habits. Specifically, future has been associated with changes in lifestyle as well the incorporation of physical exercise. In contrast, current hedonism is associated with sub-optimal weight loss in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between seven variables of a time perspective and percentage of total weight loss; maintenance or weight regain among bariatric patients. Material and Methods: A sample of 97 bariatric patients answered the Inventory of Temporary Orientation and lifestyle questionnaires. Results: A greater percentage of total weight loss was significantly associated with future (r= 0.221; p<0.05) and deviations from negative time profile (r= 0.324; p<0.05). Insufficient weight loss was associated with a fatalistic present (t= −2.16, p= 0.033) and deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.81; p= 0.006). Regaining weight was significantly associated to deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.09; p=0.045) and consumption of sweets (X2= 13.42; p= 0.009). Conclusions: Deviations from a balanced time perspective and consumption of sweets are associated with sub-optimal weight loss and regaining weight.

Weight loss maintenance for 1 year after a 6-month diet and physical activity program in obese Japanese men / 体力科学

This study described 1-year changes in body weight and metabolic syndrome components in middle-aged obese Japanese men participating in a 6-month weight loss program. This study comprised two phases: 6-month weight loss program and 12-month weight maintenance. Data were collected at Tsukuba, between July 2009 and February 2011. Overweight or obese Japanese men aged 40-64 years without any cardiovascular disease history participated. The primary outcome was the 18-month weight change. Secondary outcomes were 18-month changes in metabolic syndrome components. Primary analyses included all participants who had provided baseline data, and all missing follow-up values were replaced with their baseline data. Of the 58 participants, 39 (67.2%) completed all measurement visits. Their body weight decreased significantly immediately after the 6-month weight loss program (-8.0 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -10.2 kg, -5.8 kg). However, it increased significantly, by 3.7 kg (95% CI: 1.4 kg, 6.0 kg), at Month 18 (a year after the program ended). The 18-month weight loss was 4.3 kg (95% CI: 2.1 kg, 6.5 kg). Among the metabolic syndrome components, visceral fat area, systolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels improved significantly at Month 18. The other components did not improve over the 18 months. In this study, the obese, middle-aged Japanese men experienced modest weight regains after its substantial reduction. Unlike other ethnicities, factors associated with long-term weight loss maintenance remain understudied among Japanese adults. Therefore, accumulating evidence from Japanese studies with longer follow-up is necessary in the future.

Is there any change in phenotypic characteristics comparing 5 to 10 years of follow-up in obese patients undergoing roux-en-y gastric bypass? / Características fenotípicas de pacientes com obesidade submetidos a derivação gástrica em y-de-roux: qual as reais mudanças comparando-se 5 a 10 anos de acompanhamento?

ABSTRACT Background : Bariatric surgery promotes significant weight loss and improvement of associated comorbidities; however, nutrients deficiencies and weight regain may occur in the middle-late postoperative period. Aim: To investigate nutritional status in 10 years follow-up. Methods : Longitudinal retrospective study in which anthropometric, biochemical indicators and nutritional intake were assessed before and after one, two, three, four, five and ten years of Roux-en Y gastric bypass through analysis of medical records. Results : After ten years there was a reduction of 29.2% of initial weight; however, 87.1% of patients had significant weight regain. Moreover, there was an increase of incidence of iron (9.2% to 18.5%), vitamin B12 (4.2% to 11.1%) and magnesium deficiency (14.1% to 14.8%). Folic acid concentrations increased and the percentage of individuals with glucose (40.4% to 3.7%), triglycerides (38% to 7.4%), HDL cholesterol (31 % to 7.4%) and uric acid (70.5% to 11.1%) abnormalities reduced. Also, there is a reduction of food intake at first year postoperative. After 10 years, there was an increase in energy, protein and lipid intake, also a reduction in folid acid intake. Conclusions : Roux-en Y gastric bypass is an effective procedure to promote weight loss and improve comorbidities associated with obesity. However, comparison between postoperative period of five and 10 years showed a high prevalence of minerals deficiency and a significant weight regain, evidencing the need for nutritional follow-up in the postoperative period.

RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia bariátrica promove importante perda ponderal e melhora das comorbidades associadas; entretanto, deficiências nutricionais e reganho de peso podem ocorrer no pós-operatório médio e tardio. Objetivo: Investigar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes após cinco e 10 anos de pós-operatório. Método: Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal, no qual indicadores antropométricos, bioquímicos e a ingestão alimentar foram avaliados no período pré-operatório e após um, dois, três, quatro, cinco e dez anos da operação, por meio de revisão de prontuários. Resultados: Após 10 anos observou-se redução de 29,2% do peso inicial; no entanto, 87,1% dos pacientes tiveram reganho significativo de peso. Além disso, houve aumento da incidência de deficiência de ferro (9,2% para 18,5%), vitamina B12 (4,2% para 11,1%) e magnésio (14,1% para 14,8%). As concentrações de ácido fólico aumentaram e a porcentagem de indivíduos com alterações na glicemia (40,4% a 3,7%), triglicérides (38% a 7,4%), colesterol HDL (31% a 7,4%) e ácido úrico (70,5% a 11,1%) diminuiu. Além disso, houve redução na ingestão alimentar no primeiro ano de pós-operatório. Após 10 anos, houve aumento na ingestão de energia, proteína e lipídios, e redução na de ácido fólico. Conclusões: A derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux é procedimento eficaz para promover perda de peso e melhorar as comorbidades associadas à obesidade. Entretanto, a comparação entre os períodos pós-operatórios de cinco e 10 anos mostrou que uma porcentagem de pacientes apresenta deficiências de vitaminas e minerais e reganho de peso significativo, evidenciando a necessidade do acompanho nutricional no período pós-operatório.

Long term maintenance of glucose and lipid concentrations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Objective: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) reduces body weight and the comorbidities associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether glucose and lipid profiles were maintained during a 5-year follow-up period after RYGB. Subjects and methods: Anthropometric and laboratory data from 323 patients who had undergone this operation were analyzed. Differences in laboratory variables between the baseline and 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months postoperatively (PO) were assessed using a one-way ANOVA test to compare the three groups. Delta significance using one-way ANOVA was performed to assess anthropometric variable in the postoperative period (p < 0.05). Results: 77 patients (24%) were included in Group 1 (G1), 101 (32%) in Group 2 (G2), and 141 (44%) in Group 3 (G3). The majority of patients, 71.7% in G1, 82.8% in G2, and 70% in G3, showed high triglycerides (TG) before surgery. A decrease in weight loss was observed in all groups followed by an increase in body weight in G2 and G3 at 36, 48 and 60 months. Laboratory results for G1, G2 and G3 showed no significant differences between groups at baseline and during the post-operative period. Conclusion: Our results suggest that weight regain after RYGB has no significant impact on the long-term evolution of the lipid profile and glycemia.

A experiência de reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica: um enfoque fenomenológico / The experience of weight regain after Bariatric Surgery: a phenomenological approach

Introdução: a cirurgia bariátrica destaca-se como o método mais eficaz no tratamento da obesidade em longo prazo, acarretando remissão significativa das enfermidades associadas ao excesso de peso. Ocorre que os resultados da cirurgia nem sempre são duradouros. Estima-se que 20% a 30% das pessoas que são submetidas ao procedimento bariatrico irão apresentar reganho de peso passados os dois primeiros anos. Objetivo: compreender a experiência de reganho de peso para as pessoas que foram submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica. Método: pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem fenomenológica, realizada em um hospital público de São Paulo. A Amostra foi composta de 17 participantes que apresentaram reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica. Para obtenção dos dados, utilizou-se a entrevista aberta com as seguintes questões norteadoras: Como é para você se perceber ganhando peso novamente? O que você acredita que esteja contribuindo para o seu ganho de peso? Como você lida com o reganho de peso? Como você se vê daqui a alguns anos em relação ao seu peso corporal? A organização e a análise dos depoimentos foram realizadas seguindo os passos preconizados por estudiosos da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. Resultados: o tipico da ação vivida pela pessoa que apresenta recidiva de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica mostrou-se como aquela que: atribui o reganho de peso à instabilidade emocional, que a leva a dificuldades no controle do comportamento alimentar; afirma que o estresse, a ansiedade e a solidão contribuem para o reganho de peso; associa a recidiva de peso a alterações anatômicas relacionadas à cirurgia; expressa sentimentos como derrota, culpa e tristeza; refere consequências fisicas, psiquicas e sociais advindas da recuperação de peso, medo de engordar demais e ficar sem saida; relata consumo excessivo de álcool; tem como expectativa controlar o peso com vistas a impactar positivamente sua qualidade de vida, para tanto, necessita suporte multidisciplinar para as questões fisicas e emocionais envolvidas no reganho de peso; almeja se submeter a uma nova cirurgia bariátrica e a cirurgia plástica para melhorar a autoestima. Conclusões: os achados ilustram o quanto o fenômeno reganho de peso é complexo em seus aspectos biopsicoemocionais e necessita uma escuta individualizada e qualificada, acolhendo as questões subjetivas vividas por aqueles que foram submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica e estão passando pela situação de recuperação de peso. Acredita-se que a discussão proporcionada por esta investigação reforce a necessidade de as equipes de saúde investirem nos encontros com o paciente bariátrico, pautados na relação intersubjetiva que respeite e considere o outro, compartilhando decisões e contribuindo para que os pacientes se tornem ativos na produção de sua saúde e corresponsáveis pelo êxito no alcance e manutenção do peso desejado.

Introduction: bariatric surgery stands out as the most effective method in the long term treatment of obesity, leading to significant remission of diseases associated with overweight. However, the results of the surgery are not always long lasting. It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the people who undergo the bariatric surgery will regain weight after the first two years. Aim: to understand the experience of weight regain to people who were subjected to bariatric surgery. Method: qualitative research with a phenomenological approach, conducted in a public hospital of Sao Paulo. The sample was composed of 17 participants who presented weight regain after bariatric surgery. To collect the data, an open interview was used with the following guiding questions: How is it to you, to notice yourself gaining weight again? What do you believe is contributing to your weight gain? How do you deal with the weight regain? How do you see yourself in a few years, in relation to your body weight? The organization and analysis of the interviews were conducted following the steps recommended by scholars of the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. Results: the typical action experienced by people with weight regain after bariatric surgery showed up as one that: assigns the weight regain to an emotional instability that leads them to difficulties in the control of eating behavior; states that stress, anxiety and loneliness contributes to weight regain; associates the recurrence of overweight to anatomical changes related to the surgery; expresses feelings of defeat, guilt and sadness; points out physical and mental consequences arising from the weight regain; fears gaining too much weight and losing control; report excessive alcohol consumption; has the expectation of controlling the weight gain in order to positively impact the quality of life, thus, requires multidisciplinary support for issues regarding weight regain; intend to undergo another bariatric surgery and a plastic surgery to improve self-esteem. Conclusions: the findings illustrate how the phenomenon of weight regain is complex in its bio-psycho-emotional aspects and requires an individualized and qualified attention, welcoming of the subjective issues experienced by those who were submitted to a bariatric surgery and are going through a situation of weight regain. It is believed that the discussion on this research reinforces the need of the healthcare teams to invest on a follow-up of bariatric patients, based on an intersubjective relationship that respects and considers the other, sharing decisions and contributing to the patients becoming active in the production of their health and partners in the success of reaching and maintaining their desired weight.

O transtorno da compulsão alimentar (TCA) tem impacto no reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica? Relato de caso / The binge eating disorder (BED) could influence the weight regain after bariatric surgery? Case report

RESUMO A cirurgia bariátrica (CB) é considerada o tratamento mais eficaz para obesidade grave em longo prazo. Apesar de estar associada à resolução ou melhora das comorbidades clínicas, um desfecho possível é o reganho de peso. Um conjunto de evidências aponta a presença do transtorno da compulsão alimentar (TCA) como um dos fatores de risco associados ao reganho de peso pós-operatório. O objetivo desta apresentação de casos clínicos é discutir o possível impacto dos episódios de compulsão alimentar em pacientes submetidos à CB. Serão apresentados os seguintes casos (1): uma mulher de 41 anos, avaliada após 8 anos da cirurgia, apresentando um reganho de 22,9 kg e psicopatologia alimentar compatível com TCA; (2): um homem de 48 anos, avaliado no pós-operatório de 7 anos, com um reganho de 30 kg e exibindo queixas de beliscamento alimentar, porém sem sintomas compatíveis com TCA; (3): uma mulher de 44 anos, avaliada no pós-operatório de 3 anos, mantendo peso estável sem reganho e que exibia à avaliação TCA. Os autores discutem, a partir destes três casos, as evidências relacionadas ao impacto da compulsão alimentar no resultado da CB. Apesar de não haver, no momento, um consenso definitivo quanto ao real impacto dos transtornos alimentares neste recrudescimento ponderal, fica claro que o clínico deve estar atento ao TCA e sua possível associação com o reganho de peso.

ABSTRACT Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effectiveness long term treatment to severe obesity. However being associated with resolution or improvement of clinic comorbidities, one possible outcome is weight regain. A group of evidences appoint to the presence of BED (binge eating disorder) as one risk factor associated to post-surgery weight regain. The aim of this case report is to discuss a possible impact of binge eating in patients submitted to BS. The following cases will be presented: (1): 41 years woman, evaluated after 8 years post-surgery, showing weight regain of 22.9 kg and compatible eating psychopathology with BED; (2): 48 years men, evaluated 7 years post-surgery, with weight regain of 30 kg and showing grazing complaints, although without compatible BED symptomatology; (3): 44 years woman, evaluated 3 years post-surgery, maintaining stable weight without weight regain and BED exhibited in evaluation. The authors discuss, from these three index cases, the associated evidences related to the impact of the binge eating in the BS result. Although, for the moment, any definitely consensus on the real impact of eating disorders in weight recrudescence is not possible, it is clear that the clinician need to be alert to BED and possible association with weight regain.

A percepção do corpo em pacientes bariátricos e a experiência do medo de reganho de pêso / Body perception and fear of weight regain in bariatric patients

O presente artigo analisou alterações na percepção corporal e medo do reganho de peso em 10 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica de Fobi-Capella (Bypass Gástrico em Y de Roux) há no mínimo quatro anos, que tiveram reganho de pelo menos 20% do peso perdido. Foi utilizado um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada sobre: dados demográficos, hábitos alimenta-res, mudanças no estilo de vida e comportamentais, imagem corporal, preconceito vivenciados e reaquisição de peso. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que o reganho de peso ocorreu de modo desapercebido pelo paciente, até que tenha sido sinalizado socialmente; o emagrecimento excessivo foi ma avaliado pelos pares; observou-se medo acentuado, por parte dos operados bariátricos, de voltar à obesidade mórbida; os participantes relataram alterações nas relações afetivas; a percepção da imagem corporal oscilou e era infiel à aparência externa

The present paper aims to discuss the perception of body image and the fear of weight regain in 10 patients who underwent Fobi-Capella bariatric surgery (Roux in Y gastric bypass), at least four years ago, and have regained 15% or more of the total loss of body weight. Semi structu-red interviews were applied and included questions about demographics data, dietary habits, lifestyle changes, behavioral changes, body image, prejudice experiences and weight regain. The recorded interviews had their content analyzed and transcribed. Results demonstrated that weight regain occurs unnoticed by the patient, until it has been signaled socially; the excessive weight loss didn't get approval by peers; the fear to return to morbid obesity was noticed; the changes on personal relationships were clear and there were oscillations in the reconstruction of body image with a poor and inconsistent new self-image

Apoio social e reganho de peso pós-cirurgia bariátrica: estudo de caso sobre intervenção com cuidador / Social support and weight regain after bariatric surgery: a case study of an intervention with a caregiver / El apoyo social y la recuperación del peso después de la cirugía bariátrica: un estudio de caso de una intervención con un cuidador

O estudo de caso teve por objetivos: aplicar uma intervenção comportamental para adequação do apoio social em cuidador de paciente com reganho de peso pós-cirurgia bariátrica; verificar os efeitos da intervenção mediante a avaliação da percepção do paciente sobre a disponibilidade e satisfação com o apoio social e do peso corporal, antes (linha de base), imediatamente após (momento 2) e um mês depois da intervenção (momento 3). A paciente tinha 20 anos e apresentava reganho de peso da ordem de 30% do peso mínimo alcançado após a cirurgia. A cuidadora era sua mãe, 43 anos, com quem residia. Entrevistas semiestruturadas para o cuidador e paciente e uma escala validada para avaliar o suporte social foram utilizados na coleta de dados. As intervenções com o cuidador consistiram de cinco sessões semanais nas quais técnicas de reforçamento diferencial, automonitoramento das condutas de apoio social e resolução de problemas foram utilizadas. Constatou-se aumento na frequência de fornecimento de apoio social por parte do cuidador nas quatro categorias comportamentais trabalhadas: adesão à dieta, uso de suplementação alimentar, prática de atividade física e controle de estresse, ao longo de três semanas da intervenção. Os resultados mostraram que, após a intervenção, houve um aumento dos escores da escala respondida pela paciente, se comparados ao da linha de base, bem como a redução do peso corporal (LB=84kg; momento 3=82,2kg). O estudo indica a possibilidade de aplicação de técnicas comportamentais para melhorar o apoio social de cuidadores de pacientes com reganho de peso pós-cirurgia bariátrica...

The case study aimed to: implement a behavioral intervention for adequacy of social support in care-givers of patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery; verify the effects of the intervention by assessing the patient's perception of the availability and satisfaction with social support and body weight before (baseline), immediately after (moment 2) and one month after the intervention (moment 3 [M3]). The patient was a 20-year-old woman, having a 30% weight regain in relation to the minimum weight achieved after surgery. The caregiver was her mother a 43 year old with whom he resided. Semi structured interviews for the caregiver and patient and a validated scale to access social support were used for data collection. Interventions with the caregiver consisted of five weekly sessions including differential reinforcement techniques, self-monitoring of social support and problem-solving. Following the two moments, there was an increase in the frequency of social support provision by the caregiver in the four behavioral categories worked in intervention: adherence to diet, use of supplements, physical activity and stress management, along three weeks. The results showed that after the intervention, there was an increase in scores on the Social Support Scale answered by the patient compared to the baseline and weight reduction (LB=185,1lb; M3=180,7lb). The study indicates the possibility of application of behavioral techniques to improve social support for caregivers of patient's regained weight after baria-tric surgery...

El estudio de caso tuvo como objetivos: implementar una intervención conductual para la adecuación del apoyo social en cuidador de paciente con peso recuperado después de la cirugía bariátrica; investigar los efectos de la intervención mediante la evaluación de la percepción del paciente sobre la disponibilidad y la satisfacción con el apoyo social y el peso corporal, antes, inmediatamente después y un mes después de la intervención. El paciente tenía 20 años, estudiante universitario, había recuperado de peso en el orden de 30% del peso mínimo alcanzado después de la cirugía. El cuidador era su madre, 43 años, con quien residía. Entrevistas semiestructuradas para el cuidador y el paciente y uma escala validada para evaluar el apoyo social fueron utilizados para la recolección de datos. Las intervenciones con el cuidador consistieron en cinco sesiones en las que las técnicas de refuerzo, automonitoreo de los comportamientos sociales de apoyo y resolución de problemas se utilizaron. Durante la intervención se observó un aumento en la frecuencia de apoyo social del cuidador en las cuatro categorías de comportamento trabajadas: la adherencia a la dieta, el uso de suplementos, la actividad física y manejo del estrés. Los resultados mostraron que, después de la intervención, hubo un aumento en las puntuaciones de escala respondidas por el paciente, en comparación con la línea de base y la reducción de peso (LB=185,1lb; tiempo 3 [T3]=180,7lb). El estudio indica la posibilidad de aplicación de intervención conductual para mejorar el apoyo social de los cuidadores de pacientes bariatricos con recuperaron del peso...

Long-term Weight Loss Maintenance

It is not easy to maintain long-term weight loss even though it is the ultimate goal of obesity management. The Look AHEAD study in which 50% of participants in the intervention arm maintained a weight loss at least 5% below their initial weight after 8 years of intensive lifestyle intervention confirms a crucial role of continuous and constant application of lifestyle changes. Alteration of appetite-related hormones, energy homeostasis, nutrient metabolism, and subjective appetite are involved in biological pathways responsible for balance between energy utilization and storage following weight loss. Previous studies have shown that some appetite-related hormones and metabolites are potential predictors of weight-regain after weight loss, and specific diet pattern and physical activity could oppose weight loss regain.

Weight regain among women after metabolic and bariatric surgery: a qualitative study in Brazil / Reganho de peso em mulheres após cirurgia metabólica e bariátrica: estudo qualitativo no Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Due to the increased number of bariatric surgeries over the years, aspects contributing or hindering the achievement of outcomes, among them weight regain, have acquired increased significance. Psychological factors directly influence on this unwanted situation, but there are few studies and controversies about the degree of participation of these factors. We propose a qualitative investigation to analyze the meanings of weight regain after surgery among women and how these factors influence this outcome. METHOD: This study uses the clinical-qualitative method, by means of a semi-structured interview with open questions in an intentional sample, closed by saturation, with eight women who underwent surgery at the Bariatric Surgery Outpatient Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: A feeling of defeat and failure emerges with weight regain, which contributes to social isolation; there is no regret, but gratitude for the surgery; among patients, there is a sense of feeling rejected greater than a rejection that actually exists. CONCLUSION: We found out the need for further qualitative studies that help the health team to better understand the dynamic psychological factors involved in the meaning of weight regain after bariatric surgery among women, in order to adopt appropriate conducts to deal with this problem (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o aumento do número de cirurgias bariátricas ao longo dos anos, têm chamado atenção os aspectos que contribuem ou impedem os resultados, entre eles o reganho de peso, mostram-se relevantes. Fatores psicológicos influenciam diretamente essa situação indesejada, mas há poucos estudos e controvérsias sobre o grau de participação desses fatores. Nós propomos uma investigação qualitativa para analisar os significados do reganho de peso depois da cirurgia para mulheres e como esses fatores influenciam esse resultado. MÉTODO: Este estudo usa o método clínico-qualitativo, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com questões abertas em uma amostra intencional, fechada por saturação, com oito mulheres operadas no ambulatório de cirurgia bariátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), no estado de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: Um sentimento de derrota e fracasso surge com o reganho de peso, que colabora para o isolamento social; não há arrependimento, mas gratidão pela cirurgia; entre as pacientes, há uma ideia de sentir-se rejeitada maior que uma rejeição que existe de fato. CONCLUSÃO: Constatamos a necessidade de novos estudos qualitativos que auxiliem a equipe de saúde a entender melhor os fatores psicológicos dinâmicos envolvidos no significado do reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica entre as mulheres para adotar condutas adequadas para lidar com esse problema (AU)

Caloric restriction and control of body weight / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Control of body weight is a hot topic.It is considered as the cornerstone for the management of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes based on the effect of improving blood glucose,lipid profile,blood pressure,and insulin sensitivity.The strategies for weight loss include diet restriction,exercise,medicine,and bariatric surgery.In the present article the relationship between caloric restriction and weight loss was reviewed,focusing on the hot topics as to what extent weight loss could be achieved,the maintenance of ideal body weight,the risk factor of weight regain,and weight loss in particulas populations like obese children,adolescents,and older adults.

Cirurgia metabólica, reganho de peso e recidiva do diabete / Metabolic surgery, weight regain and diabetes re-emergence

INTRODUÇÃO: O insucesso do tratamento clínico do diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2) aumentou o interesse em cirurgia metabólica, sendo considerada alternativa promissora no controle de diabéticos com ou sem obesidade. Todavia, ainda não há seguimento em longo prazo para se avaliar a duração da remissão da doença, cuja recidiva pode estar associada ao reganho de peso. OBJETIVOS: 1) Descrever os resultados de pacientes com DM2 e IMC <30 e <35 kg/m², submetidos aos seguintes tipos de operações metabólicas: interposição ileal e gastrectomia vertical, derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux (DGYR), banda gástrica ajustável, exclusão duodeno-jejunal e bypass duodenojejunal; 2) avaliar a possível ocorrência de recidiva do diabete após reganho de peso em longo prazo. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão expositiva e histórica da literatura sobre cirurgia metabólica em pacientes com DM2 e IMC <30 e <35 kg/m², e revisão sistemática sobre a associação entre recidiva da doença e reganho de peso após cirurgia bariátrica. RESULTADO: Após análise de 188 artigos publicados no Medline até 2010, foram selecionados três estudos, com 269 pacientes submetidos à DGYR, com IMC pré-operatório entre 37 e 60 kg/m² e com seguimento de três a 16 anos. CONCLUSÕES: 1) Dois estudos mostraram que o reganho de peso está associado à recidiva do diabete, enquanto o terceiro não confirma este fato, na comparação entre o grupo com e sem reganho; 2) a cirurgia metabólica vem apresentando adequado controle do diabete em obesos grau I; todavia, o grupo não obeso ainda aguarda avaliação em longo prazo, considerando o risco de recidiva associado ao reganho de peso.

INTRODUCTION: The poor success of clinical treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM2) increased interest in metabolic surgery, which has been considered a promising alternative for the control of obese or non-obese diabetics. However, there is still no long-term follow-up to evaluate the duration of diabetes remission, and if weight regain would be associated to recurrence. AIM: 1) To describe the results of diabetic patients with a BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² submitted to the following types of metabolic surgery: ileal interposition and sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding, duodeno-jejunal exclusion and duodeno-jejunal bypass; 2) to evaluate the possible relapse of diabetes after occurrence of weight regain on long-term after bariatric surgery. METHOD: An expositive and historical literature review about metabolic surgery in diabetic patients with BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² was conducted, and systematic review of the association between disease relapse and weight regain after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: After analysis of 188 published papers on Medline until 2010, three papers were selected, which included 269 patients who underwent RYGB. Pre-operatory BMI was between 37 and 60 kg/m² and follow-up of three to 16 years. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Two studies showed association between weight regain and recurrence of type 2 diabetes, while the third did not show this association when comparing groups with and without weight regain; 2) metabolic surgery has shown adequate control of T2DM2 in class I obese subjects; however, the non-obese group still need a long-term evaluation, considering the risk of diabetes recurrence when after weight regain.