ABSTRACT
Objective To quantitatively analyze the risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients, so as to investigate the difference in the contribution of risk indicators included in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China to the risk assessment of re-introduction of imported malaria. Methods Publications pertaining to the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China that reported the risk indicators and their weighting coefficients were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP with terms of “malaria”, “re-introduction/re-transmission/re-establishment”, “risk assessment/risk evaluation/risk prediction” from the inception of the database through 3 August 2023, and literature search was performed in Google Scholar to ensure the comprehensiveness of the retrieval. Basic characteristics of included studies were extracted using pre-designed information extraction forms by two investigators, and data pertaining to risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were cross-checked by these two investigators. The risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients were visualized with the Nightingale’s rose diagrams using the software R 4.2.1, and the importance of risk indictors was evaluated with the frequency of risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework and the ranking of weighting coefficients of risk indicators. In addition, the capability of risk indicators screened by different weighting methods was compared by calculating the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by different weighting methods. Results A total of 2 138 publications were retrieved, and following removal of duplications and screening, a total of 8 publications were included in the final analysis. In these 8 studies, 8 risk assessment frameworks for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and 52 risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were reported, in which number of imported malaria cases (n = 8) and species of malaria vectors were more frequently included in the risk assessment frameworks (n = 8), followed by species of imported malaria parasites (n = 6) and population density of local malaria vectors (n = 6), and species of local malaria vectors (n = 6), number of imported malaria cases (n = 5) and species of imported malaria parasites had the three highest weighting coefficients (n = 4). The weighting methods included expert scoring method, combination of expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process, and combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method in these 8 studies, and the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by the expert scoring method were 1.143 to 2.241, while the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process were 34.970 to 162.000. Conclusions Number of imported malaria cases, species of imported malaria parasites, species of local malaria vectors and population density of local malaria vectors are core indicators in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China. Combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process is superior to the expert scoring method alone for weighting the risk indicators.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the index weight and optimize the microwave processing technology of carbonized Gardenia jasminoides (CGJ). Methods: The contents of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were determined by HPLC and used as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient was determined by CRITIC method, and the microwave processing technology of CGJ was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBRSM). The pharmacological activity of CGJ processed by microwave was also evaluated. Results: The weighting coefficients of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were 0.27 and 0.73. The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 600 W, microwave time of 6 min and medicines mass of 120 g, the contents of geniposidic and tannins were 35.19 and 4.76 mg/g. The results of pharmacological evaluation showed that CGJ processed by microwave and traditional method could shorten the bleeding time and clotting time of mice. There was no obvious difference between the two processed products. Conclusion: Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.
ABSTRACT
Objective The relationship between the in vivo absorption kinetics and the in vitro release kinetics of various components (including flavonoids and terpenoids) contained in Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) sustained-release pellets were evaluated using multi-component integration kinetics which could provide a reference for more accurate assessment of in vitro and in vivo correlation. Methods The release rates in vitro of main ingredients (quercetin, isorhamnetin, bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C) were detected by HPLC-MS/MS. The integrated drug concentration was calculated, and the release rates in vitro of integrated components were then depicted according to the results. Plasma was collected at different time points after oral administration of GBE sustained-release pellets, multiple components contained in GBE sustained-release pellets were then determined. A novel approach of self-defined weighting coefficient (Wj) based on the area under the curve from zero to infinity AUC0—∞ had been created to obtain the holistic pharmacokinetic profiles of GBE sustained-release pellets. To evaluation the in vitro-in vivo correlation of GBE sustained-release pellets, the percent of integrated in vivo absorption calculated by the Wagner-Nelson methodwas plotted versus the percent of integrated in vitro drug release at the same time. Results The components contained in sustained- release pellets had a good release, the Wj of each component in GBE sustained-release pellets were as follows: quercetin, 0.248 1; isorhamnetin, 0.009 2; bilobalide, 0.228 2; ginkgolide A, 0.296 4; ginkgolide B, 0.132 4; ginkgolide C, 0.090 3. The in vivo-in vitro correlation equation was Y = 0.930 8 X + 12.84, r = 0.962 9, indicated that the correlation between in vivo absorption kinetics and in vitro release kinetics is good. Conclusion The efficacy of the herbal medicines depends on a variety of components combined effect, using the integrated pharmacokinetic to analyze IVIVC could take the characteristic of each component into account, which is helpful for the study of the correlation between in vivo absorption kinetics and in vitro release kinetics.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To establish an optimization model for the extraction technology process of Honghua Tongluo Prescription (HTP) based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). Methods: The evaluation indexes tree was established which included objective level, criterion level, and index level. The criterion level consisted of effective constituent, impurity control, behavioristics, histopathology, and immune response. The index level consisted the extraction efficiency of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and icariin, the content of total substances, mechano-allodynia, and mechano-hyperalgesia, the ratios of decentered nucleolus in dorsal root ganglion, the content of SP in pelma skin with plantar P quality as the index layer. Weighting coefficient of all the indexes was decided by FAHP based calculation. HTP extraction process route was comprehensively evaluated. Results: The importance degrees (ω) of each criterion from high to low were: immune response (ω=0.245), histopathology (ω=0.23), effective constituent, behavioristics (ω=0.20), and impurity control (ω=0.125). The optimized extraction technology process was that Carthami Flos was better extracted by warm maceration with water at 60℃, Epimedii Herba was circulated by reflux extraction with water. Cinnamomi Ramulus was better treated by reflux extraction with 80% alcohol. Conclusion: An FAHP-based evaluation method with pharmacological indexes, effective constituent indexes, and impurity control as evaluation indexes, which could put formula Chinese materia medica principle and modern pharmaceutical engineering demands into consideration, is comprehensive and effective.