Study on spectrum-effect relationship among effects of different extracts of Crataegi Folium on whole blood viscosity in rats / 中草药

Objective: To study the correlation between the fingerprints of different extracts of Crataegi Folium and reducing the blood viscosity of blood stasis rats, and to provide a theoretical basis and data support for the establishment of the quality control model of traditional Chinese medicine, which is "Fingerprints are associated with efficacy". Methods: Fingerprints of different extracts of Crataegi Folium were established by high performance liquid phase method. The multivariate linear regression equation of common peak X and whole blood viscosity Y was calculated by stepwise regression analysis of MATLAB software. Results: There were 32 common peaks in the fingerprints, X9, X10, X11, X13, X14, X15, X17, X19, X27, and X29 related to the whole blood viscosity Y compose functional composition groups. X10, X11, X13, X19, X29 negatively correlated with Y, which may be active monomer components, among which X14 is vitexin glucoside, X17 is Vitexin, and X19 is rutin. Conclusion: The multiple regression equation calculated by MATLAB statistical software in this study has significance in statistics, which can provide a scientific basis for further study of the active components of Crataegi Folium extract.

Clinical Study on Electronic Moxibustion in Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of electronic moxibustion in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy due to liver-kidney deficiency. Method Ninety patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy due to liver-kidney deficiency were randomized into a treatment group of 44 cases and a control group of 46 cases. The treatment group was intervened by acupoint therapy by warm electronic moxibustion, while the control group was intervened by foot bath with Chinese medication. For both groups, 10 treatment sessions were taken as a course of treatment, for 3 courses in total. Before and after the treatment, the whole blood viscosity, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) were evaluated in the two groups. Result The whole blood viscosity indexes, blood lipids levels, FBG level and GHb level didn't show significant differences after the treatment in the two groups (P>0.05). The intra-group and inter-group comparisons of MNSI score showed significant differences after the treatment (P<0.01); there was a between-group difference in the change of MNSI score after the treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion Electronic moxibustion is an effective approach in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Analytical Performance and Reference Interval of a Microfluidic Viscometer, Viscore-300 for the Measurement of Whole Blood Viscosity

BACKGROUND: Whole blood viscosity (WBV) refers to the internal resistance that occurs when blood flows through blood vessels. WBV is known to be related to many diseases including cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. We have investigated the analytical performance and established reference intervals for a newly developed microfluidic viscometer, Viscore-300 (NanoBiz, Korea), used for the measurement of WBV. METHODS: We performed a precision test of 240 measurements over 20 days using three control materials. For evaluation of repeatability, a total of 60 WBV measurements were made in 3 whole blood samples 20 times a day. A total of 100 whole blood samples were used to evaluate the accuracy of the Viscore-300 in comparison to a rotating viscometer, DV3T (Brookfield, USA), in accordance with the the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's guidelines. To establish the reference intervals, 122 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: The precision and repeatability results showed that the CV was less than 5% for three samples and two shear rates. In the accuracy test, the mean differences between two viscometers were 0.09 cP (0.9%) and −0.07 cP (−1.4%) at shear rates of 10 s−1 and 300 s−1, respectively. The reference intervals of WBV for men were 6.88–13.52 cP at 10 s−1 and 4.32–6.43 cP at 300 s−1; those of women were 5.74–13.29 cP at 10 s−1 and 3.60–6.12 cP at 300 s−1. CONCLUSIONS: Viscore-300 showed excellent precision and accuracy and it might be a good instrument for reporting WBV quickly and accurately.

Effects of Panax Notoginseng Saponins Enteric-coated Pellets on Hemorheology in Rabbits / 中国药师

Objective:To discuss the effects of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) enteric-coated pellets on hemorrheology in rabbits.Methods:The rabbits were divided into the normal control group,the model control group,Xueshuangtong injection (lyophilization) group(15 mg·kg-1·d-1 ,im),PNS enteric-coated pellets groups respectively at high(45 mg·kg-1·d-1,ig),medium(30 mg·kg-1·d-1,ig) and low (15 mg·kg-1·d-1,ig) dose.The model was established by intragastric administration of high-fat diet.The whole-blood viscosity,plasma viscosity,erythrocyte aggregational index,crythrocyte index of rigidity and erythrocyte electro-phoresis rate in the groups were detected using hemorheological methods.Results:The above indices of hemorheology in the model control group were all significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P0.05).Compared with Xueshuangtong injection (lyophilization) group,PNS enteric-coated pellets group at medium dose could significantly reduce the whole blood middle shear viscosity(P<0.05).Conclusion:PNS enteric-coated pellets can reduce the whole-blood viscosity,plasma viscosity,erythrocyte aggregational index,crythrocyte index of rigidity and erythrocyte electro-phoresis rate,and effectively promote blood circulation and remove stasis,inhibit thrombosis formation and increase blood supply for heart and cerebral vessels.

Hemorheological Alteration in Patients Clinically Diagnosed with Chronic Liver Diseases

Since liver function is changed by chronic liver diseases, chronic liver disease can lead to different hemorheological alterations during the course of the progression. This study aims to compare alterations in whole blood viscosity in patients with chronic liver disease, focusing on the gender effect. Chronic liver diseases were classified into three categories by patient’s history, serologic markers, and radiologic findings: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 63), chronic viral hepatitis B and C (n = 50), and liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 35). Whole blood viscosity was measured by automated scanning capillary tube viscometer, while liver stiffness was measured by transient elastography using FibroScan®. Both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosities were significantly lower in patients with LC than NAFLD and chronic viral hepatitis (P < 0.001) in male patients, but not in female patients. In correlation analysis, there were inverse relationships between both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosity and liver stiffness (systolic: r = −0.25, diastolic: r = −0.22). Whole blood viscosity was significantly lower in male patients with LC than NAFLD or chronic viral hepatitis. Our data suggest that whole blood viscosity test can become a useful tool for classifying chronic liver disease and determining the prognosis for different types of chronic liver diseases.

The Association between Whole Blood Viscosity and Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) has been attributed as inborn bypass mechanisms supporting ischemic myocardium. Various factors have been postulated in CCC. Whole blood viscosity (WBV) has been an underappreciated entity despite close relationships between multiple cardiovascular diseases. WBV can be calculated with a validated equation from hematocrit and total plasma protein levels for a low and high shear rate. On the grounds, we aimed to evaluate the association between WBV and CCC in patients with chronic total occlusion. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 371 patients diagnosed as having at least one major, chronic total occluded coronary artery were included. 197 patients with good CCC (Rentrop 2 and 3) composed the patient group. The poor collateral group consisted of 174 patients (Rentrop grade 0 and 1). RESULTS: Patients with poor CCC had higher WBV values for a low-shear rate (LSR) (69.5±8.7 vs. 60.1±9.8, p<0.001) and high-shear rate (HSR) (17.0±2.0 vs. 16.4±1.8, p<0.001) than the good collateral group. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the grade of CCC and WBV for LSR (β=0.597, p<0.001) and HSR (β=0.494, p<0.001). WBV for LSR (β=0.476, p<0.001) and HSR (β=0.407, p<0.001) had a significant correlation with the synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score. A multivariate analysis showed that the WBV for both shear rates were independent risk factors of poor CCC (WBV at LSR, OR: 1.362 CI 95%: 1.095-1.741 p<0.001 and WBV at HSR, 1.251 CI 95%: 1.180-1.347 p<0.001). CONCLUSION: WBV has been demonstrated as the overlooked predictor of poor coronary collateralization. WBV seemed to be associated with microvascular perfusion and angiogenesis process impairing CCC development.

Influences of Hot Water Bathing on Whole-blood Fluidity Measured by Falling Needle Rheometer / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

 We examined changes in the apparent whole-blood viscosity (aWBV) of healthy subjects using non-anticoagulated specimens during Japanese style bathing. We have developed a falling needle rhemeter (FNR) that is able to measure several terminal velocities with resin needles in various densities within 210 s. When a needle falls into whole blood in the columnar container, the parameters of aWBV, shear stress and shear rate can be calculated using the blood density, needle density and terminal velocity of the needle as measured by the FNR. Multiple measurements can be made in one whole-blood fluidity analysis, using only a small amount of specimen without any anticoagulant. In this study, several non-eldery healthy adults remained immersed up to the armpits in a sitting posture in the bathtub. In order to maintain a constant bath temperature, heated tap water kept being added. Whole-blood fluidity was analyzed with several aWBVs at various shear rates measured using the FNR. Referring to a previous study reporting on conditions of hemodynamic change, our preliminary examination found that observation of a change in blood fluidity required 10 min of bathing in water at 42 degrees Celsius. Eight healthy men and one healthy woman therefore took a single-bath for 10 min at 42 degrees Celsius for the single-bathing examination. Six of these nine subjects, including the female subject, showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region with a single bath. And one subject showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region, 10 min after bathing. These subjects showed altered whole-blood fluidity in the low-shear-rate region at the time of changing aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region. Six healthy men were enrolled in a double-bathing examination, first bathing for 10 min, then taking a break for 5 min and taking a second bath for 5 min. All subjects showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region: two of the six enrolled subjects showed increases after the first bath; three subjects showed increases after the second bath; and the remaining subject showed an increase at 10 min after the second bath. All subjects showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region, and a simultaneous change in whole-blood fluidity in the low-shear-rate region. Notably, the time needed for a change in whole-blood fluidity was very short. To implement the present study, non-elderly adult volunteers were enrolled to reduce the risk of accidents and some limitations were placed on bathing conditions. As changes in blood fluidity were observed under bathing conditions with water temperature over 42 degrees Celsius and immersion up to the armpits in a sitting posture, we concluded that prolonged Japanese-style bathing in water exceeding 42 degrees Celsius is dangerous.

Influences of Hot Water Bathing on Whole-blood Fluidity Measured by Falling Needle Rheometer / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

 We examined changes in the apparent whole-blood viscosity (aWBV) of healthy subjects using non-anticoagulated specimens during Japanese style bathing. We have developed a falling needle rhemeter (FNR) that is able to measure several terminal velocities with resin needles in various densities within 210 s. When a needle falls into whole blood in the columnar container, the parameters of aWBV, shear stress and shear rate can be calculated using the blood density, needle density and terminal velocity of the needle as measured by the FNR. Multiple measurements can be made in one whole-blood fluidity analysis, using only a small amount of specimen without any anticoagulant. In this study, several non-eldery healthy adults remained immersed up to the armpits in a sitting posture in the bathtub. In order to maintain a constant bath temperature, heated tap water kept being added. Whole-blood fluidity was analyzed with several aWBVs at various shear rates measured using the FNR. Referring to a previous study reporting on conditions of hemodynamic change, our preliminary examination found that observation of a change in blood fluidity required 10 min of bathing in water at 42 degrees Celsius. Eight healthy men and one healthy woman therefore took a single-bath for 10 min at 42 degrees Celsius for the single-bathing examination. Six of these nine subjects, including the female subject, showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region with a single bath. And one subject showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region, 10 min after bathing. These subjects showed altered whole-blood fluidity in the low-shear-rate region at the time of changing aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region. Six healthy men were enrolled in a double-bathing examination, first bathing for 10 min, then taking a break for 5 min and taking a second bath for 5 min. All subjects showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region: two of the six enrolled subjects showed increases after the first bath; three subjects showed increases after the second bath; and the remaining subject showed an increase at 10 min after the second bath. All subjects showed increased aWBVs in the high-shear-rate region, and a simultaneous change in whole-blood fluidity in the low-shear-rate region. Notably, the time needed for a change in whole-blood fluidity was very short. To implement the present study, non-elderly adult volunteers were enrolled to reduce the risk of accidents and some limitations were placed on bathing conditions. As changes in blood fluidity were observed under bathing conditions with water temperature over 42 degrees Celsius and immersion up to the armpits in a sitting posture, we concluded that prolonged Japanese-style bathing in water exceeding 42 degrees Celsius is dangerous.

Research of applicability of control samples in measurement of whole blood viscosity / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To exlore the influence of internal quality control and external quality control assessment(EQA) resulting from applicability of control samples in measurement of whole blood viscosity (WBV) through the analysis and comparison of applicability of 1 non-Newtonian fluid internal quality control sample in 3 viscometers. Methods Viscometer B, C and D were used to measure WBV of 30 blood samples in parallel under the shear rate(SR) of 1 s-1,30 s~(-1) and 200 s~(-1), then the blood SR-WBV curves of 3 viscometers were drawn according to the results. At the same time, viscometers B, C and D were used respectively to determine the WBV of control A 10 times in one day, then the control A SR-WBV curves were mapped. Three viscometers were used to measure the manufactory control samples and control A 5 times in one day for 4 days. Four groups of daily values of manufactory control samples and control A of each instrument were used to carry out F test to calculate whether 4 daily values are difference. Finally, the control A was dispensed in 49 laboratories nationwide chosen for measurement. On the basis of viscometer used, 20 laboratories were classified as group B, 20 laboratories were classified as group C and 9 laboratories were classified as group D. Then the data under SR of 1 s~(-1) were analyzed to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) in the group. Results There was significant difference among the WBV of blood samples measured by the viscometers B, C and D. The results under SR of 1 s~(-1) declined in turn, and they were highest under SR of 30 s~(-1) followed by the values of viscometer D and B and they were (8.14±0.75), highest under SR of 30 s-1 followed by the values of viscometer B and D, and they were (7.35±0.07), daily values of manufactory control and control A of each instruments in four groups were compared. Under SR of 1 s~(-1), there was no difference between daily values of manufactory control and control A in viscometer B (F = 2.63, 1.37, P > 0.05), and there was no difference of daily values of manufactory control among viscometer C and D (F = 0.33,3. 14, P > 0.05), but significant daily difference existed when control A was tested by viscometer C and D (F = 5.76, 8.00, P < 0.05). Under SR of 30 s~(-1), there was no difference of daily values of manufactory control among 3 viscometers(F =0.31, 0.18, 2.26, P >0.05), and there was no difference of daily values of control A among 3 viscometers' (F = 1.03, 1.83, 2.40, P > 0.05); Under SR of 200 s~(-1), there was no difference of daily values of manufactory control among 3 viscometers (F =2.59, 0.68, 2.96, P > 0.05), and there was no difference of daily values of control A among 3 viscometers (F=2.31, 3.01, 2.28, P>0.05). When control A was tested under SR of 1 s~(-1) in 49 laboratories nationwide, the WBV values in groups of viscometer B, C and D were (18.47±1.30), (11.17±2.38), viscometer D and C were 63.75% and 21.3%. Conclusions Control A could fully mimic the properties of whole blood steadily on viscometer B, but partially mimic viscometer C and D, so the control A is most appropriate for viscometer B. Because current non-Newtonian fluid internal quality control could mimic rheological properties of whole blood under specifically conditions, laboratories should evaluate the consistent degree between control and whole blood, only the candidates which can mimic the properties of whole blood approximately could be chosen as quality control of WBV. When third-party control is chosen to be samples of EQA, its applicability should be in consideration. Pretest should be performed adequately to define applicability of third-party control, so as to reduce the difference among laboratories due to applicability of control and reflect detection quality of laboratories exactly.

Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on erythrocyte deformability in septic acute lung injury / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To investigate the effects and related mechanism of iNO on erythrocyte deformability in septic acute lung injury(ALI).Methods Thirty anesthetized and mechanically ventilated young piglets(3-4weeks old)were allocated to 4 groups:(1)normal(group C,n=6):intraperitoneal injection of normal saline(NS).(2)normal+iNO(group CNO,n=4):NS followed by mechanical ventilation for 4 h,and then treated with iNO at 10 parts per million in volume(ppm).(3)model(group M,n=10):i.p.Escherichia coli at 5 × 109 cfu/ml,5 ml,and(4)NO(group MNO,n=10):i.p.Eschefichia coli at 5×109 cfu/ml lollowed by iNO-at 10 parts per million after ALI.Blood viscosity,malondialdehyde(MDA)in erythrocyte,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase of erythrocyte membrane were measured at basdine,establishment of ALI,12 and 24 h during the treatment.Results For normal age-matched piglets,there was little change of whole blood viscosity at high shear rate(110 s-1),which is a measure of erythrocyte deformability,so was the level of MDA in erythroeyte and the activity of erythroeyte membrane Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase when iNO was provided for 12 or 24 h.At the time ALI was established,whole blood viscosity at high shear rate and MDA levels in erythroeyte increased significantly compared to the baseline level(P＜0.05),while the activity of erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase decreased significantly(P＜0.01,vsbaseline).Exposure of iNO for 12 h resulted in decreased whole blood viscosity at high shear rate and MDA levels in erythroeyte(P＜0.05,vs group C),and higher activity of erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-Mg2+-AT-Pase and Na+-K+-ATPase.When iNO was administered for 24 h,there was little difference of whole blood viscosity,activity of erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase and MDA levels in erythroeyte between the C and NO groups.Conclusion In the piglets with septic ALI,there was deterioration of erythrocyte deformability.Inhaled NO for 12 h may alter the deterioration,however,this effect is transient.

Effect of Curcumine on Whole Blood Viscosity,Cerebral Homogenate ATP Enzyme and Morphology of Brain Tissue in Rat Cerebral Ischemia Model with Blood Stasis / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To explore the effect of curcumine on rat cerebral ischemia model of blood stasis.Methods The blood-stasis rat model was established by injection of dexamethasone,then was given gastric infusion curcumine suspension for 10 continuous days.One hour after administration on the 11th day,we made ligation of the bilatory common carotid arteries of rats for 30 min to induce cerebral ischemia rat model.The rat blood sample was used for the detection of whole blood viscosity,and the brain was taken out for the observation of cerebral homogenate ATP and the pathological changes of brain tissue.Results The blood-stasis rats model was established successfully by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone,and cerebral ischemia rats model was established successfully by ligation of bilateral common carotid artery.Compared with the model group,curcumine could significantly reduce the whole blood viscosity of blood-stasis rats model of cerebral ischemia,and significantly increase the activity of Na+-K+-ATP,Mg2+ATP,Ca2+-ATP and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP in brain homogenate,significant relieve the atrophy of nerve cells and glial cells of the model rats.Conclusion Curcumine can significantly improve the whole blood viscosity,ATP activity in the brain homogenate and morphological changes of brain tissue in rats model of blood stasis.

Effects of Methyl Protodioscin on In-Vivo and In-Vitro Thrombosis and Blood Viscosity in Rats / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To investigate the effects of methyl protodioscin (MPD ) on in-vitro and in-vivo thrombosis and blood viscosity in rats. Methods The vitro thrombus was induced by Chandler method,and the length,wet and dry weight of the thrombus were measured. Thrombosis instrument was to observe the in-vivo occlusion time (OT). At the same time,determined the high-,middle-,low-shear blood viscosity as well as the plasma viscosity in rats was determined .Results Compared to normal group,middle-dose MPD group can delay the OT,and the high-dose group can decrease the length,wet and dry weight of in-vitro thrombus. The blood viscosity is reduced in all groups. Conclusion MPD can inhibit the in-vitro thrombosis,decrease the dry and wet weight of thrombus and delay the OT. Moreover,MPD has the effects of lowering the whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity.