Ocorrência de bromato em águas destinadas ao consumo humano / Occurrence of bromate in water intended for human consumption

Introdução: Bromato é mutagênico e um provável carcinogênico em seres humanos. Normalmente não ocorre em águas para consumo humano, mas a contaminação pode ocorrer por águas residuárias industriais e pela desinfecção por ozonização (se brometo estiver presente) ou pelo uso de solução de hipoclorito de qualidade insatisfatória. Objetivo: Descrever as concentrações de bromato nas águas de abastecimento de 89 municípios do estado de São Paulo (Brasil), os perfis físico-químicos das águas nas quais o contaminante ocorre e uma ação conjunta entre Laboratório de Saúde Pública, Grupo de Vigilância Sanitária e de duas Vigilâncias Sanitárias dos municípios onde foram encontrados níveis importantes de bromato. Método: Foram analisadas 4.853 amostras em 21 parâmetros físico-químicos (incluindo concentração de bromato) e dois microbiológicos. Para análise multivariada foram incluídos quatro parâmetros demográficos. Resultados: O bromato foi encontrado em 224 amostras (4,6% do total) de 17 municípios. As concentrações variaram entre 3 e 199 µg L-1 e 56 amostras (1,1% do total) apresentaram teores acima do valor máximo permitido. A Análise de Componentes Principais nesses 17 municípios indicou KBrO3 como a forma predominante de contaminação. Os índices de contaminação de dois municípios diminuíram a partir da disponibilização para as Vigilâncias Sanitárias de laudos que incluíram os resultados de bromato. Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que o monitoramento das concentrações de bromato deveria ser incluído na rotina do Programa de Vigilância da Água para Consumo Humano do estado de São Paulo. As notificações das Vigilâncias Sanitárias junto aos responsáveis pelo abastecimento de água de dois municípios foram importantes para a melhoria da qualidade da água fornecida à população em relação à contaminação.

Introduction: Bromate is mutagenic and a probable carcinogen in humans. It usually does not occur in water for human consumption, but contamination can occur by industrial wastewater and in the disinfection process by ozonization (if bromide is present) or by the use of hypochlorite solution of unsatisfactory quality. Objective: Describe bromate concentrations in the water supply of 89 municipalities in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), the physicochemical profiles of the waters in which the contaminant occurs, and a joint action between the Public Health Laboratory, the Sanitary Surveillance Regional Group and two Sanitary Surveillance of municipalities where important levels of bromate were found. Method: 4,853 samples were analyzed in 21 physicochemical parameters (including bromate concentration) and 2 microbiological parameters. For multivariate analysis, 4 demographic parameters were included. Results: Bromato was found in 224 samples (4.6% of the total) from 17 municipalities. The concentrations ranged between 3 and 199 µg L-1 and 56 samples (1.1% of the total) presented levels above the Maximum Allowed Value. Principal  Component Analysis in these 17 municipalities indicated KBrO3 as the predominant form of contamination. The contamination rates of two municipalities decreased from the availability to the Sanitary Surveillance of reports that included bromate results. Conclusions: The data suggest that the monitoring of bromate concentrations should be included in the routine of the Water Surveillance Program for Human Consumption in the state of São Paulo. The notifications of the Sanitary Surveillance with those responsible for the water supply of two municipalities were important to improve the quality of the water supplied to the population in relation to contamination.

Potassium Bromate-induced Changes in the Adult Mouse Cerebellum Are Ameliorated by Vanillin / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#The current study aimed to elucidate the effect of vanillin on behavioral changes, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by potassium bromate (KBrO3), an environmental pollutant, in the cerebellum of adult mice.@*METHODS@#The animals were divided into four groups: group 1 served as a control, group 2 received KBrO3, group 3 received KBrO3 and vanillin, and group 4 received only vanillin. We then measured behavioral changes, oxidative stress, and molecular and histological changes in the cerebellum.@*RESULTS@#We observed significant behavioral changes in KBrO3-exposed mice. When investigating redox homeostasis in the cerebellum, we found that mice treated with KBrO3 had increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the cerebellum. These effects were accompanied by decreased Na+-K+ and Mg2+ ATPase activity and antioxidant enzyme gene expression when compared to the control group. Additionally, there was a significant increase in cytokine gene expression in KBrO3-treated mice. Microscopy revealed that KBrO3 intoxication resulted in numerous degenerative changes in the cerebellum that were substantially ameliorated by vanillin supplementation. Co-administration of vanillin blocked the biochemical and molecular anomalies induced by KBrO3.@*CONCLUSION@#Our results demonstrate that vanillin is a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

A Case of Cochlear Implantation in Bromate-Induced Bilateral Sudden Deafness

Despite the well-established nature of bromate-induced ototoxicity, cochlear implantation after bromate intoxication has been rarely documented. We hereby present a case of a 51-year-old female deafened completely after bromate ingestion. Her hearing was not restored by systemic steroid treatment and hearing aids were of no use. A cochlear implantation was performed on her right ear 3 months after the bromate ingestion. In bromate intoxication cases, early monitoring of hearing level is necessary and other drugs with potential ototoxicity should be avoided. The outcome of cochlear implantation was excellent in this case of bromate-induced deafness.

Determination of Bromate in Drinking Water by Eluent Generator Ion Chromatography / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To establish the method for determination of bromate in drinking water by eluent generator suppressed conductivity ion chromatography.Methods Used application of American Dionex ICS-2100 ion chromatograph and EGC-III eluent automatic generator for ion chromatography gradient elution method to do determination of bromate in drinking water [IonPac AS19 (4×250 mm)].Eluent generator produced KOH online,gradient elution,Flow rate:1.0 ml/min.Results The method was linear in the range of Y =-0.000 609 7+0.000 873 1X,r =0.999 9,high precision (CV% < 1.5).The samples average of recovery was 99.5%~100.8%.The lowest detection limit was 0.50 μg/L.Conclusion Ion chromatog-raphy gradient elution method for the determination of bromate in drinking water was simple,rapid,and sensitive.It can be suitable for determination of bromate in drinking water.

Accidental potassium bromate poisoning in nine adults.

Accidental Potassium bromate poisoning is uncommon in adults, can have varied manifestations in different patients and can sometimes be deceiving. Potassium bromate white powder and oxidizing agent is used predominantly in bakeries as a maturing agent for flour and as a dough conditioner. It is also occasionally used as a neutralizer in hair kits. This paper deals with nine cases of accidental potassium bromate poisoning working in a bakery. Almost all the patients present with pain abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea. Severe gastritis leading to hematemesis is one of the dreaded complications. Acute renal failure can ensue after 24-48 hours of intake and thus patient must be investigated in this line. All of them ingested potassium bromate powder considering it to be milk powder. Potassium bromate poisoning must be considered as a possibility in every case presenting as acute gastroenteritis like symptoms after intake of bakery products. Strict legislation is required to decrease the risk of such incidents.

A Case of Severe Acute Renal Failure Due to Sodium Bromate Intoxication / 대한신장학회지

Bromate is an oxidizing agent used as a permanent wave neutralizer. Accidental or deliberate ingestion of bromate has rarely been reported, but is potentially severe. We report a 36-year-old female hairdresser, who was admitted due to nausea and vomiting after ingestion of sodium bromate. The patient was successfully treated with hemodialysis therapy and renal function recovered without any complication. The clinicians must remember that early therapeutic measures, including hemodialysis, should be taken as soon as possible to prevent irreversible hearing loss and renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury due to Sodium Bromate Intoxication: A Report of Two Cases

Sodium bromate is a strong oxidant used as a neutralizing solution in hair permanents, as well as an auxiliary agent in printing and dyeing. Accidental or deliberate ingestion of bromate solution has rarely been reported in Korea. The clinical manifestations of bromate intoxication are vomiting, diarrhea, central nervous system symptoms, oliguric or non-oliguric acute kidney injury, hemolytic anemia, and deafness; most of these manifestations are reversible, with the exception of renal failure and deafness. Here, we report on two patients who demonstrated distinct clinical progressions. In the first case, a 16-year-old woman was successfully treated with hemodialysis and recovered renal function without hearing loss. However, in the second case, delayed hemodialysis resulted in persistent renal failure and hearing loss in a 77-year-old woman. This suggests that emergency therapeutic measures, including hemodialysis, should be taken as soon as possible, as the rapid removal of bromate may be essential to preventing severe intoxication and its sequelae.

Isolation and growth characterization of chlorate and/or bromate resistant mutants generated by spontaneous and induced foreword mutations at several gene loci in Aspergillus niger

We aimed her mainly to evaluate the contribution of newly employed bromate selection system, in obtaining new Aspergillus niger nitrate/nitrite assimilation defective mutants, through Ultraviolet treatment (UV), 1, 2, 7, 8-Diepoxyoctane (DEO), phenols mixture (Phx)) and spontaneous treatments. The newly employed bromate selection system was able to specify only two putative novel mutant types designated brn (bromate resistant but chlorate sensitive (RS) strain, which may specify nitrite specific transporter) and cbrn mutants (bromate resistant and chlorate resistant strain, which may specify nitrate/nitrite bispecific system). The most relevant and innovative findings of this research work involve the isolation of the RR (cbrn) mutants (a new type of nitrate assimilation defective mutants), that could be useful for studying the bispecific nitrate /nitrite transporter system. The majority of obtained bromate resistant mutants (93.3 percent of the total mutants obtained by all treatments) were of the brn type, whereas the remaining percentage (6.76 percent) was given to cbrn strains. The highest percentages of brn mutant strains (48 percent and 58.6 percent of the total RS strains) were obtained with UA after spontaneous and Phx treatment, whereas Trp has generated 29 percent and 42 percent of RS strains after UV and DEO treatments, respectively. The obtained ratios of cbrn mutants were higher (i.e. in the range of 8.4 percent-11.64 percent of the total bromate mutants) with chemical treatments, especially when U.A or Pro was serving as sole N-sources at 25ºC rather than 37ºC. A 69 percent mutants' yield of Aspergillus niger mutant strains representing nine gene loci (niaD, cnx-6 loci, nrt and nirA) were selected on the bases of chlorate (600 mM) toxicity. All chlorate resistant mutants were completely sensitive to bromate (250 mM). The niaD mutants showed the highest percentage (73.97 percent) of chlorate resistant mutants obtained with all tested treatments. The UV treatment has generated the highest ratio (86.9 percent) of niaD mutants, whereas, the least (61 percent) was obtained with Phx treatment. The highest percentage of cnx mutants (32 percent) was obtained with Phx treatment. The DEO treatment as compared to other tested treatments was the best to use for obtaining the highest ratios of either nrt (13.8 percent) mutants or nirA (1.9 percent) mutants.

Sensitive and rapid titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of stavudine in pharmaceuticals using bromate-bromide and three dyes

Four sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of stavudine (STV) in bulk drug and in dosage forms were developed and optimized. In titrimetry, aqueous solution of STV was treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium followed by estimation of unreacted bromine by iodometric back titration. Spectrophotometric methods involve the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium and subsequent estimation of the residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange, indigocarmine or thymol blue followed by measurement of absorbance at 520 nm (method A), 610 nm (method B) or 550 nm (method C). In all the methods, the amount of bromate reacted corresponds to the amount of STV. Calculations in titrimetry were based on a 1:0.666 (STV:KBrO3) stoichiometry and the method was found to be applicable over 3.5-10 mg range. A linear increase in absorbance with concentration of STV was observed in the spectrophotometric methods, and the Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration ranges 0.125-1.75, 1-10 and 1-9.0 µg mL-1 STV for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The methods when applied to the determination of STV in tablets and capsules were found to give satisfactory results.

Este trabalho descreve quatro métodos rápidos e sensíveispara a determinação de estavudina (STV) na matéria-prima ou em produtos formulados. Soluções aquosas de STV podem ser tituladas tratando-as com excesso de bromato-brometo em meio ácido clorídrico, seguido da determinação iodimétrica de bromo em excesso. Métodos espectrofotométricos tambémenvolvem a adição de excesso de bromato-brometo à amostra, seguida da determinação de bromo residual por adição de uma quantidade fixa de alaranjado de metila, índigo-carmim ou azul de timol, e de medidas de absorbância nos comprimentos de onda apropriados: 520, 610 ou 550 nm. Em todos os métodos, a quantidade de bromato consumida corresponde à quantidade de STV e os resultados da sua aplicação à determinação de STV em comprimidos e cápsulas são satisfatórios.

Determination of Chlorite,Chlorate and Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To develop an ion chromatography (IC) for simultaneous determination of chlorite,chlorate and bromate in drinking water. Methods The IC separation was carried out with the IonPAC AS23 column by using 4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3-0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3 at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The injection volume was 250 ?l,the temperature of conductivity detector cell and column were 30 ℃ and 35 ℃,respectively. The pressure upon the bottle of mobile phase was 40 kPa. The current of auto-regenerating suppressor was 25 mA. Results The results showed that in the range of 0 to 1 000 mg/L, the calibration equation for chlorite was y=0.009 6+1.600 0 x (r=0.999 3),for bromate was y=0.003 2+3.184 7 x (r=0.999 9),for chlorate was y= 0.001 8+1.788 9 x(r=0.999 9).The detection limit of chlorite,chlorate and bromate were all 5 ?g/ L,the recovery rates were 89.0% -108.0% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.21%-2.70%. Conclusion The method is simple,fast,accurate, sensitive,little interference and is applicable to the simultaneous determination of chlorite,chlorate and bromate in drinking water.

Characteristics of Bromate-induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: Bromate has been reported to cause hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, hearing and visual impairments. Several mechanisms for bromate-induced renal damage have been suggested including direct tubular toxicity due to induction of active oxygen radicals. However, the mechanism has not been clearly determined. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of acute renal failure and renal tissue injuries following bromate intoxication. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally treated with potassium bromate 75 mg/kg (B75) or 150 mg/kg (B150). Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, 24 hours urine volume, and creatinine clearance rate were measured at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks after bromate injection. Light microscopic findings and the expressions of Na+ - K+ - ATPase-alpha 1 and aquaporin-2 in renal tissues were examined by PAS stain and immunohistochemical stain. RESULTS: Potassium bromate induced acute renal failure. In B75, acute renal failure was recovered after 1 week. However, in B150, all rats were dead in 48 hours due to severe uremia. Light microscopic examination revealed severe acute tubular necrosis in B75 and B150, which was severer in B150 compared to B75, and was more prominent in the tubules of the inner strip of outer medulla compared to cortex. Na+ - K+ - ATPase-alpha 1 expression was not changed in the renal cortex after bromate treatment. However, the expression was slightly decreased in the inner strip of outer medulla at 48 hours and recovered at 2 weeks in B75, and it was severely decreased at 24 and 48 hours in B150. The expression of aquaporin-2 in the inner strip of outer medulla was increased in B75 and was decreased in B150. CONCIUSION: Bromate induced acute tubular necrosis in inner strip of outer medulla of the kidney. Low dose bromate induced the decreased expressions of Na+ - K+ - ATPase-alpha 1, which lead to polyuric acute renal failure, but high dose bromate induced severe acute tubular necrosis, which lead to severe oliguric acute renal failure.

A clinical consideration about clinical manifestations of the Bromate poisoning / 대한내과학회지

Bromate which is an oxidant exists as a form of potassium bromate (KBrO3) and sodium bromate (NaBrO3) and has been primarily used as a permanent neutralizer in a household. In 1985, that has been reported for clinical course of bromate poisoing. After 1985, many variable clinical manifestation of the bromate poisoning were reported in Korea. In 2003, three patients of the bromate poisoing admited in Sanggye Paik hospital,Inje university school of medicine, Korea. In this work, the bromate poisoning was investigated based on 3 cases experienced previously 8 cases reported in Korea and compared with the case report of foreign country.

Bromate Intoxication Associated with Acute Renal Failure / 대한신장학회잡지

Bromate salt is very toxic oxidant. The clinical manifestations of bromate intoxications are vomiting, diarrhea, depression of central nervous system, oliguric or non-oliguric renal failure, hemolytic anemia and deafness. Most of the toxic manifestations are reversible with the exception of renal failure and deafness. Since bromate is a small hydrophilic molecule, its removal by dialysis, especially hemodialysis, can reasonably be expected. Since the serious complications such as deafness, acute renal failure usually occur concurrently within 4-16 hours after ingestion, dialysis should therefore be considered in every patient presenting within a few hours of a significant amount of bromate. Recently, we encountered a 40-year-old female, past hairdresser, who was admitted to Asan Kangnung Hospital due to frequent diarrhea, vomiting and anuria after ingestion of sodium bromate. The patient required regular hemodialysis therapy and has not any evidence of complication such as hearing loss, blindness and irreversible renal failure. The clinician must assess the potential for preventing irreversible ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and weigh the importance of early intervention against the possible risks of aggressive treatment in bromate intoxication.

Hearing and Visual Loss with Renal Failure Due to Sodium Bromate Poisoning / 대한신장학회잡지

Hair neutralizer in home permanent cold wave kits contains a 2% to 10% potassium or sodium bromate, which is colorless, odorless and tasteless solution. Bromate salts are extremely toxic oxidants. The reported toxic effects of bromates poisoning are vomiting, diarrhea, depression of central nervous system, oliguric acute renal failure, sensorineural hearing loss, peripheral neuropathy and hemolytic anemia. Deafness seems to be almost permanent. In many cases, the recovery of renal function is not complete and some of them are transformed to chronic renal failure and maintained on hemodialysis. Since the serious side effects of deafness and acute renal filure usually occur within 4-16 h after ingestion, prompt removal of the bromate from blood by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis, which are proven method of removal, should be performed immediately. Recently, we encountered a 37 year old female hairdresser who was admitted to St. Mary Hospital due to oligura, hearing loss and visual loss after ingestion of sodium bromate. The patient required regular hemodialysis therapy and no recovery of hearing and visual loss was evident up to 8 month follow up.

Study on the Genotoxicity of Bromate / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the genotoxicity of bromate,a chief by-product of ozonated drinking water.Methods Genotoxicity at gene,DNA and chromosome levels induced by bromate DBP was determined using Ames test,unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS)assay and micronucleus test(MNT)of mice bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes respectively.Results In Ames test,bromate showed no mutagenic effect on salmonella typhimurium TA98and TA100strains with or without S9(rat liv-er metabolic activation system)compared with the negative control group,but the results of UDS assay showed that bromate could induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes and the results of MNT indicated that bromate increased the micronucleus rate of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of mice.Conclusion It was suggested that bromate DBP might have genotoxicity at DNA and chromosome levels.

Determination of Bromate, Iodate, Nitrite in Cosmetics and Foods by Ion Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To establish an IC method for determination of iodate, bromate, nitrite in cosmetics, food and salt by suppressed anion-exchange chromatography and ion-exchange with the addition of post column reagent. Methods A high capacity anion exchange column, Ion Pac9-HC column was used by 9 mmol/L sodium carbonate as eluent, and the flow rate was set up at 1.3 ml/min,an auto-suppression external water mode was used, 0.5 g/L o-dianisidine. 2HCl(ODA)+5 g/L KBr+20%methanel+5.6% nitric acid was used as post column reagent , the flow was set up 0.7 ml/min. The post column reaction (PCR) temperature was 60 ℃ and the visible absorbance detection at 450 nm. Samples were pretreated and analysed. Results The influence of pH of samples and coexist anion on determination was discussed. The detection limit(MDL) of the present method was 0.008-0.10 mg/kg, the recovery rates of the method were 92.0%-109.0% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.1%-7.2%. Conclusion This method is accurate, sensitive and suitable for trace analysis (?g/kg) of cosmetics and foods samples.