THE EFFECT OF KIND OF MEDIA ON F0 AND F1 BUTTON MUSHROOM SPAWN GROWTH

Quality spawns are an important factor to support the success of button mushroom cultivation. The quality of mushroom spawn is in?uenced by the nutritional composition of the media. The purpose of this study was to determine the best media for the growth of F0 and F1 button mushroom. The research was carried out in March-May 2021 at the Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agroindustry, University of Mercu Buana Yogyakarta. The study consisted of 2 series of experiments. This study consisted of 2 series of experiments. The ?rst experiment was to test the growth quality of F0 champignon on 3 types media, that is potato dextrose agar (PDA),mung been sprout extract media, and white sweet potato media. The second experiment tested the growth quality of F1 button mushroom grown on three types of media, that is corn, barley and sorghum. Both experiment were single factor trials arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications, and each replication consisted of 5 units. The results showed that the growth of F0 button mushroom grown on PDA media and mung bean sprout extract was better than white sweet potato extract media. For the growth of F1 button mushroom, the best media was corn, the second was sorghum and the third was barley

Effects of Exogenous Substances on Growth of Polyporus umbellatus Mycelium and Its Polysaccharide Content / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of diverse exogenous substances at different concentrations on the growth of<italic> Polyporus umbellatus</italic> mycelium and polysaccharide content and screen out the optimal growth condition for <italic>P. umbellatus</italic> mycelium， so as to provide a reference for its large-scale artificial cultivation. Method:<italic>P. umbellatus</italic> mycelium was cultured in media containing different exogenous substances using the method for fungal culturing in plate. The growth rate of the mycelium was judged by the colony diameter and the polysaccharide content was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Result:The high-dose cyclic adenosine monophosphate， 6-benzyl aminopurine （6-BA）， gibberellic acid （GA）， 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2，4-D）， vitamin （V） B₁， VB₃， VB₆， VB₉， and VB₁₂ all promoted the growth of <italic>P. umbellatus</italic> mycelium and elevated polysaccharides content. By contrast， indole acetic acid （IAA）， VC， and VB₂ inhibited its growth， with the most obvious inhibition detected in the high-dose VC group. IAA and VB₂ both reduced the polysaccharide content， whereas the high-dose VC significantly increased the polysaccharide content. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate， 6-BA， GA， 2，4-D， VB₁， VB₃， VB₆， VB₉， and VB₁₂ at the concentrations of 2 mmol·L^-1， 6 mg·L^-1， 15 mg·L^-1， 2 mg·L^-1， 4 mg·L^-1， 2 mg·L^-1， 4 mg·L^-1， 6 mg·L^-1， and 10 mg·L^-1， respectively， contributed to the growth of <italic>P. umbellatus</italic> mycelium<italic> </italic>and polysaccharide accumulation. Conclusion:The growth of <italic>P. umbellatus </italic>mycelium and polysaccharide accumulation can be regulated by adding exogenous substances to the culture medium.

H. sinensis mycelium inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inactivating the midkine pathway in pulmonary fibrosis / 医学前沿

The medical fungus Hirsutella sinensis has been used as a Chinese folk health supplement because of its immunomodulatory properties. Our previous studies established the antifibrotic action of Hirsutella sinensis mycelium (HSM) in the lung. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The present study investigates the role of HSM in mediating EMT during the development of pulmonary fibrosis. HSM significantly inhibits bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by blocking the EMT. In addition, the expression levels of midkine are increased in the lungs of the BLM-induced group. Further analysis of the results indicates that the mRNA level of midkine correlated positively with EMT. HSM markedly abrogates the transforming growth factor β-induced EMT-like phenotype and behavior in vitro. The activation of midkine related signaling pathway is ameliorated following HSM treatment, whereas this extract also caused an effective attenuation of the induction of EMT (caused by midkine overexpression) in vitro. Results further confirm that oral medication of HSM disrupted the midkine pathway in vivo. Overall, findings suggest that the midkine pathway and the regulation of the EMT may be considered novel candidate therapeutic targets for the antifibrotic effects caused by HSM.

Combination Treatment with in Situ Tumor Vaccination Therapy and Nutritional Intervention Utilizing Lentinula Edodes Mycelia Extract for Patient with Lingual Cancer: A Case Report / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

In this report, we introduce the patient who show good prognosis after receiving combination therapy with in situ tumor vaccination therapy and nutritional intervention utilizing Lentinula Edodes Mycelia extract. In addition to the disease status, immune condition was also improved by combination therapy.

Estudio comparativo de la producción de biomasa en fermentación superficial y en estado líquido de macromicetos con diferentes fuentes nutrimentales / Comparative study of the production of biomass in surface fermentation and in the liquid state of macromycetes with different nutrient sources

RESUMEN Los macromicetos han adquirido gran interés por su importancia alimenticia, terapéutica y económica, razón por la cual es necesario enfocar esfuerzos en la búsqueda de optimizar su producción de biomasa. El presente trabajo buscó determinar y comparar el efecto de la fermentación líquida (FEL) y superficial (FeSup) (medio solido) sobre la producción de biomasa de Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus tessulatus y Grifola frondosa empleando seis fuentes de nutrientes de bajo costo: harina de soja, trigo integral, maíz blanco, maíz amarillo precocido, salvado de trigo y semillas de linaza molida. Los resultados de la FeSup permitieron determinar que la especie de mayor crecimiento radial, indistintamente de la fuente de nutrientes, es F. velutipes seguida de H. tessulatus y por ultimo G. frondosa. Adicionalmente, la mayor producción de biomasa con FeSup se observa para F. velutipes y H. tessulatus (6,4480 g/L y 5,7320 g/L, respectivamente) Por el contrario, para la FEL, G. frondosa (11,4620 g/L) es la especie de mayor producción. La comparación en la producción de biomasa empleando FEL y FeSup, evidenció que los resultados son dependientes de la técnica de cultivo y que la FeSup no puede ser empleada para la selección preliminar de hongos macromicetos, enfocada en la producción de biomasa por FEL.

ABSTRACT Macromycetes have acquired great interest because of their nutritional, therapeutic and economic importance, which is why it is necessary to focus efforts in the search to optimize their biomass production. The present work sought to determine and compare the effect of liquid fermentation (FEL) and surface fermentation (FeSup) (solid medium) on the biomass production of Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus tessulatus and Grifola frondosa using six sources of low cost nutrients: soybeans, whole wheat, white corn, precooked yellow corn, wheat bran and ground flax seed. The results of the FeSup allowed to determine that the species with the highest radial growth, indistinctly from the nutrient source, is F. velutipes followed by H. tessulatus and finally G. frondosa. Additionally, the highest biomass production with FeSup is observed for F. velutipes and H. tessulatus (6.4480 g/L and 5.7320 g/L, respectively) On the contrary, for the FEL, G. frondosa (11.4620 g/L) is the species with the highest production. The comparison in the production of biomass using FEL and FeSup, showed that the results are dependent on the culture technique and that the FeSup cannot be used for the preliminary selection of fungi macromycetes, focused on the production of biomass by FEL.

Regulatory mechanism underlying mycelium aggregation during filamentous fungi submerged fermentation / 生物工程学报

Filamentous fungi are one of the platforms for producing fermented products. The specific characteristic of their submerged fermentation is the aggregation of mycelia that is affected by environmental conditions, leading to significantly different rheology for fermentation broth. Such a rheological change not only affects the transfer of mass, heat and momentum, but also the biosynthesis of target products and the efficiency of their production. In this article, strategies for morphological regulation of filamentous fungi are reviewed, and the impact of calcium signal transduction and chitin biosynthesis on apical growth of hyphae and branching of mycelia for their aggregation are further commented.

Molecular mechanisms of mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis ameliorating renal tubular epithelial cells aging induced by D-galactose via inhibiting autophagy-related AMPK/ULK1 signaling activation / 中国中药杂志

To explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis(MCs)improving renal tubular epithelial cells aging induced by D-galactose,the renal proximal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E cells)of rats in vitro were divided into the normal group(N),the D-gal model group(D),the low dose of MCs group(L-MCs),the medium dose of MCs group(M-MCs)and the high dose of MCs group(H-MCs),and treated by the different measures,respectively.More specifically,the NRK-52E cells in each group were separately treated by 1%fetal bovine serum(FBS)or D-galactose(D-gal,100 mmol·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(20 mg·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(40 mg·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(80 mg·L~(-1)).After the intervention for24 h or 48 h,firstly,the effects of D-gal on the protein expression levels of klotho,P27 and P16,the staining of senescence-associatedβ-galactosidase(SA-β-gal)and the activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase(AMPK)/uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1(ULK1)signaling in the NRK-52E cells were detected,respectively.Secondly,the effects of MCs on the activation of the NRK-52E cells proliferation were investigated,respectively.Finally,the effects of MCs on the protein expression levels of klotho,P27,P16and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3),the staining of SA-β-gal and the activation of AMPK/ULK1 signaling in the NRK-52E cells exposed to D-gal were examined severally.The results indicated that,for the NRK-52E cells,D-gal could cause aging,induce the protein over-expression levels of the phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK)and the phosphorylated ULK1(p-ULK1)and activate AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway.The co-treatment of MCs at the medium and high doses and D-gal could significantly ameliorate the protein expression levels of klotho,P27,P16 and the staining of SA-β-gal,suggesting the anti-cell aging actions.In addition,the cotreatment of MCs at the medium and high doses and D-gal could obviously improve the protein expression levels of LC3,p-AMPK,and p-ULK1,inhibit the activation of AMPK/ULK1 signaling and increase autophagy.On the whole,for the renal tubular epithelial cells aging models induced by D-gal,MCs not only has the in vitro actions of anti-aging,but also intervenes aging process by inhibiting autophagy-related AMPK/ULK1 signaling activation,which may be the novel molecular mechanisms of MCs protecting against aging of the renal tubular epithelial cells.

Effects of phytohormones and lignin on growth of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effects of phytohormones and lignin on the growth of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium, and to determine the content of crude polysaccharide and crude triterpenoid and antioxidant activity of cultured products. Methods The product cultured by solid-state fermentation in petri dish was ultrasonically extracted. The phenol-sulfuric acid method was selected to determine the content of crude polysaccharide of the extract, and the vanillin-glacial acetic acid method was used to determine the content of crude triterpenoids of the extract. The half-clearing concentrations (IC50) of DPPH free radicals and ABTS free radicals were indexes for evaluating the anti-oxidant activity of the culture product. Results Sampling near the outer edge of the mycelium layer after 20 d of culture was performed by the activation method to obtain inoculated raw materials with better growth activity; The basal medium with good growth, high content of crude polysaccharide and crude triterpenoids was modified PCA medium; On the basis of this medium, the mycelia with 0.5 g/L lignin added into the medium grew fastest, and the diameter of mycelium layer increased to 1.19 times of the control group; When the concentration of IBA was 0.5 mg/L, the dry weight of mycelium was increased by 89.51% compared with the control group, and the yield of crude polysaccharide was increased by 130.57% compared with the control group, which was much higher than other groups. The content and yield of triterpenoids were also increased significantly, 61.31% higher than the control group, and crude triterpenoids yield reached 133.24 mg/L; The content of crude triterpenoids in mycelium was the highest (5.62%) when adding 0.5 g/L powder of Cinnamomum kanehirai, which was 84.26% higher than that of the control group; In addition, the addition of plant hormones and lignin to the culture medium has a certain effect on the anti-oxidant capacity of the Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium, on the whole, the experimental group had good anti-oxidant activity after adding different substances. Conclusion By adding phytohormone and lignin to the modified PCA medium, the growth of the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea can be effectively promoted, the content of the active ingredient can be increased, and the anti-oxidant activity can be enhanced.

Culture medium and inoculation methodology for the study of soft root rot caused by Phytopythium sp / Meio de cultura e metodologia de inoculação para o estudo da podridão mole de raízes causada por Phytopythium sp

ABSTRACT: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important crop in Brazil and Pará is the major producer of roots. High temperature and humidity of tropical regions favor the development of various diseases, among them the cassava root rot. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of luminosity and culture medium on the mycelial growth and sporulation of Phytopythium sp. associated with different methods of inoculation on cassava roots. In vitro tests for pathogen growth were established in a 2 x 6 factorial design (luminosity x culture medium) with five replicates and the means were compared by t test (P≤0.05). The culture medium containing sweet cassava root produced greater mycelial development and higher pathogen sporulation and it was the most suitable medium for pathogen culture. The culture under absence of light generated better mycelial growth than culture under 12 hour of light. Regarding the type of inoculation, the response was better when deeper injuries were induced.

RESUMO: A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) é uma importante cultura para o Brasil, onde o Pará é o principal produtor de raízes. Regiões tropicais com alta umidade e temperatura favorecem o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças, como as podridões de raiz. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da luminosidade e de meios de cultura no crescimento micelial e na esporulação de Phytopythium sp. e analisar métodos de inoculação do patógeno em raízes de mandioca destacadas. Os ensaios in vitro foram instalados em esquema fatorial 2x6 (luminosidade x meio de cultura), com cinco repetições e as médias comparadas pelo teste t (p≤0,05). O meio de cultura contendo raiz de mandioca mansa proporcionou maior desenvolvimento micelial e maior esporulação do patógeno e é o mais adequado para o cultivo do patógeno. O cultivo sob ausência de luz gerou melhor crescimento micelial do que o cultivo sob 12 horas de luz. Quanto ao tipo de inoculação, a resposta foi melhor nas raízes que obtiveram ferimentos mais profundos.

Genetic characterization, evaluation of growth and production of biomass of strains from wild edible mushrooms of Lyophyllum of Central Mexico

Abstract The present study conducted a genetic characterization and determined growth rate and biomass production in solid and liquid media, using strains obtained from wild edible sporomes of Lyophyllum that grow in high mountains. Vegetative isolation was used to obtain a total of four strains, which were divided into two clades within the section Difformia: Lyophyllum sp. and Lyophyllum aff. shimeji. Growth rate and biomass production were influenced by both the culture media and the strains. In a potato dextrose agar medium, the strains presented a higher growth rate, while in a malt extract-peptone and yeast agar medium, the growth rate was lower, but with a higher biomass production that was equal to that in the malt extract-peptone and yeast liquid medium.

Evaluation of Immune Function of Healthy Volunteer Treated with Oral Lentinula Edodes Mycelia Extract / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Lentinula edodes mycelia extract has been reported to maintain and improve immune function and QOL in cancer patients. In this study, the effects of Lentinula edodes mycelia extract on immune function were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. Ten subjects were administrated Lentinula edodes mycelia extract orally for 20 weeks on average (846 mg / day ), and the immunological function (IFNγ production amount, IL-10 production amount, lymphocyte subset)was evaluated before and after ingestion at Fukuoka Tenjin Southern Clinic. Immune function following ingestion of Lentinula edodes mycelia extract showed a tendency of IFNγ production to increase, IL - 10 to decrease, and IFNγ / IL - 10 production ratio to be improved remarkably. No significant change was observed in lymphocyte subsets such as regulatory T cells before and after ingestion. Adverse events during the intake period were not observed. It was suggested that oral intake of Lentinula edodes mycelia extract has an action to improve the immune function of healthy adults.

Hangover relieving effect of Sanghwang mushroom mycelium cultured in germinated buckwheat

The present study was performed to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of germinated buckwheat (GB) and Sanghwang mushroom mycelium cultured in GB (SGB). Both GB and SGB showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities and significantly increased (p < 0.001) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities; up to 140% increase at concentrations of 16 µL/mL. Locomotor activity test results from alcohol-SGB and alcohol-GB groups showed improved motor activities over that of the alcohol-water group at 90 min post-administration. Both alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups had significantly reduced (p < 0.001) alcohol (40.02 ± 33.38 µg/mL, 66.01 ± 22.04 µg/mL, respectively) and aldehyde (5.72 ± 0.47 µg/mL, 6.72 ± 1.70 µg/mL, respectively) concentrations in blood compared to those in the alcohol-water group (199.75 ± 33.83 µg/mL, 50.43 ± 13.88 µg/mL, respectively) at 90 min post-administration. Based on cDNA microarray analysis, expressions of ALDH genes ALDH1a7 and ALDH18a1 and cytochrome P450 (CY450) gene CYP4a30b were upregulated in the alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups compared to levels in the control group. Overall, the results suggest that both GB and SGB have hangover relieving effects by reducing blood acetaldehyde levels. The molecular mechanisms may involve ALDH activation and upregulated expression of alcohol metabolism-related genes such as ALDH and CYP450.

Correlative analysis advance of chemical constituents of Polyporus umbellatus and Armillaria mellea / 中国中药杂志

Medicinal Polyporus umbellatus is the dry sclerotia of P. umbellatus, with the effect of diuresis; Armillaria mellea is a parasitic fungus which can infect plants up to 300 genera, with sedative, anticonvulsant and some other biological activities. As the medicinal value of P. umbellatus and A. mellea is increasingly wide concerned, the market quantity demanded of them is gradually increased and the demand outstrips the supply. The symbiotic A. mellea and P. umbellatus are both the medicinal and edible fungi with diverse activities, including hypoglycemic action, improve immunity and antitumor and so on. The growth of the sclerotia forming from the mycelium of P. umbellatus is related to the infection of the symbiotic A. mellea and their secondary products. In this study, by comparing the chemical constituents of the mycelium and sclerotia of P. umbellatus and A. mellea, we found that they all produced steroids and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus and A. mellea also produced triterpenes secondary metabolites. In addition, the mycelium and infected sclerotia of P. umbellatus mainly produced different steroids, and the sclerotia produced some other special secondary metabolites, such as long-chain fatty acids, ceramides, phenol and so on. By analyzing above all kinds of differences, speculated that these may be caused by the infection of the symbiotic A. mellea which mainly produced sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and other secondary metabolites. The contents and types of compounds of P. umbellatus and A. mellea are closely related to their symbiosis and reproduction, therefore, many symbiosis mechanisms should be found by utilizing more molecular biology technology to elucidate this complex symbiotic infection and provide scientific basis for improving the yield and quality of P. umbellatus and A. mellea.

Determination of Free Amino Acids in Hericium erinaceus Mycelium by HPLC with Precolumn Derivatization / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a quantitative method of determining the contents of 15 kinds of free amino acids in the Hericium erinaceus mycelium. METHODS: The HPLC analysis was performed after derivatization by using phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) as a derivative reagent. The chromatographic column was Ultimate Amino Acid(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase A was acetonitrile-water (80∶20), and mobile phase B was sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.5). Gradient elution was performed at the flow rate of 1.0 mLmin-1. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 40℃. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients of 15 kinds of free amino acids ranged from 0.999 7 to 0.999 9. The average recovery rate (n=6) was between 96.83%-98.60%, and the RSD was between 0.67%-2.67%. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, accurate and can be used to determine the contents of 15 kinds of free amino acids in the Hericium erinaceus mycelium.

A polysaccharide fraction extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus mycelial biomass inhibit Sarcoma 180 tumor

ABSTRACT Fungi of Pleurotus genus have attracted a great interest due to their medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor. These properties are attributed mainly to polysaccharides synthesized by Pleurotus. This work aimed to study the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus in submerged culture, evaluating the influence of the initial concentration of substrate (20 and 40 g/L of glucose) and the pH (4 and 6) on kinetic parameters of production of biomass. The effectiveness of different doses (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) of a mycelium polysaccharide fraction extracted from P. ostreatus in reducing Sarcoma 180 development in mice was also verified. In the range of this study, maximum concentration of mycelial biomass (about 12.8 g/L) was obtained using 40.0 g/L of glucose, at pH 4.0. The total biomass productivity (Px) was not significantly affected by substrate concentration and pH, reaching values of 0.034 g/L.h. Sarcoma 180 tumor weight was reduced in 74.1, 75.5 and 53.7% when 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg were administered, respectively. These results show the high antitumor potential of intracellular polysaccharide fraction of mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus, particularly at lower doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg.

Hangover relieving effect of Sanghwang mushroom mycelium extract

This study was conducted to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of Sanghwang mushroom mycelium extract (SME). The extract showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect in a concentration-dependent manner and high antioxidant capacity (56.67 ± 1.77%) when administered at 120 µg/mL. In addition, SME significantly increased (p < 0.005) the aldehyde dehydronase (ALDH) activity (126.03 ± 9.11%) when applied at 8 or 16 µL/mL. A locomotor activity test showed that the alcohol-water treated group showed significantly decreased motor activity at 90 min post-administration. However, the alcohol-SME treated group showed a 20-fold higher motor activity than that observed in the alcohol-water treated group at 90 min post-administration. Blood was harvested from each mouse at 90 min post-administration, and both alcohol and aldehyde concentrations were measured. The alcohol-SME treated group showed significantly lower (p < 0.5) alcohol (120.13 ± 12.83 µg/mL) and aldehyde (7.26 ± 1.22 µg/mL) concentrations than the values observed in the alcohol-water treated group. These results suggest that the hangover relieving effect of SME results from increased ALDH activity, which reduces the aldehyde concentration in the blood.

Optimization of technique for add itional liquid fermentation of Poria cocos and comparison on chemical constituents from different sources of Poria / 中草药

Objective To optimize the technique for additional liquid fermentation of Poriacocos in fermentor and to compare the chemical constituents in natural Poria, fermented Poria, medicinal fermented Poria, and compound medicinal fermented Poria. Methods The additional liquid fermentations of Poriacocos in fermentor had been carried out among different initial fermentation media, such as nutrition medium, medicinal medium, and compound medicinal medium. An optimum initial fermentation medium had been screened and an optimum time of additional liquid fermentation had been determined. The chemical constituents fromthedifferent sources of Poria had been isolated and detected according to their physicochemical properties. Results The compound medicinal medium with Coicis Semen and Lycii Fructus was an optimum initial fermentation medium, and 120 h was an optimum time of additional liquid fermentation. The total saccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, trace elements, and ashes in thedifferent sources of Poria had been detected. Conclusion There are considerable influences on liquid fermentation of Poriacocos in different initial fermentation media. There are rather big differences of chemical constituents from the different sources of Poria.

Protective effect of mycelial polysaccharides from cordyceps sinensis on immunological liver injury in mice / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To explore the protective effects of mycelial polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis (MPCS) on BCG+LPS-induced liver injury in mice. Methods The immunological liver injury mice model was reproduced by giving bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sixty NIH mice were randomly assigned into 6 groups (10 each): normal control group, model group, mycelium polysaccharide in high (100mg/kg), medium (50mg/kg) and low (25mg/kg) dose group, and bifendate (150mg/kg) treatment group. The serum transaminase levels of alanine ALT and AST were assayed with ELISA, nitric oxide (NO) in serum was measured by nitrate reductase method, and the liver homogenate was prepared for the determination of the contents of interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and iNOS in hepatic tissue were assessed using RT-PCR. Results In the mice of immunological liver injury, mycelial polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis obviously lowered the serum ALT and AST levels (P<0.01), high dose MPCS significantly reduced the serum NO and liver tissue IL-1β and TNF-α levels (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, high and medium dose MPCS significantly reduced the expression levels of IL-6 and iNOS mRNA in hepatic tissues (P<0.01). Conclusion MPCS shows a certain protective effect on immunological liver injury induced by BCG plus LPS in mice.

The Effects of Temperature and Nutritional Conditions on Mycelium Growth of Two Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cystidiosus)

The influences of temperature and nutritional conditions on the mycelium growth of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) and Pleurotus cystidiosus (PC) were investigated in laboratory experiment during the summer season of 2014. The results of the experiment indicated that potato dextrose agar (PDA) and yam dextrose agar (YDA) were the most suitable media for the mycelium growth of oyster mushroom PO while four media (PDA, YDA, sweet potato dextrose agar, and malt extract agar medium) were not significantly different in supporting mycelium growth of oyster mushroom PC. The optimal temperature for mycelium growth of both oyster mushroom species was obtained at 28degrees C. Mycelium growth of oyster mushroom PO was improved by carbon sources such as glucose, molasses, and at 1~5% sucrose concentration, mycelium colony diameter of mushroom PO was achieved the highest value. Whereas glucose, dextrose, and sucrose as carbon sources gave the good mycelium growth of oyster mushroom PC, and at 1~3% sucrose concentration, mycelium colony diameter of PC was achieved the maximum value. Ammonium chloride concentrations at 0.03~0.09% and 0.03~0.05% also gave the greatest values in mycelium colony diameter of mushroom PO and PC. Brown rice was found to be the most favourable for mycelium growth of two oyster mushroom species. In addition, sugarcane residue, acasia sawdust and corn cob were selected as favourable lignocellulosic substrate sources for mycelium growth of both oyster mushrooms.

HPLC characteristic fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition of fermentation mycelium preparations / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of HPLC characteristic fingerprint annlysis for the quality control of five fermentation mycelium preparations. METHODS: The HPLC analysis was carried out on a C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution with methanol-water as mobile phase at a folw rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, the column temperature was set at 25℃, and the detection wavelength was set at 260 nm. The HPLC characteristic fingerprint of 68 batches of five fermentation mycelium preparations was developed, and the components of adenosine, uridine, guanosine, uracil and adenine were identified. Similarity analysisi and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to study the HPLC characteristic fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition. RESULTS: The chemical pattern recognition analysis showed that 15 batches of Bailing capsules, 18 batches of Jinshuibao capsules and 10 batches of Xinganbao capsules were clustered together respectively, indicating that the preparation quality of single enterprise was consistent. The HPLC chromatograms of 15 batches of Zhiling capsules were dillerent and the difference in samples of different enterprises was obvious. CONCLUSION: This method is accurate and reliable, and it can be used to control the quality of fermentation mycelium preparations.