Use of the laser in the pilonidal sinus alone or in combination with phenol

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effectiveness of combining laser treatment with phenol in the management of pilonidal sinus. METHODS: We present here a retrospective analysis of patients with pilonidal sinus disease who were treated in the general surgery clinic of the Balikesir University Hospital between October 2019 and February 2022. RESULTS: Recurrence was observed in three patients (13.6%) in the laser treatment group and one patient (4.8%) in the laser-phenol treatment group after the fourth month. Notably, 22 (91.7%) patients in the laser treatment group and 21 (95.5%) patients in the laser-phenol treatment group had complete healing. CONCLUSION: Although not statistically significant, the laser-phenol treatment group exhibited a lower recurrence rate and a higher complete healing rate.

Phenol versus lidocaine in obturator nerve neurolysis for hip joint pain / Fenol contra lidocaina em neurólise do nervo obturador para dor articular do quadril

ABSTRACT Introduction: For patients with severe hip osteoarthritis without clinical or socioeconomic conditions for total hip replacement, the obturator nerve block may serve for pain control and functional improvement. Either lidocaine or phenol are used, although the latter is expected to last longer. Objectives: Compare hip pain and functional performance after obturator nerve block with phenol versus lidocaine in patients with severe hip osteoarthritis who failed conservative treatment. Methodology: Forty-four patients scheduled for total arthroplasty due to severe osteoarthritis were randomized to the anterior branch of the obturator nerve with phenol (PG) or 1% lidocaine (LG), guided by electrical stimulation. Patients were evaluated with VAS, WOMAC, and pressure pain dolorimetry before the procedure and in the first and fourth months afterward. Results: Both groups improved significantly in pain control, pressure dolorimetry and functioning in the first month with reduced effect after 4 months, although the scores were still better than baseline. No statistical difference could be noticed between the groups. Severe adverse effects were not reported. Conclusion: Both lidocaine and phenol are equally effective and safe in the obturator nerve block for the control of pain and improvement in functioning in patients with severe hip OA. Evidence Level I; Randomized control trial, double-blind .

RESUMO Introdução: Em pacientes com osteoartrite grave do quadril, sem condições clínicas ou socioeconômicas para a substituição total do quadril, o bloqueio do nervo obturador pode servir para o controle da dor e ganho funcional. Pode-se usar lidocaína ou fenol, embora seja esperado que o último apresente maior duração. Objetivo: Comparar a dor no quadril e o desempenho funcional após o bloqueio do nervo obturador com fenol versus lidocaína em pacientes com osteoartrite grave do quadril que não obtiveram sucesso no tratamento conservador. Metodologia: Quarenta e quatro pacientes programados para artroplastia total devido à osteoartrite grave foram randomizados para o ramo anterior do nervo obturador com fenol (PG) ou lidocaína a 1% (LG), guiados por estimulação elétrica. Os pacientes foram avaliados com EVA, WOMAC e dolorimetria de dor por pressão antes do procedimento e no primeiro e quarto meses seguintes. Resultados: Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significativa no controle da dor, na dolorimetria por pressão e na funcionalidade no primeiro mês, com efeito reduzido após quatro meses, embora as pontuações ainda fossem melhores do que a linha de base. Não foi possível observar nenhuma diferença estatística entre os grupos. Não foram relatados efeitos adversos graves. Conclusão: Tanto a lidocaína quanto o fenol são igualmente eficazes e seguros no bloqueio do nervo obturador para o controle da dor e melhora da funcionalidade em pacientes com OA grave de quadril. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado,duplo cego .

Comparative Repellency of Selected Plants to Adult Anopheles gambiea complex (Gilles) in the Laboratory

Aims: The study evaluated the repellency effects of some tropical plants and shrubs found in semi- rural communities of Badagry Area of Lagos state; which are acclaimed to have the potentials of repelling mosquitoes from human dwellings. The repellency effects of Moringa oleifera, Morinda lucida, Magnifera indica and Phyllanthus muellerianus to adult Anopheles gambiea was evaluated in the Laboratory. Study Design: The study was carried out at Central Research Laboratory of Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria and Central Research Laboratory of University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Powdered of dried test plants were prepared and admix with coconut husk as inert, different concentrations were rubbed on the forearm of volunteers and repellency to blood starved female Anopheles mosquitoes was observed. Methodology: Test plants were collected from Badagry area of Lagos State, they were identified at University of Lagos Herbarium and given numbers. They were dried between 10 and 14 days at temperature of 25-27oC and powdered. Different concentrations of the powder mixed with powdered coconut husk was used to treat volunteers forearms and they were exposed to 0-2 two day old adult unfed mosquitoes in an aluminum glass cage fitted with net as arm entrance and repellency was observed for a period of 180 minutes, with landing counts taken every 30 minutes. The test plants were also subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis at University of Lagos Central Research Laboratory. Results: Results showed that all test plants were able to repel Anopheles mosquitoes in the study, repellency was shown in descending order Moringa oleifera with 88%, Magnifera indica 83%, Phyllantus muellerianuss 80% and Morinda lucida 72%. There was no statistical significance in percentage repellency at 95% CL. The result of phytochemical screening of the test plants showed that only M .indica indicated presence of saponing (36.99%). While M.oleifera has highest phenol content (45.6%3), Alkaloid (38.68%), steroid (24.89%) and Tannin (33.19%). Flavonoid and reducing sugar quantity was highest in M. indica (39.39%) and (55.18%) respectively. Conclusion: The plants were able to show repellency to Anopheles gambiae a nuisance malaria vector of serious medical importance. These plants are available in all tropical areas of Africa, they can therefore be used to prevent nuisance and painful mosquito bites which could be a sustainable way to prevent mosquito vectored diseases

Assessment of Authenticity of Market Samples of Hypericum using Phytochemical Fingerprinting Tools

Aims: Hypericum perforatum L., known as “Hofarighun” is a widely used herbal drug in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). Detection of non-relevant plants, instead of this species, in the herbal market encourages the need for the establishment of it’s chemical authentication and standardization, through implying rapid and efficient phytochemical techniques. Study Design: Twelve Hypericum samples were acquired from traditional medicine markets of different regions of Iran (Tehran, Sanandaj, Mashhad, Kerman, Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, Yazd, Babol, Yasuj, Shiraz (Chehel Giah), Shiraz (Kazerun Gate), and Shiraz (Adloo Zerehi), based on microscopic characterization. Positive control was taken in the form of cultivated specimen of H. perforatum. Place and Duration of Study: Study was performed in Medicinal plants processing Research Center, SUMS, Shiraz in the months between February to December 2021. Methodology: Essential oil samples were injected into a gas chromatograph (GC) and compounds were identified as per the spectra obtained. Total phenol, flavonoid and HPTLC analysis of samples were also done. Results: ?-pinene was found in highest proportion in majority of samples i.e. 35.55-63.69%. However other compounds such as 1-dodecanol (10.82%), caryophyllene (15.87%) and ?-cubebene (15.14%) were also analyzed in samples and the cultivated sample respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid content among the Hypericum extracts were found to be between 50.31±3.22 to 262.76±8.12 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g of Ext. and 13.47±1.68 to 79.26±5.78 mg Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g of Ext., respectively. Conclusion: The noticeable findings of present study can be used as a framework for authentication of Hypericum perforatum samples. The methods used were found to be feasible and efficient in detection of adultrations and may contribute to minimize the safety and efficacy concerns over the samples available in the traditional herbal pharmacies.

Phenol compound content and antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract products (Aquilaria malaccensis)

Gaharu leaf extract produces yield extraction, phenol compound, and antibacterial activity in diverse quantities. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of the extraction method and type of solvent on the extractability of the polyphenol component and the antibacterial activity of gaharu leaves. Extraction was done through maceration and Soxhlet methods by using solvents of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extraction result showed that the highest yield value of 18.4% was found on the treatment of a combination of ethanol solvent and Soxhlet method. The total content of phenol and tannin of gaharu leaf extract was in the range of 11.2 to 18.62mg. mL-1 and 12.82 to 13.41%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract on the Gram-positive test of Staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of the Gram-negative test of Escherichia coli having a value of zone of inhibition in the range of 5.33 to 6.33 mm and 4.00 to 5.00 mm, respectively.

Phenolic compound and fatty acid properties of some microalgae species isolated from Erbil City

Abstract The total phenolic compound and fatty acid profiles of lipids from microalgae are unique. The present study was designed to investigate aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extracts of several algae (Spirogyra sp., Spirulina sp.,Chlorella sp and Chara sp.) for their antioxidant capacities of the crude extracts and fractions by radical scavenging activity against the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH as well; total phenolic content. The results showed that Spirulina sp. indicated significantly higher total phenolic compound and antioxidant activities compared to the other species (P 0.05) and acetone extracts showed higher quantity among three extracts. The fatty acids analysis using High performance liquid chromatography HPLC showed the presence of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, palmitic acid showed high quantity than other fatty acid classes in all studied algae. This study concluded that high antioxidant capacity of microalgae could be inspected for different industrial applications.

Resumo O composto fenólico total e os perfis de ácidos graxos dos lipídios das microalgas são únicos. O presente estudo foi desenhado para investigar extratos aquosos, etanólicos e acetona de várias algas (Spirogyra sp., Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp. e Chara sp.) Quanto às suas capacidades antioxidantes dos extratos brutos e frações por atividade de eliminação de radicais contra o radical estável 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil DPPH também; fenólico total. Os resultados mostraram que a Spirulina sp. indicaram atividade antioxidante e compostos fenólicos totais significativamente maiores em relação às outras espécies (P 0,05), e os extratos de acetona apresentaram maior quantidade entre os três extratos. A análise de ácidos graxos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência - HPLC mostrou a presença de ácido palmítico, ácido esteárico, ácido oleico e ácido linoleico; o ácido palmítico apresentou maior quantidade do que outras classes de ácidos graxos em todas as algas estudadas. Este estudo concluiu que a alta capacidade antioxidante pode ser inspecionada para diferentes aplicações industriais.

Phenolic compound and fatty acid properties of some microalgae species isolated from Erbil City / Propriedades do composto fenólico e dos ácidos graxos de algumas espécies de microalgas isoladas da cidade de Erbil

Food handlers plays a primary role in the transmission of pathogenically important protozoans and helminth parasites. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal pathogenic protozoans and helminth parasites among food handlers in and around University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Stool samples were collected from 642 food handlers (all of male) in a cross-sectional study from January to November, 2017. Wet Mount Techniques and concentration methods by using salt and formol­ether solutions. Three hundred and eighty four cases (59.8%) were found infected with one more parasites. Most of the individuals were found infected with helminth (47.6%) as compared to intestinal protozoans (0.93%). Seventy two cases (11.2%) of the cases presented mixed infection with both intestinal protozoan and helminth parasites. The order of prevalence for intestinal helminth was Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40.1%), followed by Taeniasa ginata (n=96, 14.9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8.40%) and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). For intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica/díspar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only protozoan detected. Mono-parasitism was higher than poly-parasitism. Family size income and education level were the factors significantly (P<0.05) associated in the parasites prevalence. Current research showed that IPIs are primarily the foodborne pathogens still an important public health problem in Pakistan. Effective control programs on parasitic diseases transfer and their associated factors are recommended.

Os manipuladores de alimentos desempenham um papel fundamental na transmissão de protozoários e helmintos parasitas patogenicamente importantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de protozoários patogênicos intestinais e helmintos parasitas entre manipuladores de alimentos na Universidade de Malakand, Lower Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 642 manipuladores de alimentos (todos do sexo masculino) em um estudo transversal de janeiro a novembro de 2017. Técnicas de montagem úmida e métodos de concentração usando soluções de sal e formol-éter. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro casos (59,8%) foram encontrados infectados com mais um parasita. A maioria dos indivíduos foi encontrada infectada por helmintos (47,6%) em comparação com protozoários intestinais (0,93%). Setenta e dois casos (11,2%) dos casos apresentavam infecção mista com protozoários intestinais e helmintos parasitas. A ordem de prevalência de helmintos intestinais foi Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40,1%), seguido por Taeniasa ginata (n = 96, 14,9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8,40%) e Trichuris trichura (n = 30, 4,60 %). Para protozoários intestinais, Entamoeba histolytica / dispar (n = 36, 5,64%) foi o único protozoário detectado. Monoparasitismo foi maior do que poliparasitismo. A renda familiar e o nível de escolaridade foram os fatores significativamente (P <0,05) associados na prevalência de parasitos. A pesquisa atual mostrou que os IPIs são principalmente os patógenos de origem alimentar, ainda um importante problema de saúde pública no Paquistão. Programas eficazes de controle da transferência de doenças parasitárias e seus fatores associados são recomendados.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential oil and Extracts of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f. ) Roscoe flowers

Abstract The present study describes chemical composition, phytochemicals, antifungal activities, antioxidant assays and total phenolic content of essential oil and varied polarity solvent extract from flowers of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.). Total 27 components were identified in essential oil by GC-MS with terpinen-4-ol (28.6%) and α- terpineol (12.8%) as the main constituent. The essential oil was found to have maximal levels of phenolic content (64.60 µg/mL) as compared to the other extracts. The antioxidant assay evaluated in extracts and essential oil by different methods revealed good-to-moderate antioxidant potential with different IC50 values viz. (188.02 -250.25 µg/mL) in Fe3+ reducing power, (153.15-201.59 µg/mL) in Fe2+ metal-chelating ability, (130.39-181.12 µg/mL) in DPPH, (88.29-187.32 µg/mL) in OH radical, (79.04-156.79 µg/mL), in NO radical and (138.72-233.00 µg/mL) in superoxide anion scavenging activities, respectively. The methanolic extract display remarkable fungicidal activity against the tested pathogens followed by dichloromethane extract, essential oil, hexane extract and petroleum ether extract respectively, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 500 µg/mL. Based on results, it can be inferred that the flower of A. malaccensis if explored further for its medicinal properties, might be a good source to develop a safe and sustainable natural food preservative

Tratamento numérico e ensaios experimentais da remoção de fenol em reator batelada e coluna de leito fixo utilizando carvão ativado / Numerical treatment and experimental tests of phenol removal in batch and fixed bed column using activated carbon

RESUMO Neste estudo, foram obtidas as cinéticas e isotermas de adsorção do fenol presentes em efluentes sintéticos em reator batelada e coluna de leito fixo, utilizando como adsorvente carvão ativado de casca de coco. O objetivo foi a obtenção dos parâmetros cinéticos e de equilíbrio do processo para simular diferentes condições operacionais em uma coluna de adsorção em leito fixo. Foram avaliadas a influência do pH, a massa de adsorvente, a concentração inicial de fenol e três diferentes temperaturas para os testes em reator batelada. Foi possível trabalhar no pH natural da solução e o aumento da temperatura indicou adsorção exotérmica, favorável e espontânea. Os dois modelos de isoterma (Langmuir e Freundlich) representaram bem os dados experimentais (R2 ≈ 0,9). Valores aproximados de capacidade máxima de adsorção foram encontrados para o reator batelada e para a coluna de leito fixo (qmáx = 41,69 mg.g-1 para o reator batelada e qmáx = 41,98 mg.g-1 para a coluna de leito fixo). O método de Volumes Finitos foi utilizado na discretização das equações matemáticas e um algoritmo computacional foi implementado em linguagem FORTRAN. O código computacional foi validado com dados experimentais deste trabalho (erro médio de 13%), podendo-se assim simular diferentes condições operacionais do sistema de adsorção em coluna de leito fixo com vista a futuras aplicações industriais.

ABSTRACT In this study, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms of phenol present in synthetic effluents were obtained in a batch reactor and fixed bed column, using adsorbent coconut shell activated carbon. The objective was to obtain the kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the process to simulate different operating conditions in a fixed bed adsorption column. The influence of the pH, adsorbent mass, initial phenol concentration, and three different temperatures for the batch reactor tests were evaluated. It was possible to work on the natural pH of the solution and the temperature increase indicated exothermic, favorable, and spontaneous adsorption. Both isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) represented the experimental data (R2 ≈ 0.9). Approximate values of maximum adsorption capacity were found for the batch reactor and for the fixed bed column (qmax = 41.69 mg g-1 for the batch reactor and qmax = 41.98 mg g-1 for the fixed bed column). The Finite Volume method was used in the discretization of the mathematical equations and a computational algorithm was implemented in FORTRAN programming language. The computational code was validated with experimental data of this work (mean error of 13%) and it was possible to simulate different operational conditions of the fixed bed column adsorption system for future industrial applications.

Preservation of histology by phenol-based fixative: mini review of recent findings / Preservación de la histología mediante un fijador basado en fenol: una mini revisión de los hallazgos recientes

SUMMARY: In surgical and anatomical training, use of cadaver remains the most ideal technique. Standard formaldehyde solution preserves cadaveric tissues for an extended period comparing to the unfixed tissues. However, it fails to retain the natural texture, color, and biomechanical features. Phenol based soft embalming methods were developed to maintain these properties, while simultaneously decreasing the biohazard risk. Soft embalming techniques have made the bodies more 'lifelike' and wellfitted for training. Though phenol fixation displays rewarding morphological maintenance, we have scanty evidences on the histological preservation. This mini review primarily discussed the latest reports regarding the effect of phenol-based fixation on the tissue histology. Published literatures revealed phenol-based fixation displayed comparable histological preservation to that ofgold standard paraformaldehyde-based solution. It was concluded that phenol-based solution is an excellent fixative used to preserve tissues for microscopic analysis.

RESUMEN: En el entrenamiento quirúrgico y anatómico, el uso de cadáveres sigue siendo la técnica más ideal. La solución estándar de formaldehído conserva los tejidos cadavéricos durante un período prolongado en comparación con los tejidos no fijados. Sin embargo, no conserva la textura, el color y las características biomecánicas naturales. Se desarrollaron métodos de embalsamamiento blando a base de fenol para mantener estas propiedades y, al mismo tiempo, disminuir el riesgo biológico. Las técnicas de embalsamamiento suaves han hecho que los cuerpos sean más "realistas" y estén mejor preparados para la enseñanza. A pesar que la fijación de fenol muestra un buen mantenimiento morfológico, existe evidencia escasa sobre la preservación histológica. Esta mini revisión se refirió principalmente a los últimos informes sobre el efecto de la fijación en base de fenol en la histología del tejido. La literatura publicada reveló que la fijación a base de fenol mostró una preservación histológica comparable a la de la solución a base de paraformaldehído. Se concluyó que la solución a base de fenol es un excelente fijador utilizado para preservar tejidos para análisis microscópico.

Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from sugarcane waste

Aims@#Researchers are focusing more on the isolation of new probiotic bacteria to increase varieties for the growing market demand. This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from sugarcane waste materials and evaluate its characteristic. @*Methodology and results@#In the present study, two strains of LAB (Isolates A and B) were isolated from sugarcane waste and investigated in vitro for their characteristics as potential probiotics. These isolates were evaluated on their characteristics based on four biochemical tests (acid tolerance, bile tolerance, microbial adhesion, and phenol resistance), with the commercial strain Lactobacillus isolated from Yakult ® served as a positive control. Both isolated strains (>8 log10 CFU/mL) displayed higher survivability than control (>6 log10 CFU/mL) in simulated gastrointestinal conditions at pH 2.0 and pH 6.9 after 24 h. Furthermore, both isolated LABs were resistant to inhibitory substances which are 0.05-0.3% bile and 0.4% phenol. For bile tolerance, isolate A (OD 6.83) had a higher absorbance at 0.3% bile concentration as compared to isolate B (OD 2.20). However, isolate B (7.49 log10 CFU/mL) showed higher resistance towards 0.4% phenol than isolate A (7.11 log10 CFU/mL) after 24 h. Both isolate A and isolate B displayed low cell surface hydrophobicity, strong electron donor, and basic characteristic.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Both isolates were able to survive under gastrointestinal stress conditions, implying their potential as probiotics. This study demonstrated that valuable products such as probiotic strain could be isolated from sugarcane wastes to use in food production or medical treatment.

Contaminação em larga escala por Bisfenol-A: estamos conscientes do risco e formas de exposição? / Large-scale contamination by Bisphenol A: are we aware of the risk and forms of exposure?

Resumo O Bisfenol-A (BFA) é uma substância amplamente empregada no cotidiano, principalmente nos materiais plásticos. Este estudo avaliou a exposição de universitários ao disruptor endócrino BFA, o conhecimento dos mesmos acerca dessa substância e dos seus danos à saúde humana. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 500 estudantes de uma Universidade de Curitiba. A amostra foi selecionada de forma proporcional as três grandes áreas do conhecimento, sendo que os cursos entrevistados foram sorteados. Aos estudantes aplicou-se um questionário objetivo composto por três partes: socioeconômica, avaliação da exposição e testes de conhecimento. Dos respondentes, 91,3% consomem alimentos armazenados em embalagens plásticas, 90,06% utilizam bebidas nesse tipo de recipiente e 84,8% consomem bebidas/alimentos enlatados. Entretanto, apenas 19,8% já ouviram falar em BFA e 97,2% não sabem sobre a relação entre a exposição ao BFA e alterações endócrinas. Observou-se uma alta taxa de exposição ao BFA e um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre o assunto. Essa desproporção evidencia a necessidade de pesquisas mais aprofundadas sobre o tema na população brasileira, além da ampliação de medidas informativas.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance extensively used in daily life, mainly in plastic materials. This study assessed the exposure of university students to endocrine disruptor BPA, their knowledge about this substance and the damage it causes to human health. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with 500 students from a University in Curitiba. The sample was selected proportionally to the three major areas of knowledge, and the courses interviewed were drawn at random. Students were asked to fill out an objective questionnaire consisting of three parts: socioeconomic, assessment of exposure and knowledge tests. Of the respondents, 91.3% consume food stored in plastic packaging, 90.06% use drinks in this type of container and 84.8% consume canned food/drinks. However, only 19.8% have heard of BPA and 97.2% do not know about the relationship between exposure to BPA and endocrine changes. A high rate of exposure to BPA and a low level of knowledge on the subject was detected. This disproportion highlights the need for more in-depth research on the topic among the Brazilian population, in addition to broadening dissemination of information measures on the issue.

Antioxidant Activity And Total Phenol Content Of Different Plant Parts Of Lebanese Annona Squamosa Linn.

Objective: The aim of this work was to characterize the antioxidant properties and to evaluate the total phenol content of leaves, bark, pericarp, and pulp extracts of Lebanese Annona squamosa Linn. (A. squamosa),, as well as a total screening of secondary metabolites present in the various plant parts studied. Methods: Two solvent systems were used for extraction: ethanol 80 % and methanol 80 %. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The Total Phenol Content (TPC) of the different plant parts are determined and compared via Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results were presented as the mean of three separate experiments and error bars were used to illustrate standard deviation. Results: The phenolic content was found to be highest in the A. squamosa leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts (117.2 mg and 112.92 gallic acid extract/g, respectively). The results showed that A. squamosa leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts display the highest antioxidant activities than the bark, pulp and pericarp extracts, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values 13.61 and 15.97 μg. ml-1 respectively. Ethanol 80 % and methanol 80 % were found to be efficient for the extraction of phenolic compounds. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate the presence of promising compounds in Lebanese A. squamosa that are able to act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.

Physiological and Biochemical Changes under Salinity and Drought Stress in Ricebean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] Seedlings

Aims: To study the effect of iso-osmotic potentials of drought and salinity during seedling growth stage in ricebean. Study Design: Completely randomised design. Place and Duration of Study: The lab experiment was conducted during the year of 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 in ricebean variety Bidhan 1 at Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Methodology: For studying the effect of iso-osmotic potential of salinity and drought stress, the solutions of NaCl and PEG 6000 with -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa osmotic potential were used and the experiment was conducted in sand culture using modified Hoagland solution [1] under laboratory condition of diffused light, at around 80±1% relative humidity (R.H.) and at a temperature of 28±1°C. Results: All the biochemical parameters under study, in general were adversely affected by the both stress with the effects being more drastic as the intensity of stress increased. The highest intensity of salinity stress was found to produce more adverse effects than drought in respect of RLWC, leaf chlorophyll as well as protein content in leaves of ricebean in the present experiment. While the content of soluble sugar, starch and phenol in the leaf were more drastically affected by drought stress. Conclusion: The drought stress was found to register more drastic effects on seedling growth as compared to iso-osmotic potential of salinity stress, especially, at the highest intensity of stress in ricebean cultivar Bidhan 1.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenol And Flavonoid Content Of Mimosa Rubicaulis And Reinwardita Indica

Objective: Phytochemicals as phenol and flavonoid have a powerful biological activity. So, this study aimed to carry out phytochemical screening, total phenol and flavonoid content in two plant species i.e. M. rubicaulis and R. indica. Methods: The extraction of different parts of two plant species was done by maceration using ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done to confirm the presence of phytochemicals. Total phenol content was done by Folin ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was done by Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, terpenoids in both plant species. The highest concentration of phenol content was observed in the root and stem of an extract of M. rubicaulis i.e. 281.83±1.98 mg GAE/g dry extract weight and 225.37±0.60 mg GAE/g dry extract weight. The highest concentration of flavonoid contents was observed in the leaves of R. indica i.e. 462.21±4.67 mg QE/g dry extract weight followed by stem and root of M. rubicaulis i.e. 381.06±5.23 mg QE/g dry extract weight and 337.43±1.39 mg QE/g dry extract weight. Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis concluded the presence of biologically important phytoconstituents like flavonoid and phenol in both plant species. Further studies, should be carried out to isolate specific chemical constituents and should be used in different studies to explore their biological effects.

Influence of Oxygen Supply on Growth and Laccases Production by Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in Submerged Process

Abstract (1) Background: Oxygen supply is an important parameter to be considered in submerged cultures. This study evaluated the influence of different conditions for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on laccases activities and growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process in stirred-tank bioreactor. (2) Methods: Initially, three different conditions were tested: uncontrolled DO and minimum levels of 30% and 80% of saturation, with the pH controlled between 4.5 and 7.0. (3) Results: Best results were observed at 30% DO (26 U mL-1 of laccases at 96 h), whereas higher mycelial biomass was observed at 30% and 80% DO (above 4.5 g L-1). Four different conditions of DO (uncontrolled, 10%, 30% and 50% of saturation) were tested at pH 6.5, with higher laccases activity (80 U mL-1 at 66 h) and lower mycelial growth (1.36 g L-1 at 90 h) being achieved with DO of 30%. In this test, the highest values for volumetric productivity and specific yield factor were determined. Under the different pH conditions tested, the production of laccases is favoured at DO concentration of 30% of saturation, while superior DO levels favours fungal growth. (4) Conclusion: The results indicate that dissolved oxygen concentration is a critical factor for the culture of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 and has important effects not only on laccases production but also on fungal growth.

Verification on the Developmental Toxicity of Short-term Exposure to Phenol in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To verify the health advisory for short-term exposure to phenol.@*Methods@#The method of this validation experiment was the same as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodology for toxicology experiments used to determine phenol drinking water equivalent level (DWEL). Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered phenol in distilled water by gavage at daily doses of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) from implantation (the 6th day post-mating) to the day prior to the scheduled caesarean section (the 20th day of pregnancy). The following information was recorded: general behavior; body weight; number of corpus luteum, live birth, fetus, stillbirth, and implantation; fetal gender; body weight; body length; tail length; and abnormalities and pathomorphological changes in the dams.@*Results@#In the 60 mg/kg b.w. dose group, the mortality of pregnant rats increased with increasing doses, suggesting maternal toxicity. Fetal and placental weights decreased as phenol dose increased from 30 mg/kg b.w., and were significantly different compared those in the vehicle control group, which suggested developmental toxicity in the fetuses. However, the phenol-exposed groups showed no significant change in other parameters compared with the vehicle control group ( > 0.05).@*Conclusion@#Despite using the same method as the US EPA, a different NOEAL of 15 mg/(kg·d) was obtained in this study.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Thymol and Carvacrol in Origanum vulgare by Box-Behnken Design-Response Surface Methodology / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction process of thymol and carvacrol in Origanum vulgare by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology. METHODS: On the basis of single factor experiment, taking the sum of extraction rates of thymol and carvicol as the evaluation index, Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio and medicinal powder on the extraction rate. RESULTS: The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: ethanol concentration was 80%, liquid to solid ratio was 13∶1 (mL/g), medicinal powder passing through 40 meshes was used, and the highest extraction rate was 694.80 μg•g-1, with a small deviation from the predicted value. CONCLUSION: The optimal extraction method is simple, with low cost and good predictivity, and it can provide experimental basis for further large-scale production of thymol and carvacrol in Origanum vulgare.

Condiciones para el análisis de proteínas del micelio de Lentinuia edodes obtenido por fermentación en estado líquido / Conditions for protein analysis of Lentinuia edodes mycelium obtained from liquid state fermentation / Condições para a análise de proteínas do micélio de Lentinuia edodes obtidas por fermentação em estado líquido

Resumen Pocos son los trabajos enfocados en la producción biotecnológica y el desarrollo de herramientas analíticas en torno a la Lentinuia edodes, seta comestible con potencial para el desarrollo de nutracéuticos. Por esto, en esta investigación, se estudió la producción de biomasa del hongo en el tiempo, mediante fermentación en estado líquido, y se seleccionaron las condiciones que permitieron la obtención de extractos para la aplicación de herramientas para análisis proteómico. Los métodos de extracción de proteínas, ácido tricloroacético (TCA) - acetona y TCA - acetona - fenol, fueron comparados en términos del rendimiento de extracción y los perfiles de separación usando electroforesis en 1D (SDS-PAGE) y 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE). Se determinó que a los 10 días de crecimiento se obtiene la mayor producción de biomasa y proteína total. La extracción con TCA - acetona - fenol presentó un mayor rendimiento, resolución y número de bandas en la electroforesis 1D. En 2DE, los dos métodos permitieron la extracción de proteínas con puntos isoeléctricos en el rango de pH 3-10, pero el método TCA - acetona - fenol conllevó a una extracción diferencial, favoreciendo el rango de masa de 33 a 113 kDa. Estos resultados se constituyen en una primera aplicación de técnicas de separación electroforética para futuros estudios proteómicos.

Abstract Few are the investigations focused on the biotechnological production and the development of analytical tools about Lentinuia edodes, an edible mushroom which has a potential for being used in the development of nutraceutical products. For this reason, in this research, the production of biomass of the mushroom over time by liquid state fermentation (LSF) was studied. Then, the conditions that allow obtaining protein extracts for the application of tools for proteomic analysis were selected. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) - acetone and TCA - acetone - phenol were the two protein extraction methods which were compared in terms of extraction yield and separation profiles in 1D (SDS-PAGE) and 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE) electrophoresis. The highest production of biomass and total protein content was obtained after 10 days of LSF. Protein extraction with TCA - acetone -phenol presented the highest yield, resolution and number of bands in 1D electrophoresis. In 2DE the two methods allowed the extraction of proteins with isoelectric points in pH 3-10 range but, the TCA - acetone - phenol method favored a differential extraction of proteins in the range of 33 to 113 kDa. These results constitute a first application of electrophoretic separation techniques for future proteomic studies.

Resumo Lentinuia edodes é um cogumelo comestível com potencial para o desenvolvimento de nutracêuticos. Entretanto, os trabalhos voltados para a produção biotecnológica e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas analíticas que permitem aprofundar sua composição são incipientes. Nesta pesquisa, a produção de biomassa do fungo ao longo do tempo por meio de fermentação no estado líquido foi estudada e as condições que permitem obter extratos para a aplicação de ferramentas para análise proteômica foram selecionadas. Os métodos de extração de proteínas usados foram ácido tricloroacético (TCA) - acetona e TCA - acetona - fenol e comparada em termos de rendimento de extracção e perfis de separação utilizando electroforese 1D (SDS-PAGE) e 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE). Foi determinado que após 10 dias de crescimento, a maior produção de biomassa e proteína total foi obtida. A extração com TCA - acetona - fenol apresentou maior rendimento, maior resolução e número de bandas em eletroforese 1D. No 2DE os dois métodos permitiram a extração de proteínas com pontos isoelétricos na faixa de pH 3-10, mas o método TCA - acetona - fenol levou a uma extração diferencial, favorecendo a faixa de 33 a 113 kDa. Estes resultados constituem uma primeira aplicação de técnicas de separação eletroforética para futuros estudos proteômicos.

Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Launaea resedifolia from Algerian Sahara

The present inquiry attempts to determine the antioxidant capacity of Launaea resedifolia’s hydroalcoholicextract which is obtained from Algerian Sahara. The antioxidant capacities of various extracts of aerial partsof L. resedifolia were estimated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity,ferric reducing power (FRP), and total antioxidant capacity. In addition, the total phenols, flavonoids, andtannins contents of various extracts were measured by using colorimetric methods, the greater content ofphenols and flavonoids was registered in crude extract (6.642 ± 0.262 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW and0.929 ± 0.018 mg quercetin equivalent/g DW, respectively), while the tannins was found in water fraction(1.246 ± 0.153 mg RE/g DW). Both capacities of DPPH scavenging and FRP were found best in ethyl acetatefraction (IC50 = 403.551 µg/ml and AEAC = 0.151 mM, respectively). For total antioxidant capacity, thesuperior capacity was observed in water fraction (EEAC = 0.149 Mm).