Efficacy of oral lycopene supplementation for photoprotection in Filipino patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Makati: A single-blind randomized controlled trial

Background@#Ultraviolet radiation has been proven to result in unwarranted effects on the skin through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and direct DNA damage. Lycopene, a naturally occurring substance, acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing ROS.@*Objective@#The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of oral lycopene supplementation for photoprotection in adult Filipino patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Makati City.@*Design@#The study design involves single-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.@*Methods@#Thirty-six Filipino patients aged 18 years old and above with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype (FSP) III–V were divided into two groups using a computer-generated randomization. Group A received lycopene 500 mg/ soft gel capsule two capsules per orem once daily for 12 weeks, while Group B received no intervention during the entire observation period. Minimal erythema dose (MED) of patients from both groups was assessed by a single treatment-blinded reader at baseline, week 6, and week 12.@*Results@#Group A showed a significant increase in MED across periods, with a 20.83% increase from baseline at week 6 and a 43.06% increase at week 12. Group B MED remained constant from baseline to week 6 and to week 12. These results show that there is a significant effect in the increase in MED as compared to the control group.@*Conclusion@#Oral lycopene is effective in increasing the MED of patients and may be used for photoprotection among patients with FSP III–V.

In vitro approaches to antioxidant screening for the development of a sunscreen formulation

Abstract The incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens may provide additional skin photoprotection against the harmful photobiological effects of ultraviolet radiation. The present study evaluated the applicability of a screening approach to the assessment of the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 and then determined the performance of the most effective antioxidant in a sunscreen formulation. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2`-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the photoprotective potential was investigated by the yeast photoprotection assay. The antioxidant with the best effect was incorporated into sunscreen formulations which were evaluated for 120 days regarding their in vitro photoprotective parameters. Vitamin C showed high antioxidant capacity as well as a photoprotective potential against simulated solar irradiation applied for times longer than 1 h. Although the Sun Protection Factor, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength did not differed significantly (p<0.05) between the formulation blank and the formulations containing 0.5% or 1% vitamin C, formulations with vitamin C kept their photostability for 6 months. Consequently, the proposed screening approach seems to be promising for the development of an antisolar photostable formulation containing vitamin C as an antioxidant.

Prevención de cáncer de piel en el Hospital de Clínicas: ¿qué sabe el personal de salud? / Prevention of skin cancer in the Hospital de Clínicas: what do health personnel know? / Prevenção do câncer de pele no Hospital de Clínicas: o que sabem os profissionais de saúde?

El cáncer de piel es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en Uruguay así como a nivel mundial, donde muere una persona cada menos de cuatro días por ésta causa. La medida de prevención primaria más efectiva es tener hábitos de fotoprotección, lo cual se consigue mediante la educación en salud y campañas preventivas. En el presente trabajo se resumen los resultados del examen físico realizado a funcionarios del Hospital de Clínicas en el contexto de la Campaña de Prevención de Cáncer de Piel 2017 y los hábitos y conocimientos de fotoprotección de los mismos. La amplia mayoría de los asistentes considera que cuenta con información suficiente sobre cómo protegerse del sol, que proviene, en un 39% de los casos de la televisión. Aún asi, el 41% de ellos, sólo se protege en ocasiones especiales como viajes y verano y únicamente 3 de los participantes emplea medidas adecuadas. Con respecto a campañas previas, 94% no recordaba otra campaña de prevención de cáncer de piel y era la primera vez que concurría a una el 99% de los individuos, lo que pone en manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la planificación y ejecución de campañas y medidas efectivas para la promoción y prevención del cáncer de piel en los próximos años a fin de lograr disminuir la incidencia de cáncer de piel que continúa en aumento.

O câncer de pele é a neoplasia maligna mais frequente no Uruguai e no mundo, onde uma pessoa morre a cada menos de quatro dias por essa causa. A medida de prevenção primária mais eficaz é ter hábitos fotoprotetores, o que é alcançado por meio de educação em saúde e campanhas preventivas. Este artigo sintetiza os resultados do exame físico realizado em funcionários do Hospital de Clínicas no contexto da Campanha de Prevenção do Câncer de Pele 2017 e seus hábitos e conhecimentos sobre fotoproteção. A grande maioria das pessoas considera que possui informações suficientes sobre como se proteger do sol, o que ocorre em 39% dos casos de televisão. Ainda assim, 41% deles são protegidos apenas em ocasiões especiais, como viagens e verão, e apenas 3 dos participantes usam medidas adequadas. Com relação às campanhas anteriores, 94% não se lembraram de outra campanha de prevenção do câncer de pele e foi a primeira vez que 99% dos indivíduos compareceram, o que evidencia a necessidade de reforçar o planejamento e a execução de campanhas e medidas eficazes para a promoção e prevenção do câncer de pele nos próximos anos, a fim de reduzir a incidência de câncer de pele que continua a aumentar.

Skin cancer is the most frequent malignancy in Uruguay as well as worldwide, where a person dies every less than four days for this cause. The most effective prevention measure is to have photoprotective habits, which is achieved through health education and preventive campaigns. This paper summarizes the results of the physical examination performed on officials of the Hospital de Clínicas in the context of the 2017 Skin Cancer Prevention Campaign and their habits and knowledge of photoprotection. The vast majority of individuals consider that they have enough information on how to protect themselves from the sun, which comes in 39% of television cases. Still, 41% of them are only protected on special occasions such as trips and summer and only 3 of the participants use adequate measures. With respect to previous campaigns, 94% did not remember another skin cancer prevention campaign and it was the first time that 99% of the individuals attended, which highlights the need to reinforce the planning and execution of campaigns and effective measures for the promotion and prevention of skin cancer in the coming years in order to reduce the incidence of skin cancer that continues to increase.

Algae Metabolites as an Alternative in Prevention and Treatment of Skin Problems Associated with Solar Radiation and Conventional Photo-protection

Abstract The histological structure and biochemistry of the skin is affected by solar radiation having adverse effects ranging from sunburns, premature aging that includes wrinkles, spots, dryness, and loss of collagen to cancer development. The skin has defense mechanisms to prevent damage caused by radiation, but when radiation exposure is excessive these mechanisms are not strong enough to protect the skin. The use of sunscreen is the most common practice of photo- protection. The active ingredients of these cosmetic protective formulations are generally from synthetic origin and have presented several drawbacks at the level of photo-stability, systemic absorption and can generate contact and photo-contact dermatitis. This review illustrates skin solar radiation problems, common sunscreen ingredients limitation and mentions how algae can be an alternative according to studies that have evaluated the photo-protective potential of extracts and compounds isolated by different techniques.

Conductas de exposición y protección solar en adolescentes y adultos de la Ciudad de México / Sun exposure and sun protection behaviors among teenagers and adults in Mexico City

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de las conductas exposición y protección solar en un grupo de adolescentes y compararlos con un grupo de adultos en la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo en estudiantes de 16 a 18 años y en adultos mayores de 18 años. Resultados: Se encuestaron 748 alumnos, 60 % mujeres y 40 % hombres. El 90 % busca la sombra, el 70.1 % evita exponerse al sol de las 10 a las 16 horas y el 30.6 % usa filtro solar. De 620 adultos, 67.5 % mujeres y 32.4 % hombres, el 82.6 % buscan la sombra, el 60.2 % evita el sol de las 10 a las 16 horas y el 48.1 % utiliza filtro solar. El 72.9 % de adultos y el 80.8 % de adolescentes se exponen al sol debido a actividades domésticas. Discusión: Existe una tendencia similar en las conductas de protección y exposición solar en adolescentes y adultos. Es alta la prevalencia de uso de fotoprotector en adultos en comparación con los adolescentes.

Abstract Objective: To know the prevalence of sun exposure and protection behaviors in a group of adolescents and to compare them with a group of adults in Mexico City. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study in students aged 16 to 18 years and in adults older than 18 years. Results: Seven-hundred and forty-eight students were surveyed; 60 % were females and 40 % males; 90 % seek shade, 70.1 % avoid exposing themselves to the sun from 10.00 to 16.00 hours and 30.6 % use sunscreen. Out of 620 adults, 67.5 % were women and 32.4 % were men; 82.6 % seek shade, 60.2 % avoid the sun from 10.00 to 16.00 hours and 48.1% use sunscreen; 72.9 % of adults and 80.8 % of adolescents are exposed to the sun due to domestic activities. Discussion: There is a similar trend in sun protection and exposure behaviors in adolescents and adults. The prevalence of sunscreen use in adults is high in comparison with adolescents.

Comparison of the photoprotective effect between hydrolyzed and aglycones flavonoids as sunscreen: A systematic review

Currently, there is growing evidence of the role of polyphenols as protection agents against ultraviolet radiation(UVR), both in plant and animal cells, especially flavonoids, which are considered beneficial compounds that increasephotoprotection of sunscreen formulations. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze if there is an increase inphotoprotection of the hydrolyzed forms of polyphenols, specifically of flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol,with respect to their corresponding glycosides, which are present in polar extracts of aerial parts of plants. Followingthe PRISMA guidelines, the systematic review was carried out in three electronic databases (Science Direct, Pubmed,and Embase) to identify the main articles that evaluated the effect of polyphenols against UVR protection. From atotal of 1,230 research articles found, 21 met the inclusion parameters, of which 13 studies evaluated extracts isolatedfrom different plants, and one study evaluated an agroindustrial residue. In all the cases, the main constituents werecharacterized as flavonoid compounds, including some of the compounds of interest of this revision. The effect ofthe pure compounds rutin and quercetin, as photoprotection enhancers, was evaluated in seven articles. Although aconclusive answer to the objective question of this systematic review could not be obtained, all the studies confirmedthe biological activity of the polyphenols as photoprotector.

Conocimiento y conductas de protección solar de pescadores en Chile / Knowledge and sun protection behaviors of fishermen in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La sobreexposición a la radiación ultravioleta (RUV) es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de cáncer de piel (CP). Aquellos trabajadores que realizan labores al aire libre, como los pescadores, son un grupo de riesgo, por lo que es importante saber si tienen los conocimientos y realizan las conductas que les permitan protegerse de la RUV. OBJETIVO: Evaluar en un grupo de pescadores el conocimiento respecto a los riesgos de la exposición solar y sus conductas respecto a medidas de protección solar. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los datos fueron obtenidos por encuestas a 133 pescadores. Se obtuvieron antecedentes sociodemográficos y se aplicó un cuestionario de 11 preguntas para evaluar conocimiento sobre riesgos de la RUV y conductas de fotoprotección. RESULTADOS: La cohorte incluyó a 133 pescadores, todos fueron hombres con edad promedio de 48 +/- 11,2 años. Un 86% de los pescadores conocía la relación entre exposición solar/CP. En cuanto al uso de filtro solar (FS), un 54,8% de los trabajadores reportó nunca haberlo utilizado y un 41% lo hacía solo una vez al día. Los pescadores con escolaridad incompleta presentan 2,6 veces menor probabilidad de utilizar FS (OR 2.6; p<0.05). Además, aquellos con conocimiento de la relación RUV y fotoenvejecimiento, presentaban 3,75 veces más probabilidad de utilizar FS (OR 3.75) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Este primer estudio sobre protección solar en pescadores muestra que la mayoría están en conocimiento de los riesgos a la salud. Sin embargo, no utilizan las medidas de protección recomendadas y aquellos que las utilizan, no lo hacen de la manera adecuada.

INTRODUCTION: Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main risk factor for the development of skin cancer (SC). Outdoor workers, such as fishermen are a risk group. Therefore, it is important to study if they have the knowledge towards sun exposure and also to know their solar protection behaviors. OBJETIVE: To evaluate in a group of fishermen if they have the knowledge about the risks of solar exposure and their behavior regarding sun protection measures. MATERIALS y METHODS: Data was obtained from a survey applied to 133 fishermen. Collected information included sociodemographic characteristics and 11 questions about knowledge and their sun protection measures. RESULTS: The cohort included 133 fishermen, all were male with an age average of 48 +/- 11,2 years. 86% knew about the relation between solar exposure and skin cancer. When asked about sunscreen use, 54.8% declared they never used it and 41,0% did only once a day. The fishermen who had incomplete secondary school studies were less likely to use sunscreen (OR 2.6) (p<0.05). Those who had knowledge of the relation between UVR and aging were 3,75 times more likely to use sunscreen. CONCLUSION: This is the first study about solar protection knowledge and photoprotection measures upon fishermen, performed in Chile. Most fishermen were aware of the health risks. However, they do not use the recommended protection measures, and those who use them, do not do it properly

O uso de filtro solar por idosos ligados a uma universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brasil / The use of sunscreen by elderly people attending a university in the Paraíba Valley, Brazil / El uso de protector solar por personas mayores que asisten a una universidad en el Valle de Paraíba, Brasil

O estudo realizou-se com 14 idosos de uma universidade do Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, objetivando investigar a frequência diária de uso do filtro solar; investigar qual o conhecimento interiorizado acerca do uso contínuo e adequado, e se eles se consideram suficientemente informados sobre proteção solar. Os resultados mostram que esses idosos fazem uso frequente e adequado do filtro solar, justo por terem recebido orientação segura de profissionais da saúde sobre a fotoproteção. Consideram eles dispor de conhecimentos suficientes sobre o assunto, dentre outros quanto à regularidade de aplicação do fotoprotetor, inclusive em dias sem sol aparente e, mesmo antes de rápidas exposições, evitando-se exposição em horários críticos de radiação. Ainda que se tenha considerado uma falha a baixa frequência, no decorrer do dia, de reaplicação do filtro solar na pele, pelos idosos, estes reconhecem que, de fato, seu uso deve ser visto como o mecanismo mais eficiente para proteção da pele dos efeitos nocivos do sol, além do recomendado uso de óculos com proteção UV. Por fim, registre-se que os estudos de fotoproteção precisam continuar, a fim de se encontrarem e publicizarem novas ferramentas, especialmente para uma maior proteção da fragilizada pele dos idosos, inclusive para a discussão sobre novos componentes nos produtos e divulgação dos avanços tecnológicos que surgirem nessa área.

The study was conducted with 14 elderly people from a university in Vale do Paraíba, state of São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to investigate the daily frequency of sunscreen use; investigate what is the internalized knowledge about continuous and appropriate use, and whether they consider themselves sufficiently informed about sun protection. The results show that these elderly people make frequent and appropriate use of sunscreen, just because they have received safe guidance from health professionals about photoprotection. They consider that they have sufficient knowledge on the subject, among others as to the regular application of the photoprotector, even on days without apparent sun and even before rapid exposures, avoiding exposure at critical radiation times. Although it is considered a low frequency failure of elderly people to apply sunscreen to the skin throughout the day, they recognize that, in fact, its use should be seen as the most efficient mechanism to protect the skin from the effects harmful to the sun, in addition to the recommended use of glasses with UV protection. Finally, it should be noted that photoprotection studies need to continue in order to find and publicize new tools, especially for greater fragile skin protection of the elderly, including the discussion of new product components and dissemination of technological advances. that arise in this area.

El estudio se realizó con 14 personas mayores de una universidad en Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con el objetivo de investigar la frecuencia diaria de uso de protector solar; investigar cuál es el conocimiento interno sobre el uso continuo y apropiado, y si se consideran suficientemente informados sobre la protección solar. Los resultados muestran que estos son un uso muy frecuente y adecuado del protector solar, solo debido a la orientación segura de los profesionales de la salud en una fotoprotección. Se tienen en cuenta las condiciones o el sujeto suficientes, además de la regularidad de la aplicación del fotoprotector, incluso en días semi-aparentes e, incluso antes de exposiciones rápidas, evitando la exposición a programas críticos de radiación. Aunque se considera una falla de baja frecuencia de las personas de edad avanzada para aplicar protector solar en la piel durante todo el día, reconocen que, de hecho, su uso debe verse como el mecanismo más eficiente para proteger la piel de los efectos. nocivo para el sol, además del uso recomendado de gafas con protección UV. Finalmente, debe tenerse en cuenta que los estudios de fotoprotección deben continuar para encontrar y publicitar nuevas herramientas, especialmente para una mayor protección frágil de la piel de los ancianos, incluida la discusión de nuevos componentes del producto y difusión de los avances tecnológicos. que surgen en esta área.

Fotoprotección y fotodaño en la niñez y la adolescencia / Photoprotection and photodamage in the childhood and adolescence

Durante las últimas décadas se ha incrementado la incidencia del cáncer de piel, debido fundamentalmente a la exposición a las radiaciones solares, por lo cual es importante la protección desde las edades tempranas. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de describir los efectos que estas ocasionan en los seres humanos y las formas de protección adecuadas. Se concluyó que el conocimiento y la implementación de las recomendaciones para la fotoprotección, son necesarias para prevenir los efectos causados por dichas radiaciones.

During the last decades the incidence of the skin cancer has been increased, due fundamentally to the exposure to the sun radiations, reason why it is important the protection since early ages. Keeping this in mind, a literature review was carried out with the objective of describing the effects that they cause in the human beings and the appropriate protection forms. It was concluded that the knowledge and the implementation of the recommendations for photoprotection, are necessary to prevent the effects caused by these radiations.

Conocimientos, hábitos y actitudes de fotoprotección en adolescentes / Knowledge, habits, and attitudes of photoprotection in teenagers

Introducción: el cáncer de piel es una neoplasia frecuente en el ser humano a nivel mundial, su incidencia se ha incrementado durante las últimas décadas, considerado como una expresión de hábitos de mayor exposición a radiaciones ultravioletas. Entre el 60% y 80 % de la exposición solar a lo largo de la vida tiene lugar antes de la edad de 18 años. Los niños y adolescentes son los más vulnerables a la radiación, debido a que el daño solar es máximo y acumulativo. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos, hábitos y actitudes de fotoprotección en escolares del nivel secundario. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en adolescentes de la Escuela Secundaria Básica Cándido González, ubicada en la localidad ¨La Playa¨, municipio Matanzas, en el periodo de febrero a marzo del 2017. El universo quedó constituido por la totalidad de los estudiantes que cursan el séptimo y octavo grado (259). Resultados: se encontró un predominio del fototipo cutáneo III en la población de estudio. En cuanto a los conocimientos sobre fotoprotección y fotodaño, 195 estudiantes (75,3%) fueron evaluados de mal. El 65,6% de los adolescentes refirieron usar cremas de protección solar. En relación con la actitud ante el bronceado, se observó que fue adecuada en 240 alumnos (92,7%). Conclusiones: los malos conocimientos sobre fotoprotección y fotodaño de los alumnos encuestados pueden estar relacionados a hábitos inadecuados e historias de quemadura solar encontrados (AU).

Introduction: skin cancer is a frequent neoplasia in the human being all around the world; its incidence has increased during the last decades, fact that is considered as an expression of habits of more exposition to ultraviolet radiations. Between 60 % and 80 % of the exposition to sunlight throughout the live occurs before the age of 18 years. Children and teenagers are the most vulnerable to radiation due to the fact that sun damage is maximal and accumulative. Objective: to describe knowledge, habits and attitudes of photoprotection in students of the secondary level. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cro0ss-sectional study was carried out in teenagers of the Secondary School ¨Candido González¨, located in La Playa, municipality of Matanzas, in the period from January to March 2017. The universe was formed by all the students attending the 7th and 8th grade (259). Results: the skin phototype III predominated in the studied population. According to knowledge on photoprotection and photodamage, 195 students (75.3 %) were evaluated as bad. 65.6 % of teenagers referred the usage of sun protective creams. In relation with the attitude toward sun tanning, it was adequate in 240 students (92.7 %). Conclusions: the erroneous knowledge on photoprotection and photodamage of the questioned students could be related to inadequate habits and histories of sunburn they listened (AU).

Avaliação de protetores solares contendo filtros encapsulados/incorporados em matriz de sílica mesoporosa ordenada do tipo SBA-15 / Evaluation of sunscreens containing encapsulated/entrapped UV filters in ordered mesoporous silica type SBA-15

Filtros orgânicos são amplamente utilizados em formulações fotoprotetoras, com habilidade de absorver radiações ultravioleta (UV). Contudo, parte destes compostos possuem limitações, como: fotoinstabilidade, permeação cutânea e fotossensibilização e entre outros. Este trabalho envolveu a síntese de matriz mesoporosa do tipo SBA-15, encapsulação/incorporação de ρ-metoxicinamato de octila (MCO), benzofenona-3 (BZF-3) e avobenzona (AVO) na SBA-15 para aplicação em formulações fotoprotetoras. Fez-se a determinação da eficácia in vitro dos filtros encapsulados/incorporados combinados a ingrediente cosmético; o preparo de bastão fotoprotetor e determinação eficácia estimada; a avaliação do potencial de irritação ocular dos bastões por HET-CAM - Hen's Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane, e a avaliação da permeação/retenção cutânea e perfil de biodistribuição dos filtros. Para a caracterização dos materiais foram empregadas técnicas físico-químicas e analíticas. As medidas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 mostrou que as amostras dos filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados apresentaram diminuição na área superficial e volume de poro (V), indicando que os filtros solares foram encapsulados/incorporados na superfície e nos poros da SBA-15. Os resultados de Espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo evidenciaram que os filtros solares não afetaram a estrutura hexagonal da SBA-15. Por TG/DTG e análise elementar foi possível determinar a quantidade de filtros solares na superfície e nos mesoporos da SBA-15. Enquanto, as curvas DSC e DTA revelaram aumento na estabilidade térmica da AVO e BZF-3, quando encapsulados/incorporados. Os resultados da eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro mostraram que a combinação dos três filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados na SBA-15 promoveram aumento de 52% no fator proteção solar (FPS), enquanto que, na formulação fotoprotetora contendo os três filtros encapsulados/incorporados, o aumento foi de 94%. O ensaio de HET-CAM evidenciou que os bastões contendo SBA-15 e os filtros encapsulados/incorporados não foram irritantes. O ensaio de permeação/retenção cutânea mostrou que o processo de encapsulação/incorporação da BZF-3 promoveu diminuição de sua permeação em todos os tempos de exposição. As quantidades permeadas de AVO e MCO ficaram abaixo do limite de quantificação nos tempos 6 e 12 h, no entanto, no tempo de 24 h foi possível quantificá-los. As quantidades dos filtros solares retidas na pele a partir da formulação contendo os filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados na SBA-15 (F4) foram menores (tempos 6 e 12 h) em comparação à formulação contendo os filtros solares não encapsulados (F3). A investigação da biodistribuição dos filtros solares mostrou que a retenção total na pele, como na derme, foi menor na formulação F4 em comparação à F3. O estudo comparativo entre pele suína e a pele humana mostrou que as quantidades de BZF-3 e AVO permeadas e retidas na pele suína foram superiores do que em relação à humana para ambas as formulações (F4 e FR). Pela técnica de biodistribuição, foi possível determinar que os filtros solares oriundos das formulações F3 e referência (FR) apresentaram maior retenção destes compostos na derme do que em outras camadas da pele. Contudo, observou-se que os filtros encapsulados apresentaram taxa reduzida de retenção na derme

Organic Filters are chemical compounds widely used in sunscreens formulations with the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation (UV). Despite the effectiveness of these compounds in UV radiation protection, disadvantages related to their photo instability, potential skin permeation and photo sensibility pose significant challenges for improving these products. The aim of this work was to synthesize mesoporous matrix SBA-15, encapsulation/entrapping of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), benzophenone-3 (BZF-3) and avobenzone (AVO) into SBA-15 for application in photoprotective formulations. It was accessed in vitro photoprotection efficacy and in vitro photostability assay of encapsulated/entrapped UV filters combined with cosmetic ingredient and photoprotective stick formulations; evaluation of the ocular irritation potential of photoprotective stick formulations by in vitro method HET-CAM - Hen's Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane; evaluation the skin permeation/deposition and biodistribution profile of photoprotective stick formulations. The decrease in the surface area and in mesoporous volume (V) observed in the nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms of encapsulated/entrapped samples indicated that UV filters were efficiently encapsulated/entrapped into SBA-15. Additionally, SAXS results showed that UV filters did not affected the hexagonal structure of the mesoporous material and that these compounds filled the SBA-15 pores. TG/DTG and elemental analysis were efficient tools to confirm the presence and the quantity of UV filters into SBA-15. DTA and DSC curves of encapsulated/entrapped materials showed that the thermal stability of AVO and BZF-3 were increased. On the other hand, DSC curves of encapsulated/entrapped materials demonstrated that thermal stability of OMC was not increase. The in vitro photoprotective efficacy results demonstrated that the combination of the three sunscreens encapsulated/entrapped into SBA-15 increased 52.0% the SPF values, while the stick formulation containing the UV filters encapsulated/entrapped, the increase was 94.0%. Delivery experiments using porcine skin demonstrated that the encapsulation/entrapping process of UV filters resulted the decreased of BZF-3 permeation and deposition in skin (6 and 12 hours). The cutaneous biodistribution profile of UV filters showed that the deposition of these compounds from encapsulated/entrapped stick formulation (F4) was significantly lower than that from UV filters stick formulations (F3) in the total slices of the skin and dermis. The comparative study between porcine skin and human skin demonstrated that the amounts of BZF-3 and AVO permeated and deposited in porcine skin were higher than in human skin for both formulations (F4 and FR - reference formulation). By the biodistribution technique it was possible to determine that the UV filters from the formulations F3 and FR presented higher retention of these compounds in the dermis than in other layers of the skin. On the other hand, it was observed that the encapsulated UV filters presented low retention rate into dermis

Fotoprotetores bioativos contendo extrato de mirtilo (Vaccinium myrtillus L. ): caracterização físico-química e funcional / Bioactive sunscreens containing blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L. ): physicochemical and funcional characterization

Os efeitos deletérios causados pela radiação ultravioleta (UV) e o aumento significativo no diagnóstico de câncer de pele, confirmam a necessidade de um progresso significativo na pesquisa de produtos fotoprotetores eficazes e seguros, para proteção eficaz da pele. As formulações atuais associam filtros UV, orgânicos e inorgânicos, com eficácia limitada e que podem acarretar reações cutâneas adversas. O extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. (EVM) apresenta em sua composição compostos fenólicos, como as antocianinas, que possuem atividade antioxidante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar formulações fotoprotetoras contendo extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. com amplo espectro de ação e concentrações reduzidas de filtros UV. As emulsões contendo ou não EVM e filtros orgânicos (octocrileno e metileno bis-benzotriazolil tetrametilbutilfenol) e inorgânico (dióxido de titânio) foram avaliadas e consideradas estáveis perante parâmetros pré-definidos. O perfil de segurança foi determinado pelo método in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) e o potencial antirradicalar do EVM foi confirmado pelo teste de DPPH• A formulação fotoprotetora acrescida de 5,0% de EVM foi avaliada quanto à eficácia fotoprotetora in vivo e in vitro e não demonstrou aumento significativo no FPS quando comparada à formulação que continha somente os filtros solares e, no ensaio referente à hidratação da pele, não houve alteração nos dados, segundo teste de eficácia clínica. Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que mesmo não apresentando aumento no valor de FPS in vivo, a formulação fotoprotetora contendo o extrato, poderia atuar como agente antioxidante evitando os danos provocados pela radiação UV

The deleterious effects caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the significant increase in the diagnosis of skin cancer confirm the need for significant progress in researching effective and safe sunscreen products for effective skin protection. Current formulations associate UV, organic and inorganic filters with limited efficacy that can lead to adverse skin reactions. Vaccinium myrtillus extract (EVM) contains in its composition polyphenols compounds, such as anthocyanins, which have been antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate sunscreens containing EVM with broad action spectrum and reduced concentrations of UV filters. Emulsions containing or not EVM and organic (octocrylene and methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) and inorganic (titanium dioxide) filters were evaluated and considered stable under pre-defined parameters. The safety of the emulsion was assessed was determined by the in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane method (HET-CAM) and the antiradical potential of EVM was confirmed by the DPPH• test. The sunscreen formulation containing EVM 5.0% was photoprotective efficacy evaluated in vivo and in vitro and did not show a significant increase in SPF when compared the formulation only with UV filters and no improves skin hydration, according to clinical efficacy assay. The results of the study suggest that even without increase SPF in vivo, the sunscreen formulation containing the extract may show antioxidant activity avoiding damage caused by UV

Fotoexposição: Hábitos e Conhecimento de Estudantes de Medicina / Sun Exposure: Habits and Knowledge of Undergraduate Medical Students

Introdução: é conhecimento básico na formação médica que a radiação ultravioleta pode provocar diversos danos à pele e que a fotoproteção é importante para evitar tais prejuízos. Essa informação deve ser aprofundada e discutida durante a graduação em qualquer área das ciências da saúde. Ainda, acredita-se que o impacto da informação deve resultar na aplicação do conhecimento na rotina de quem o recebe. Por isso, o trabalho buscou identificar em uma determinada instituição de ensino se alunos de medicina adquirem e tornam prático esse ensinamento. Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento sobre exposição solar de alunos de medicina correlacionando com a aplicabilidade dessa informação nos seus hábitos. Material e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal com 207 estudantes do Curso de Medicina da Universidade de Passo Fundo - RS - de julho a dezembro de 2016. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionário padronizado autoaplicativo. Resultados: 93,6% dos alunos entrevistados responderam que já haviam recebido instruções sobre fotoproteção. 84,4% já haviam cursado a disciplina de dermatologia e, desses, 77,3% já haviam atendido pacientes com câncer de pele. Porém, 29,6% de todos os alunos entrevistados relataram utilizar protetor solar diariamente. Conclusão: os dados apontam que os estudantes avaliados sabem que a exposição solar inadequada tem por consequência efeitos nocivos sobre a pele, porém não apresentam o hábito de fotoproteção. O conhecimento está presente, porém não é aplicado.(AU)

Introduction: It is basic knowledge in medical training that ultraviolet radiation can cause extensive damage to the skin and that sun protection is important to avoid such damages. This information should be deepened and discussed among undergraduate students in any field of health sciences. In addition, it is believed that the impact of information should result in the application of knowledge in the routine of who receives it. Therefore, this work aimed to identify whether medical students of a given educational institution have acquired this information and put it into practice. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of medical students about sun exposure correlating it with the applicability of this information in their routine. Material and Methods: This was a crosssectional, descriptive study was carried out with 207 students attending Medical School at the University of Passo Fundo - RS - from July to December 2016. The data were obtained through a standardized self-applicable questionnaire. Results: 93.6% of students said they had received instruction on photoprotection; 84.4% had already attended the dermatology course, of which 77.3% had been in contact with skin cancer patients. However, only 29.6% of all students interviewed reported using sunscreen daily. Conclusion: The results showed that the surveyed students know that inadequate sun exposure has harmful effects on the skin, but do not have the habit of photoprotection. Knowledge is present but it is not applied. (AU)

Sun Exposure Among Healthy Adults in a Health Facility

@#Introduction: Sun exposure is a risk for skin cancer but is beneficial for multiple other diseases. Recommendations for photoprotection are well defined, guidelines for optimal sun exposure is not clear. We determined sun exposure in healthy adults, considering their skin phototype and amount of skin exposed. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed involving healthy adults working in a tertiary health facility. Fitzpatrick skin phototype quiz was used to determine skin phototype. Sun exposure was quantified as an index (SEI); body surface area exposed times duration of exposure. Results: We recruited 167 volunteers, 110(66%) women and 56(34%) men. Mean age was 29.77±6.58 years, 124(74.7%) were Malay, 27(16.3%) Chinese, 14(8.4%) Indians and 1(0.6%) of other ethnicity. Fitzpatrick skin phototypes were 30(18.1%) type III, 109(65.7%) type IV and 27(16.3%) type V. Exposed body surface area was 13.96±8.33% in males and 14.55±9.58% in females. The duration of sun exposure per week in males was 11.52±6.11hours and 10.71±5.75 hours in females. Mean SEI was 160 ±144. The SEI in females was 158 ±151, 164 ±130 in males, p value =0.81. There were no significant differences in SEI between gender and skin phototypes. Conclusion: SEI was very low in our study population due to limited body surface area exposed and duration of sun exposure. SEI was higher in darker skin and males, however these were not statistically significant.

An overview of dermatological and cosmeceutical benefits of Diospyros kaki and its phytoconstituents

Abstract Diospyros kaki L.f. belonging to family Ebenaceae, commonly known as persimmon is used as a medicinal plant in Chinese traditional medicine since many years for different ailments including cosmetics and dermatologic applications. Traditionally this plant is used to treat different skin conditions including pimples, skin eruptions and eczema. Present interest has been focused toward use of natural bioactive compounds in various curative and beautifying applications in dermatological and cosmeceutical disciplines. The objective of this article is to present cumulative data on potential use of D. kaki for its possible role in dermatologic and cosmetic applications. Scientific data has revealed an excellent position of D. kaki in both dermatology and cosmetic discipline making it a valuable choice in respective field. Active principles from different plant parts have shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, photo-protective, and anti-wrinkle effects with appreciable activities against tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase enzymes. Promising antioxidant activity and skin whitening potential, augmented by reduction in sebum contents, and reduction in size and number of skin pores make it a suitable choice as cosmetic ingredient. Data has been summarized and presented on available molecular mechanism that can contribute toward phytoconstituents usage in cosmetics and dermatology mediated by different cellular pathways. Crude extracts and some of phytochemical obtained from this plant such as isoquercitrin and hyperin have better reported activities than well-known cosmetic ingredients viz., arbutin, kojic acid and hydroquinone with possibility of having no side effects. Photo protection against degenerative effects of UVA, UVB and gamma radiation can help skin to fight well against oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. Further investigation need to be directed toward human subjects for evaluation of these reported activities for obtaining optimum commercial and industrial benefits from this valuable plant.

Compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae with liposoluble photoprotectants and protective effect evaluation against solar radiation / Compatibilidade de Metarhizium anisopliae com fotoprotetores lipossolúveis e avaliação do efeito protetor contra a radiação solar

The aim of this study was to analyze the compatibility of the Metarhizium anisopliae JAB 68 isolate with liposoluble photoprotectants and the photoprotection conferred to its conidia. The fungus was cultivated in a medium with the photoprotectants Neo Heliopan® BB, Neo Heliopan® E 1000, Eusolex® 6007 and Neo Heliopan® AV in various concentrations. Vegetative growth, sporulation and germination were assessed to determine compatibility. Then, conidia were suspended in oil containing the compatible photoprotectants, in their respective concentrations, and exposed to 0-7 hours of light from a solar simulator operating at 1,000 W m-2. Neo Heliopan BB® and Neo Heliopan® E 1000 were compatible with M. anisopliae at 2% and 1%, respectively. Eusolex® 6007 and Neo Heliopan® AV were compatible up to 8% a 7%, respectively. Conidia exposed to radiation from the solar simulator, with photoprotectant-free oil as its carrier, presented germination of 78.12% after five hours. When adding any photoprotectant to the conidia oily suspension, the germination percentage was always higher than that obtained in the control. Neo Heliopan® BB at 1 and 2% and Neo Heliopan® AV at 0.5% increased the germination. After 7 hours of exposure the germination percentages were 93.77, 94.55 and 98.82%, respectively. Eusolex® 6007 was not as efficient as previous products, but in the same exposure period was able to protect the conidia (88.60% germination) when used at a 1% concentration. Adding photoprotectants in oily formulations of M. anisopliae protects against the harmful effects of UV radiation contributing to the fungus efficiency in the field.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a compatibilidade do isolado JAB 68 de Metarhizium anisopliae com fotoprotetores lipossolúveis e a fotoproteção conferida aos seus conídios. O fungo foi cultivado em meio contendo os fotoprotetores Neo Heliopan® BB, Neo Heliopan® E 1000, Eusolex® 6007, Neo Heliopan® AV em várias concentrações. O crescimento vegetativo, a esporulação e a germinação foram avaliados para determinar a compatibilidade. Conídios foram suspensos em óleo contendo os fotoprotetores compatíveis, em suas respectivas concentrações, e submetidos por 0 a 7 horas à luz de um simulador solar na potência de 1.000W m-2. Neo Heliopan BB® e Neo Heliopan® E 1000 foram compatíveis com M. anisopliae à 2% e 1%, respectivamente. Eusolex® 6007 e Neo Heliopan® AV foram compatíveis até 8% e 7%, respectivamente. Conídios de M. anisopliae expostos à radiação do simulador solar, tendo óleo isento de fotoprotetor como veículo, apresentaram germinação de 78,12% após cinco horas. Adicionando-se qualquer fotoprotetor à suspensão oleosa de conídios a porcentagem de germinação foi sempre maior que a obtida no controle. Neo Heliopan® BB a 1 e 2% e Neo Heliopan® AV a 0,5% incrementaram a germinação. Após 7 horas de exposição as porcentagens de germinação foram de 93,77, 94,55 e 98,82%, respectivamente. Eusolex® 6007 não foi tão eficiente quanto os produtos anteriores, mas no mesmo período de exposição foi capaz de proteger os conídios (88,60% de germinação) quando usado na concentração de 1%. A adição de fotoprotetores em formulações oleosas de M. anisopliae confere proteção aos raios UV, contribuindo com a eficiência do fungo no campo.

Perfil dos filtros solares utilizados nos fotoprotetores no Brasil / Photoprotectors profile in Brazilian sunscreens

Introdução: Filtros solares são os ingredientes ativos dos protetores solares capazes de promover proteção contra as radiações ultravioleta. O mercado tem oferecido um número crescente desses ingredientes, tornando a fórmula dos fotoprotetores cada vez mais variada. Objetivo: Listar os principais filtros solares que fazem parte das formulações à venda no Brasil, assim como registrar a presença de outros ingredientes dos protetores solares. Métodos: Os autores visitaram quatro farmácias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, (RJ), Brasil, e analisaram as fórmulas dos protetores solares com fator de proteção solar 30 encontrados. Os filtros solares encontrados nas formulações foram listados, e o percentual de cada um deles foi avaliado em relação ao total de todos os filtros presentes. A presença de extratos vegetais e antioxidantes também foi anotada. Resultados: Foram encontrados 30 fotoprotetores à venda com FPS 30 nos diferentes estabelecimentos, e todos foram analisados em sua composição. Neles havia 17 filtros solares, sendo o mais frequente nas formulações o dióxido de titânio, seguido pelo bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine. Conclusão: Este estudo apresenta o perfil dos filtros solares utilizados nos principais fotoprotetores à venda no Brasil e fornece dados para posterior avaliação de mudanças desse perfil ao longo dos anos, à medida que novos filtros solares sejam introduzidos no mercado.

Introduction: Photoprotectors are the active ingredients of sunscreens with the capability of protecting the skin against UV radiation. An increasing number of such photoprotection ingredients have been launched in the marketplace, causing sunscreens' formulas to become increasingly varied. Objective: To list the main active photoprotection ingredients contained in formulations commercially available in Brazil, as well as to document the presence of other ingredients contained in sunscreens. Methods: The authors inspected four drugstores in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and analyzed the formulas of the SPF 30 sunscreens available. The active photoprotector substances found in all formulations were listed and the percentage of each of them was compared to those contained in all sunscreens evaluated. The presence of plant extracts and antioxidants was also documented. Results: Thirty commercially available SPF 30 sunscreens were found in different drugstores, having their formulas analyzed. Within this sample, there were 17 different active photoprotection principles, of which titanium dioxide was the most frequently found, followed by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine. Conclusion: The present study lists the profiles of photoprotection active principles found in the main sunscreens on sale in Brazil and provides data for further evaluation of changes in these profiles over time, as new sunscreens are launched in the marketplace.

Mechanisms of skin aging / Mecanismos de envejecimiento de la piel / Mecanismos de envelhecimento da pele

SUMMARY Skin aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon of human life that results from either the age-dependent decline of cell function (intrinsic aging) or from cumulative exposure to external harmful influences (extrinsic aging). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors act synergistically to induce skin changes that manifest clinically as burns, erythema, hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, skin dryness or sagging, coarse wrinkles, skin texture changes or eventually as skin cancer. The molecular mechanisms of both types of skin aging are similar. This review focuses on intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of skin aging, and on current and new perspectives for prevention and treatment options extracted from natural products.

RESUMEN El envejecimiento cutáneo es un fenómeno biológico inevitable y puede ser el resultado de la disminución de la función celular como consecuencia del proceso normal de envejecimiento (envejecimiento intrínseco) o de la acumulación de los efectos dañinos debido a la exposición a factores nocivos externos (envejecimiento extrínseco). Los factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos actúan sinérgicamente para inducir cambios en la piel que se manifiestan clínicamente como quemaduras, eritema, hiperpigmentación, telangiectasias, sequedad de la piel o flacidez, arrugas profundas, cambios de textura o cáncer de piel. Los mecanismos moleculares de ambos tipos de envejecimiento de la piel son similares. Esta revisión se centra en una descripción general de los principales mecanismos intrínsecos y extrínsecos del envejecimiento de la piel así como en las medidas actuales de fotoprotección y en las nuevas perspectivas en cuanto a la prevención y al tratamiento basados en productos naturales.

RESUMO O envelhecimento cutâneo e um fenômeno biológico inevitável e pode ser o resultado da diminuição da função celular como consequência do processo normal do envelhecimento (envelhecimento intrínseco) ou do cúmulo dos efeitos daninhos devido à exposição com fatores nocivos externos (envelhecimento extrínseco). Os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos atuam sinergicamente para induzir mudanças na pele, que clinicamente manifestam-se como queimaduras, eritema, hiperpigmentação, telangiectasias, pele seca, rugas profundas, perda da tonalidade natural ou câncer de pele. Os mecanismos moleculares dos dois tipos de envelhecimento são similares. Esta revisão, centra-se na descrição geral dos principais mecanismos intrínsecos e extrínsecos do envelhecimento da pele, assim como nas medidas atuais de foto proteção e nas perspectivas referentes à prevenção e tratamento baseados no uso de produtos naturais.

Fotoprotetores bioativos multifuncionais contendo rutina, octil dimetil PABA e avobenzona: caracterização físico-química, funcional e eficácia clínica / Bioactive sunscreens containing rutin, octyl dimethyl PABA and avobenzone: physicochemical, functional and clinical characterization

A exposição crônica à radiação solar pode contribuir para o aparecimento do câncer de pele, sendo o uso de fotoprotetores um fator primordial na prevenção desses efeitos deletérios. Atualmente, substâncias bioativas tais como a rutina têm sido foco de interesse da comunidade científica graças às suas propriedades fotoprotetoras e antioxidantes, que podem promover aumento dos valores de FPS, além de conferir características multifuncionais às formulações. Achados in vitro recentes indicam que a rutina, quando incorporada em emulsões fotoprotetoras óleo em água, promove aumento da atividade antioxidante e aumento do FPS. No entanto, a realização de estudos clínicos é fundamental para confirmar e quantificar esses resultados, já que a metodologia in vitro possui baixa repetibilidade e ausência de correlação com ensaios in vivo, principalmente quando as formulações analisadas apresentam substâncias antioxidantes em sua composição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar pela primeira vez a atividade da rutina frente ao FPS e sua segurança clínica através da comparação de formulações fotoprotetoras contendo rutina 0.1% (w/w), avobenzona 3.0% (w/w) e octil dimetil PABA 8.0% (w/w) com uma preparação similar sem o composto bioativo. Adicionalmente, hidratação cutânea, FPS in vitro e atividade antioxidante da rutina em associação com outros filtros foram investigados. O perfil de segurança das formulações qualificou as fórmulas para os testes de eficácia clínica. O teste de DPPH confirmou a capacidade antioxidante da rutina, demonstrando cerca de 40% de aumento na capacidade de sequestro de radicais livres na presença do composto bioativo. A rutina em combinação com os filtros UV aumentou o FPS clínico de 7.30 ± 0.60 para 12.37 ± 1.13, o que representa cerca de 70% de aumento. Os resultados encontrados provam que a rutina em combinação com outros filtros pode aumentar significativamente o valor do FPS e que a mesma é segura para uso clínico

Unprotected chronic exposure to solar radiation can contribute to premature skin cancer and sunscreens are a key factor to avoid those detrimental effects. Currently, there is a growing interest in the photoprotector and antioxidant potential of bioactive substances, such as rutin, that could help to increase the SPF value and add multifunctional characteristics to the formulations. Recent in vitro findings indicated that rutin, when incorporated in oil-in-water photoprotective emulsions can provide antioxidant activity and SPF increase. However, clinical studies are fundamental to determine this activity duo to in vitro methodology lack of repeatability and correlation between the in vivo data, especially when the analyzed formulas contain antioxidant substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time to date the rutin in vivo SPF and clinical safety by comparing sunscreens formulations containing rutin 0.1% (w/w), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane 3.0% (w/w) and octyl dimethylPABA 8.0% (w/w) with a similar bioactive-free preparation. Additionally, skin hydration, in vitro SPF and in vitro antioxidant activity of rutin, in association with the UV filters were investigated. The safety profile of the formulations under sun-exposed skin conditions qualified the formulas for clinical efficacy assays. DPPH test confirmed rutin antioxidant properties, demonstrating about 40% increase in radical scavenging potential when the bioactive compound was present. Rutin in combination with the UV filters increased the clinical SPF from 7.30 ± 0.60 to 12.37 ± 1.13, representing about 70% growth in the SPF value. The results obtained proved that rutin in combination with UV filters can improve the SPF value significantly and is safe for clinical use

Development of sunscreen products containing passion fruit seed extract

Abstract Application of sunscreen is the most established method of protecting skin from premature aging and photoaging. In this study, the passion fruit seed extract, enriched with biologically beneficial phenolics, was formulated into sun-protective makeup product. The UVB protection of concealer mousse was found have twofold higher sun protection factor (SPF) than the liquid foundation (15.48 ± 1.60 and 5.88 ± 0.30, respectively). The SPF of concealer mousse as well as the liquid foundation containing 0.1% and 0.3% of the passion fruit seed extract were 18.75 ± 0.28, 18.99 ± 0.71 and 9.32 ± 0.88, 9.77 ± 1.37, respectively. Therefore, the concealers with a similar sun-protective efficacy (p>0.05) were included for stability test accordingly. The sun-protective efficacy did not significantly shift (p>0.05) because the 0.1% and 0.3% passion fruit extract concealers had SPF of 18.09 ± 1.48 and 18.60 ± 1.21. The concealers exhibited UVA photoprotection with a boot star rating of 4 and a critical wavelength wider than 370 nm. The safety of 0.1% passion fruit extract concealer mousse was assessed. It did not cause skin irritation when assessed in human volunteers. This sunscreen makeup product provides UVA and UVB protection and is therefore suitable for daily application.