EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATION ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) AND MURRAYA KOENIGII L.SPRENG

Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii are commonly occurring plants in Maharashtra belonging to family Rutaceae .Members of Rutaceae are rich in vitamin C content. Murraya koenigii locally known as curry patta and Aegle marmelos locally known as bael/ kawath is edible and used in various food preparations. They are known to have anti-infiammatory, anti-oxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial properties and It was thought necessary to find out if there was any variation in the phytochemical content ie mainly Vit C and antioxidant activity of these two plants especially in the leaves . It was observed that phytochemical content was higher during monsoon season.

Tunisian Ceratonia siliqua: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, Preparation and Characterization of Carob Emulsion System

Ceratonia siliqua were screened for their polyphenol content and antioxidant ability. A formulation of emulsion using the seed oil and galactomannans was assessed. Results showed that maceration contained the greatest amount of phenolics in organs. The best antioxidant capacity was found in seeds extract using soxhlet method. A chromatographic analysis of carob organs showed the predominance of gallic acid in fruits and pods.Fatty acid composition was dominated by palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids with 16.04, 38.08 and 38.85%, respectively. Finally, characterization of emulsions stabilized with the galactomannan from seeds proves that this biopolymer is an excellent food emulsifier. In fact, the production of emulsions having an average diameter of the dispersed droplets of a few micrometers and a creaming index greater than 80% reflects the very high stability. Overall, the results obtained indicated that C. siliqua can be valued as an emulsifier in several foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Comparative characterization of cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol for phytochemical, antioxidant and pharmacological properties using acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress mouse model / Caracterización comparativa de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol para propiedades fitoquímicas, antioxidantes y farmacológicas utilizando el modelo de ratón con estrés oxidativo inducido por acetaminofeno

This study was aimed to explore the comparative efficacy of cinnamon bark extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced oxidative stress. Cinnamon bark extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol were utilized or in-vivo analysis. From the results of in-vitro screening tests, cinnamon ethanolic extract was selected for in-vivo study in mouse model. For this, Balb/c albino mice were treated with cinnamon ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg), cinnamaldehyde (10 mg/kg) and kaempferol (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 days followed by single intraperitoneal administration of APAP during 8 hours. Blood and organ samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. The results showed that cinnamon bark ethanolic extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol ameliorated APAP-induced oxidative stress and organ toxicity in mice. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol possess comparable antioxidant potential even at 20-times less dose as compared to cinnamon bark ethanolic extract suggesting therapeutic potential in oxidative stress-related disorders.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la eficacia comparativa del extracto de corteza de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol contra el estrés oxidativo inducido por acetaminofén (APAP). Se utilizaron extracto de corteza de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol para el análisis in vivo. De los resultados de las pruebas de detección in vitro, se seleccionó el extracto etanólico de canela para estudio in vivo en modelo de ratón. Para ello, los ratones albinos Balb/c fueron tratados con extracto etanólico de canela (200 mg/kg), cinamaldehído (10 mg/kg) y kaempferol (10 mg/kg) por vía oral durante 14 días, seguido de la administración intraperitoneal única de APAP durante 8 horas. Se recogieron muestras de sangre y órganos para análisis bioquímicos e histopatológicos. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto etanólico de la corteza de canela, el cinamaldehído y el kaempferol mejoraron el estrés oxidativo inducido por APAP y la toxicidad orgánica en ratones. En conclusión, el cinamaldehído y el kaempferol poseen un potencial antioxidante comparable, incluso a una dosis 20 veces menor en comparación con el extracto etanólico de la corteza de canela, lo que sugiere un potencial terapéutico en los trastornos relacionados con el estrés oxidativo.

Preliminary phytochemical, microscopic analysis and metabolite profiling of Phoenix pusilla root

Palms are considered as familiar strangers. Various studies reported that the genus Phoenix was mostly cultivated,traditionally used plants as medicine, and also as an ornamental plant. In this present study, preliminary phytochemicalanalysis, the study of microscopical structures and the chemical constituents of Phoenix pusilla root was evaluated.Transverse Section of P. pusilla root was studied by sectioning the two different thickness roots and also powdermicroscopy was carried out. Non-polar, volatile constituents of crude ethanolic extract of root were analyzed byGC–MS. Primary and secondary metabolites quantification revealed that the carbohydrate content and total phenolicsconcentration were higher than the other metabolites. The physicochemical analysis showed the moisture content was3.78 ± 0.54, the ash content value was 2.46 ± 0.95, and the crude fiber content was higher than protein, fat content.Microscopy study showed the presence of unique tracheids. Metabolite profiling revealed the presence of 96 differentconstituents and more than 10 found to have biological importance. Pharmacognostic study is an important step ofresearch which reveals about shelf-life of the drug, adulterations, etc.

Phytochemical And Pharmacological Study Of Ashwagandha (withania Somnifera) Wild And Cultivated Varieties

Ashawagandha is herb used for various kinds of disease especially as a nervine tonic. Considering these facts many scientific studies were carried out and its memory, anti-stress activities were studied in detail. Aims and Objectives: To study the Phytochemical analysis and Pharmacological Study of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) varieties and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal wild purified with milk steam (WSWM) root powder. To study the efficacy of Wild and Cultivated varieties of Ashwagandha on rats through Elevated Plus Maze test and Morris Water Maze (MWM) model. Materials and Methods: The formulations Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal wild (WSW) root powder, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Nagori (WSN) root powder, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal wild purified with milk steam (WSWM) root powder, PG (Wheat powder placebo) were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various chemical constituents present. Animal experimentation was done on Wistar Albino Rats obtained from the animal house attached and are divided into three groups consisting of 6 rats per group. Nootropic agents are effectively screened using this paradigm in scopolamine-induced dementia. Elevated Plus Maze and Morris Water Maze (MWM) model are based on this phenomenon. Results: By performing phytochemical analysis, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Nagori (WSN) showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, proteins and amino acids. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal wild purified with milk steam (WSWM) showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins and amino acids and wheat powder placebo (PG) showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, proteins amino acids and flavonoids. Conclusion: The formulation group 3 (WSWM) showed remarkable reduction in the transfer latency time (in elevated plus maze test) from the acquisition day to the retention day and therefore considered Group 3 is statistically significant. The formulation group 3 (WSWM) showed remarkable reduction in the latency scores in Morris water maze and hence Group 3 (Ashwagandha wild purified with milk steam (WSWM) root powder) is statistically significant.

Antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective properties of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) compared to aspartame in alloxan-induced diabetic mice / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#This study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperglycemic potential of miracle fruit (MF) as well as its hepatic safety as compared to aspartame in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.@*METHODS@#MF extracts were prepared and screened for their phytochemical composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents and antioxidant potential were also determined. Additionally, MF was evaluated for its sensory attributes. For in vivo work, MF ethanol extract at high (MFH: 500 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and low (MFL: 250 mg/kg BW) doses as well as aspartame were injected intraperitoneally into alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels were determined following acute and subchronic treatment. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed, serum was collected for biochemical analysis and liver tissues were obtained for histopathological examination.@*RESULTS@#MF ethanol extract contained more flavonoids and tannins, and had higher 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (79.61%) compared to MF aqueous extract (P < 0.05). HPLC analysis of MF ethanol extract also revealed the presence of 10 antioxidants with quercetin comprising the major polyphenol. Additionally, sensory analysis of MF showed that its intake is effective in masking undesirable sourness. Subchronic administration of MFH proved amelioration of hyperglycemia in mice as compared to aspartame. Moreover, aspartame treatment significantly elevated (P < 0.05) the level of alanine aminotransferase and had destructive effects on the liver histopathology; however, hepatic architecture was restored by low and high doses of MF.@*CONCLUSION@#MF is an effective antihyperglycemic with hepatoprotective properties that can be used as a healthier alternative sweetening agent in place of aspartame for sour beverages.

Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Activities of Some Ethnobotanicals from North Eastern Nigeria against Culicine (Dipera: Culicidae) Mosquito

was led on 423 Type II diabetic patients going to diabetic facilities at emergency clinics in Addis Ababa. Study members were chosen by utilizing orderly arbitrary examining procedure. A pre-tried organized survey was utilized to gather the information. Understanding Activation Measure (PAM-13) was utilized to survey tolerant actuation levels. Information were entered and dissected utilizing SPSS rendition 23 for windows. Concentrate members' qualities were portrayed as far as mean (Standard deviation) and recurrence (extent). Bivariate examination and various calculated relapse investigations were completed to recognize free factors related with patient enactment among sort II diabetes patients. Results:The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 55.7(±9.8) years. Majority of the study participants, 319 (77.8%) had low meal planning knowledge, 62.4% of patients involved in low physical activity and 82.2% had poor glycemic control. About 75.6% of the patients had low activation and the remaining 24.4% had high activation. The independent factors associated with lower activation were Illiterate educational status (AOR=2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.3), low physical activity (AOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.9), low meal planning knowledge (AOR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.3-2.4), chronic comorbidities (AOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.6-3.9) and poor glycemic control (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.4–7.5).Conclusions:The findings revealed that majority of diabetic II patients had low activation; indicating patients had low knowledge and understanding regarding the influence of lifestyle in diabetes management. Illiterate educational status, low physical activity, low meal planning knowledge, chronic comorbidities and poor glycemic control were significantly associated with lower activation ether extracts with LC50(100.25, 115.53, 145.88, 68.44, 114.55, 46.79, and 175.07ppm).The larvicidal effect of individual isolates of alkaloids, tannin, saponins, azadirachtin, phenol and steroids demonstrated larvicidal potentials against 3rdinstar larvae ofculicine, where, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycoside showed no larvicidal potentials against culicine larvae. The larvicidal potential of each plant depend on the number of active ingredients and quantity available in each extract.In conclusion, the present plant extracts have potentials for development of new and safe control products for culicine mosquitoes.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antiplasmodial (curative) Activities of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Morinda lucida (Ewe Oruwo) in Male Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65

Aim:Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many infections and diseases including malaria. The study was conducted to determine the effect of in vivoanti-plasmodialand antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Morinda lucidain male Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium Berghei NK65. Study Design and Methodology:Phytochemical, GC-MS and AAS analyses were determined in the plant. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium bergheiNK65. Thirty-five (35) mice were grouped into seven groups, five per group. Group A were not infected with P.bergheiNK65.Group B, C and D served as the negative and positive control groups while Group E, F and G mice were treated with 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of methanolic leaf extract of M. lucida. Haematological parameters were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. TP, MDA, CAT, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and vitamin A were all determined in the liver homogenateusing standard procedures.Results:The GC-MS result of the M. lucidashows the presence of five bioactive compounds. It was also observed that the plant contains the following minerals: iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and copper. Acute toxicity shows that the LD50>000mg/Kg b.wt. The extract caused 30.96%, 32.93% and 67.23% reduction in parasitemia at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 96.53% and artesunate exerted 92.03% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively. The Haematological parameters showed that the plant extractis nothaematotoxic since it significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count, and increase RBC, HGB, and HCT values in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. This study shows that the mean lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice (group C, D, E, F and G) compared to the untreated mice (group B). There was also a significant increase in the total protein, catalase, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and Vitamin A levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of M. lucidacompared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that Morinda lucidapossess antiplasmodial activity in male Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Cladophora glomerata: green marine algae

Background: Seaweeds since ages are excellent source of biologically active ingredients. Several Asian countries have a strong tradition of using various seaweeds in herbal medicines preparations. These plants contain various phytochemical constituents having biological activities. Seaweeds are the source of phytochemicals namely agar-agar, carrageenan and algin, which are extensively used in various industries such as food, confectionary, textiles, pharmaceuticals, dairy and paper industries mostly as gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents. They are also used for human consumption, animal feed and as manure in several countries. Several Asian countries are using various seaweeds in traditional medicines.Methods: In the present study, the shade dried and methanolic extract of Cladophora glomerata, a marine green algae was subjected to preliminary phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis(GC-MS) to identify the various bioactive components.Results: The methanolic extract of Cladophora glomerata revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes and carbohydrates. The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of Cladophora glomerata showed the presence of 42 different compounds. The major compounds were dibutyl phthalate (27.07%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (9.58%), 1,2-benzene-di-carboxylic acid (8.11%), octatriacontyl trifluoroacetate (6.81%), cholesterol (6.66%).Conclusions: Thus, in the present study of Cladophora glomerata, phytochemical and GC-MS analysis provides an important novel information to support further ongoing studies to evaluate structure of bioactive compound and its pharmacological activities.

Phytochemical Profiling Using Lc-Q-Tof-Ms Analysis And In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of A Rare Salt-Secreting Mangrove Aegialitis Rotundifolia Roxb. Leaves Extract

Objective: The present work deals with the qualitative study of the phytoconstituents present in Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb., ethanolic leaves extract and evaluate its antioxidant properties in vitro. Methods: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed first using preliminary phytochemical tests and then by liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The antioxidant properties were investigated comprehensively using seven in vitro models viz., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, superoxide (SOD) radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, reducing power (RP), and total antioxidant activity. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several important phytochemical groups whereas the LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis detected 25 phytoconstituents in the extract mostly belonging to flavonoids and alkaloids. The test extract showed strong dose-dependent antioxidant activity in all the seven in vitro models, however, the activity of the extracts was slightly lower compared to the reference standard ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The test extract showed strong antioxidant properties which could be possibly due to the phytoconstituents detected in the extract.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Crude Methanol Extract of Phoenix dactylifera Seeds on Clinical Isolates of Different Strains of E. coli

Aim:This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of seed extract of Phoenix dactylifera.Study Design:Extraction of active ingredients of Phoenix dactyliferaseeds using methanol and its effects on selected clinical isolates and isolated strains of E. coli.Place and Duration of Study:`Department of Phatrmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between march 2017 and October 2018.Methodology:The seed of phoenix dactylifera were washed thoroughly to get rid of any adhering date flesh, air dried and ground. The ground powders were subjected to extraction by cold maceration using methanol. Preliminary sensitivity test was carried out against eight microorganisms, namely:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Staph. spp, Salmonella spp, Bacillus sp and Candida albicansusing agar diffusion method. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out on isolated strains of E. colifrom urine samples using agar diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of crude methanol extract of seeds of Phoenix dactyliferawere determined using agar diffusion method. The phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the secondary metabolites.Results:The preliminary sensitivity test performed shows that the crude methanol extract of date seed were sensitive against all organisms tested. The active ingredients of the extract showed activities against all strains of E.colitested though their zones of inhibition vary (18-21mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranges from 10-19.9 mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of crude methanol seed extract of P. dacteriferaindicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, reducing sugar, sterols and Terpenes, Anthraquinone glycosides.Conclusion:The present study provides the scientific information about Phoenix dactyliferaseed activity

Effect of Methanolic Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Blood Pressure, Some Electrolytes, Renal and Cardiac Biomarkers in 8% NaCl Induced Hypertensive Male Wistar Rats

Background: Ocimum gratissimum (OG) is a shrub belonging to the family of Lamiaceae. It is commonly called scent leaf or clove basil and it is found in many tropical countries. Studies have shown that the leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum possess medicinal properties. Aim: The effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum on blood pressure, electrolytes, renal and cardiac biomarkers in 8% NaCl- induced hypertensive male Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty Wistar rats (120-160) g were assigned to 5 groups of eight rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 constitute the normal, hypertensive group, OG (200 mg/kg bwt) group, OG (400 mg/kg bwt) group and reference drugs (lisinopril, 30 mg/kg) group respectively. Group 3, 4 and 5 were given the extract and reference drug through oral gavage. All groups except group 1 were induced with 8% NaCl from 0-4weeks before treatment with OG and reference drug from 5-8 weeks. Electrolytes and other biochemical parameters were assayed using standard methods. Results: The phytochemical results revealed the presence of phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytate, tannis and saponin. At 4 weeks (after induction), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum sodium, chloride, urea, and creatinine significantly (p<0.05) increased while serum potassium significantly (p<0.05) decreased in all the groups except group 1. At 8 weeks, after treatment with OG (200 mg/kgbwt), OG (400 mg/kgbwt) and lisinopril (30 mg/kg), SBP, DBP, serum sodium, chloride, urea, and creatinine significantly(p<0.05) decreased while serum potassium significantly (p<0.05) increased. Creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB however, were not significantly altered after the 4th and 8th week. Conclusion: OG extract possesses an antihypertensive effect and enhances the proper functioning of the kidney. It may also be useful in hypertensive condition due to its nephroprotective effect at 200mg/kgbwt and 400 mg/kgbwt.

Sensory and chemical evaluation of tea brews prepared with the assistance of ultrasound / Avaliação sensorial e química de infusões de chás preparados com o emprego do ultrassom

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to evaluate sensory and phytochemical (polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine) estimation of black and green tea brews obtained in an alternative way through brewing with the assistance of ultrasound. Brews produced with the application of sonication for 2 minutes and 1 minute were the most preferred by the sensory evaluation team. Evaluation of the brews in terms of component descriptors, i.e. fragrance, flavour and colour, was varied and depended on the kinds of tea and on the applied experimental factors. It was demonstrated that ultrasound have a significant effect on the extraction of active substances, i.e. polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine, from black and green tea. The application of sonication caused a significant increase in the concentration of flavonoids (by ca. 29% and 73%), polyphenols (by ca. 34% and 41%) and caffeine (by ca. 51% and 60%) in the tea brews.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a atividade sensorial e fitoquímica (polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína) de infusões de chá preto e verde empregando o ultrassom. As infusões produzidas com a aplicação de sonicação por 2 e 1 minutos foram as mais preferidas pela equipe de avaliação sensorial. A avaliação das infusões em termos de descritores de componentes, isto é, fragrância, sabor e cor, foi variada e dependeu dos tipos de chás e dos fatores experimentais aplicados. Foi demonstrado que o ultrassom tem um efeito significativo na extração de substâncias ativas, ou seja, polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína, do chá preto e verde. A aplicação de sonicação causou um aumento significativo na concentração de flavonóides (em cerca de 29% e 73%), polifenóis (em cerca de 34% e 41%) e cafeína (em cerca de 51% e 60%) das infusões de chá.

Antidiabetic activity evaluation of Onobrychis species on alloxan-induced diabetic mice

In the current study, four Onobrychis species, O. albiflora Hub.-Mor., O. argyrea Boiss. subsp. argyrea Boiss., O. galegifolia Boiss., and O. tournefortii (Willd.) Desv. were collected from Anatolia to be evaluated for their antidiabetic activities. Methanol water extracts of the aerial parts were used for experiments. An alloxan-induced diabetic mice test model was used. Phytochemical analysis of the tested extracts was investigated using the HPLC method. The highest activity was observed with treatment of O. albiflora aerial part extract. Significant decrements were detected in the blood glucose levels as follows: 180.83±47.48 and 252.83±50.47mg/dL at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of O. albiflora, respectively, when compared to the isotonic saline solution control group, eliciting a blood glucose level of 494.20±27.32. Among the tested standard compounds, rutin and isoquercetin were detected in the examined species. The highest amount of rutin (1.1981±0.0017%) and isoquercetin (0.7318±0.0197%) were found in O. albiflora and O. argyrea subsp. argyrea, respectively. Antidiabetic activities of the tested Onobrychis species seem to indicate a possible correlation with their rutin and isoquercetin contents. Therefore, rutin and isoquercetin may be the antidiabetic compounds that contribute to the antidiabetic activity of the tested Onobrychis species.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant profile of methanolic extract of seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour

Objective:To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.Methods:Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol (MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites (primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power capacity (RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals.Results:It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [ECConclusions:This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.

Proximate composition, nutritional values and phytochemical screening of Piper retrofractum vahl.fruits

Objective:To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum (P.retrofractum) vahl.Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids,phenol and flavonoid.Methods:The proximate composition of P.retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist.Meanwhile,mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods.Results:The results showed that P.retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate (63.4％),crude protein (11.4％),total ash (4.29％),dietary fiber (28.8％) and total fat (2.97％).The fruit also contained calcium,copper,iron,magnesium,phosphor,potassium,sodium and zinc in different concentrations.Additionally,quinone,sterol,glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts.Moreover,tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts.Meanwhile,methanol extract contained sterol,glycosides,flavones,tannin and alkaloid.The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract.Finally,small quantity of flavonoid (0.060 0％±0.000 2％) was observed.Conclusions:The overall results show that P.retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values,which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.

Phytochemical characterization of polyphenolic compounds with HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and evaluation of lipid-lowering capacity of aqueous extracts from Saharan plant Anabasis aretioides (Coss & Moq.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Anabasis aretioides (Coss & Moq.), a Saharan plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae family, is widely distributed in semi-desert areas from the Tafilalet region of Morocco. This plant is extensively used by local population against diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous A. aretioides extract on lipid metabolism in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to identify the polyphenolic compounds present. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous A. aretioides extract was also evaluated.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effect of an aerial part aqueous extract (APAE) of A. aretioides (5 mg/kg of lyophilized A. aretioides APAE) on plasma lipid profile was investigated in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats (n = 6) after once daily oral administration for 15 days. The aqueous extract was tested for its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. Polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were definitively characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In diabetic rats, oral administration of A. aretioides APAE provoked a significant decrease in both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels from the first to the second week (P < 0.01). A significant decrease on plasma triglyceride levels was also observed in normal rats (P < 0.01), where the reduction was 53%. In addition, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 12 polyphenolic compounds. Moreover, according to the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the aqueous extract showed an in vitro antioxidant activity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aqueous A. aretioides APAE exhibits lipid-lowering and in vitro antioxidant activities. Many polyphenols were present in this extract and these phytoconstituents may be involved in the pharmacological activity of this plant.</p>

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant profile of methanolic extract of seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour

Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol (MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites (primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power capacity (RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC

Proximate composition, nutritional values and phytochemical screening of Piper retrofractum vahl. fruits

Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum (P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P. retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Meanwhile, mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed that P. retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate (63.4%), crude protein (11.4%), total ash (4.29%), dietary fiber (28.8%) and total fat (2.97%). The fruit also contained calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium, sodium and zinc in different concentrations. Additionally, quinone, sterol, glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Meanwhile, methanol extract contained sterol, glycosides, flavones, tannin and alkaloid. The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract. Finally, small quantity of flavonoid (0.060 0%±0.000 2%) was observed. Conclusions: The overall results show that P. retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values, which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.

Actividad antimicrobiana de cuatro variedades de plantas frente a patógenos de importancia clínica en Colombia / Antimicrobial activity of four varieties of plants against pathogens clinical significance in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de las plantas Bauhinia sp., Sambucus nigra, Eichhornia crassipes y Taraxacum officinale frente a patógenos de importancia clínica. Método. La metodología incluyó la adquisición, secado, maceración, molienda, preparación de los extractos crudos etanólicos y concentración por rotaevaporación, análisis fitoquimico y se separaron las fracciones por cromatografía en capa fina. Las pruebas antimicrobianas se realizaron con diferentes concentraciones de los extractos según las indicaciones de Clinical and Laboratory Standars Institute. Los microorganismos utilizados fueron Enterococcus faecium resistente a vancomicina, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae con presencia de KPC, Providencia rettgeri con presencia de ESBLs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (3-lisina y Candida albicans. Resultados. Las cromatografías permitieron comprobar la presencia de flavonoides, terpenos, saponinas, fenoles, quinonas y alcaloides que han sido reportados con actividad antimicrobiana. En los ensayos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se encontró que los extractos presentaban diversos grados de inhibición frente a los microrganismos de estudio, siendo el más eficaz los tallos de T. officinale. Conclusión. Se puede concluir que los extractos vegetales podrían ser una alternativa de tratamiento para infecciones nosocomiales.

Objective. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of plants Bauhinia sp., Sambucus nigra, Taraxacum officinale and Eichhornia crassipes against clinically important pathogens. Method. The methodology included the acquisition, drying, soaking, grinding, preparing ethanolic crude extracts and concentration by rotary evaporation; phytochemical analysis, visualization by thin layer chromatography. Antimicrobial tests were performed with different concentrations of extracts as indicated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The microorganisms used were Enterococcus faecium vancomycin-resistant, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae with KPC, Providencia rettgeri presence of ESBLs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (3-lysine and Candida albicans. Results. Chromatographies allowed checking the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, phenols, quinones and alkaloids have been reported having antimicrobial activity. In antimicrobial susceptibility tests it found that extracts showed varying degrees of inhibition against microorganisms study, the most effective stems T. officinale. Conclusion. It can be concluded that plant extracts may be alternative in the treatment of nosocomial infections.