Rapid Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Annaca by Infrared Spectroscopy / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish an infrared spectroscopic method for the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples. Methods Qualitative and quantitative modeling samples were prepared by mixing high-purity caffeine and sodium benzoate. The characteristic absorption peaks of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples were determined by analyzing the infrared spectra of the mixed samples. The quantitative model of infrared spectra was established by partial least squares （PLS）. Results By analyzing the infrared spectra of 17 mixed samples of caffeine and sodium benzoate （the purity of caffeine ranges from 10% to 80%）, the characteristic absorption peaks for caffeine were determined to be 1 698, 1 650, 1 237, 972, 743, and 609 cm-1. The characteristic absorption peaks for sodium benzoate were 1 596, 1 548, 1 406, 845, 708 and 679 cm-1. When the detection of all characteristic absorption peaks was the positive identification criteria, the positive detection rate of caffeine and sodium benzoate in 48 seized Annaka samples was 100%. The linear range of PLS quantitative model for caffeine was 10%-80%, the coefficient of determination （ R2） was 99.9%, the root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） was 0.68%, and the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） was 0.91%; the linear range of PLS quantitative model for sodium benzoate was 20%-90%, the R2 was 99.9%, the RMSECV was 0.91% and the RMSEP was 1.11%. The results of paired sample t test showed that the differences between the results of high performance liquid chromatography method and infrared spectroscopy method had no statistical significance. The established infrared quantitative method was used to analyze 48 seized Annaka samples, the purity of caffeine was 27.6%-63.1%, and that of sodium benzoate was 36.9%-72.3%. Conclusion The rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples by infrared spectroscopy method could improve identification efficiency and reduce determination cost.

Determination and Comparison of the Content of Sodium Benzoate in Medicinal and Non-medicinal Grade by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method to determine and compare the contents of sodium benzoate in medicinal(phar-maceutical excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients) and non-medicinal (chemical reagents and food additives) grade. METHODS:HPLC was conducted for content determination,SPSS 18.0 software was adopted to compare the results. The column was Purospher STAR LP RP-18 endcapped with mobile phase of acetotrile-0.02% formic acid(adjusted pH to 4.0 with aqua ammo-nia)(30∶70,V/V)at a flow rate was 1.0 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 230 nm,column temperature was 35 ℃,and vol-ume injection was 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear range of sodium benzoate was 10.5-525.3 μg/ml(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision, stability,reproducibility and durability tests were lower than 0.5%;recovery was 99.38%-101.26%(RSD=0.56%,n=9). The av-erage contents of sodium benzoate in medicinal and non-medicinal grade were between 99.400%-99.875%,but the average content of non-medicinal grade is lower than the medical grade. CONCLUSIONS:The method is accurate and simple with high specificity and good reproducibility,and can be used to determine and compare the content of sodium benzoate in medicinal and non-medici-nal grade.

Basophil Activation Test with Food Additives in Chronic Urticaria Patients

The role of food additives in chronic urticaria (CU) is still under investigation. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between food additives and CU by using the basophil activation test (BAT). The BAT using 15 common food additives was performed for 15 patients with CU who had a history of recurrent urticarial aggravation following intake of various foods without a definite food-specific IgE. Of the 15 patients studied, two (13.3%) showed positive BAT results for one of the tested food additives. One patient responded to monosodium glutamate, showing 18.7% of CD203c-positive basophils. Another patient showed a positive BAT result to sodium benzoate. Both patients had clinical correlations with the agents, which were partly determined by elimination diets. The present study suggested that at least a small proportion of patients with CU had symptoms associated with food additives. The results may suggest the potential utility of the BAT to identity the role of food additives in CU.

Chemicals and lemon essential oil effect on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris viability

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is considered to be one of the important target microorganisms in the quality control of acidic canned foods. There is an urgent need to develop a suitable method for inhibiting or controlling the germination and outgrowth of A.acidoterrestris in acidic drinks. The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemicals used in the lemon industry (sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate), and lemon essential oil as a natural compound, against a strain of A.acidoterrestris in MEB medium and in lemon juice concentrate. The results pointed out that sodium benzoate (500-1000-2000 ppm) and lemon essential oil (0.08- 0.12- 0.16%) completely inhibited the germination of A. acidoterrestris spores in MEB medium and LJC for 11 days. Potassium sorbate (600-1200 ppm) was more effective to inhibit the growth of the microbial target in lemon juice than in MEB medium. The effect of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and essential oil was sporostatic in MEB and LJC as they did not affect spore viability.

Hiperamonemia en niños: clasificación y opciones terapéuticas / Hyperammonaemia in children: classification and therapeutic options

La hiperamonemia se presenta en forma secundaria por aumento en la producción de amonio, como en la hemorragia gastrointestinal o disminución de la eliminación, como ocurre en errores innatos del metabolismo, principalmente en aquellos con defectos en el ciclo de la urea, insuficiencia hepática o fármacos. Clasificar la hiperamonemia y reportar las opciones terapéuticas en niños, su abordaje clínico y revisión de la literatura. Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal de niños con hiperamonemia. Variables: edad, género, etiología, niveles de amonio, clínica, tratamiento. 21 pacientes, 12 (57,12%) varones y 9 (42,88%) hembras. Edad promedio 3,91 años (rango:<1mes-14 años). Amonio promedio general 214,66 mmol/l (rango:110-980), clasificados según severidad: sin insuficiencia hepática 11/21 con promedio de amonio 99,44 y 201 mmol/l en hiperamonemia leve y moderada respectivamente. Clínica y laboratorio de insuficiencia hepática en 10/21 con promedio de amonio de 114,44, 287,51 y 756,66 en leve, moderada y severa hiperamonemia, con una diferencia significativa entre el nivel de amonio y la presencia o ausencia de insuficiencia hepática (p<0,0001); 5/10 con insuficiencia hepática ingresaron a terapia intensiva, 4 de ellos presentaron encefalopatía hepática, un paciente fallecido. Etiología: Error innato del metabolismo 33,33%, toxicidad por medicamentos 23,80%, hepatitis viral A fulminante 19,04% y otros virus 9,52%, hepatitis autoinmune 4,76% y urosepsis 4,76%. En los casos leves-moderados se administró lactulosa dosis respuesta vía oral 19/21 y por enema rectal 7/21 con L-carnitina en 15/21 y en Hiperamonemia severa adicionalmente Benzoato de sodio en 4/21 y hubo indicación de hemodiálisis en 3 pacientes. Restricción proteica en todos, vitaminoterapia y 6 niños tratados con ácido ursodeoxicólico. La hiperamonemia es multifactorial, requiere diagnóstico temprano, la clasificación de severidad permite el tratamiento oportuno para evitar complicaciones....

Hyperammonaemia occurs secondarily by increased production of ammonia, as gastrointestinal bleeding or decreased elimination, as occurs in inborn errors of metabolism, especially in those with defects in the urea cycle, liver failure or drugs. To classify the report hyperammonaemia and therapeutic options in children, its clinical approach and review of the literature. Prospective, descriptive and transversal children with hyperammonaemia. Variables: age, gender, etiology, ammonia levels, clinical treatment. 21 patients, 12 (57,12%) males and 9 (42,88%) females. Mean age 3,91 years (range: <1m-14a). ammonium 214,66 mmol / l (range :110-980), classified according to severity: no hepatic impairment 11/21 with 99,44 average ammonium and 201 mmol / l in Hyperammoanemia mild and moderate respectively. Clinical and laboratory liver failure 10/21 with ammonium averaging 114,44, 287,51 and 756,66 as mild, moderate and severe hyperammonemia, with a significant difference between the level of ammonia and the presence or absence of liver failure (p < 0,0001), 5/10 with liver failure admitted to intensive care, 4 of them had hepatic encephalopathy, a patient died. Etiology: An inborn error of metabolism 33,33%, 23,80% drug toxicity, fulminant viral hepatitis and other viruses 19,04% 9,52% 4,76% autoimmune hepatitis and urosepsis 4,76%. In mild-moderate cases were given oral lactulose Dose 19/21 and by enema rectal 7/21 with L-carnitine in 15/21 and further severe Hyperammonemia sodium benzoate 4/21 and was indication of hemodialysis in 3 patients. Protein restriction at all, vitamin therapy and 6 children treated with ácidoursodeoxicólico. Hyperammonemia is multifactorial, requires early diagnosis, classification of severity allows early treatment to avoid complications and development of irreversible neurological sequelae

Sodium Benzoate Mediated Hepatorenal Toxicity in Wistar Rat: Modulatory Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf.

Aims: Morbidity and mortality from kidney and liver diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide due to exposure of these organs to many kinds of xenobiotics. Medicinal herbs have been used widely to treat these disorders as there is no specific treatment in modern medicine to counter the menace. The study was carried out to investigate the protective role of Azadirachita indica (neem) leaf on kidney and liver damage caused by subchronic administration of sodium benzoate in rat. Study design: Experimental animal study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria between January and June 2011. Methodology: 200mg/kg bw of sodium benzoate was administered to rats in test groups (B, C and D) every 4 days while control group (A) received distilled water. Group C and D were treated with daily administration of 200mg/kg bw and 500mg/kg bw methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica respectively for 14 days while group B were not treated. Results: Sodium benzoate caused growth depression in rats as well as alteration in hepatic and renal functions revealed by significant elevation in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, uric acid and creatinine. Administration of Azadirachta indica leaf extract tend to ameliorate the adverse effect of sodium benzoate toxicity in rat tissue as it bring the affected biochemical parameters close to normal in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggest that Azadirachta indica leaf has modulatory effect on sodium benzoate induced toxicity in rats.

Effects of Chemical Treatment and Pasteurization on the Shelf Life of Kunun Zaki (Sorghum and Maize Gruel).

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of chemical treatment as well as pasteurization on the shelf life of “kunun zaki” (a non-alcoholic beverage commonly consumed by the people of northern Nigeria), to increase the shelf life and preserve the quality of the beverage. Kunun zaki was produced by dry -cleaning, washing, steeping (sorghum for 24 hours and maize for 48 hours), malting for 72 hours at room temperature, wet milling, mixing, cooking and filtering to obtain the liquor. The product was treated with 0.1% sodiumbenzoate or sodium metabisulphite or their combinations. These were packed and pasteurized in bottles at 60oC for one hour. Another batch of samples were chemically treated but not pasteurized. Pasteurized samples which were not chemically treated served as control. Samples were stored at ambient temperature and monitored for changes in pH, titratable acidity, total solid, total sugars, acceptability and colour for four weeks. The pH and sugar decreased and the decrease was more pronounced in non pasteurized samples irrespective of chemical treatment. Titratable acidity increased in all samples with storage time. Pasteurized kunun zaki which received no chemical treatment deteriorated after one week of storage. Samples treated with 0.1% sodium benzoate or sodium metabisulphite or their combination without pasteurization deteriorated after two weeks of storage. Samples which were similarly treated and pasteurized were stable for more than three weeks. Pasteurization enhanced effectiveness of chemical preservation and acceptability of kunun zaki.

Effects of Chemical Treatment and Pasteurization on the Shelf Life of Kunun Zaki (Sorghum and Maize Gruel).

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of chemical treatment as well as pasteurization on the shelf life of “kunun zaki” (a non-alcoholic beverage commonly consumed by the people of northern Nigeria), to increase the shelf life and preserve the quality of the beverage. Kunun zaki was produced by dry -cleaning, washing, steeping (sorghum for 24 hours and maize for 48 hours), malting for 72 hours at room temperature, wet milling, mixing, cooking and filtering to obtain the liquor. The product was treated with 0.1% sodiumbenzoate or sodium metabisulphite or their combinations. These were packed and pasteurized in bottles at 60oC for one hour. Another batch of samples were chemically treated but not pasteurized. Pasteurized samples which were not chemically treated served as control. Samples were stored at ambient temperature and monitored for changes in pH, titratable acidity, total solid, total sugars, acceptability and colour for four weeks. The pH and sugar decreased and the decrease was more pronounced in non pasteurized samples irrespective of chemical treatment. Titratable acidity increased in all samples with storage time. Pasteurized kunun zaki which received no chemical treatment deteriorated after one week of storage. Samples treated with 0.1% sodium benzoate or sodium metabisulphite or their combination without pasteurization deteriorated after two weeks of storage. Samples which were similarly treated and pasteurized were stable for more than three weeks. Pasteurization enhanced effectiveness of chemical preservation and acceptability of kunun zaki.

Efeito in vitro de concentrações de metabisulfito de sódio, benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio sobre fungos termorresistentes / In vitro effect of concentrations of sodium metabisulphite, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate on heat-resistant fungi

Os fungos termorresistentes dos gêneros Byssochlamys, Neosartorya e Talaromyces representam grave problema para a indústria processadora de alimentos, especialmente de frutas e hortaliças, em virtude da ocorrência de ascosporos extremamente resistentes e/ou de micotoxinas termo estáveis. Com o propósito de fornecer subsídios quanto ao uso de quantidades mais racionais de conservantes pela indústria de alimentos e, portanto, tornar seu consumo menos danoso à população, o presente estudo determinou in vitro a concentração mínima de metabissulfito de sódio, benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio necessária e suficiente para inibir o crescimento micelial e a germinação de ascósporos de B. fulva, N. fischeri e T.flavus em meio de cultivo acidificado (pH 3,5). Foi demonstrado que metabissulfito de sódio em baixas concentrações é tão eficiente na inibição dos fungos mencionados quanto aos demais conservantes em altas concentrações. Por comparação com os procedimentos utilizados pelas indústrias de alimentos, é possível inferir que estas podem reformular o uso de conservantes, considerando-se o tipo de matéria-prima, a temperatura de processamento, a combinação e concentração efetivamente necessária de aditivos, bem como os efeitos tóxicos desses compostos para a saúde humana.

Clinical manifestation and MRI feature on three patients of toxic encephalopathy after inhaling caffeine and sodium benzoate / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To study the clinical manifestation and MRI feature of toxic encephalopathy after inhaling caffeine and sodium benzoate. Methods Three patients with toxic encephalopathy induced by inhaling caffeine and sodium benzoate were observed clinically and with MRI. Results The 3 patients were male. They all had definite addiction histories (the time of addiction for 3 years to 7 years ). There were special language and retropulsive dystonia besides the common characteristics of toxic encephalopathy:reaction retardation and disturbance of intelligence. MRI showed the change of generalized demyelination in bilateral symmetrical cerebral hemisphere, posterior limbs of internal capsule, corpus callosum, medial lemniscus, and cerebellum hemisphere dentate nucleus. The clinical symptoms of 3 patients were significantly improved 40 days after the adrenocortical steroid and neurotrophic treatment. The mild mood disorder remained in case 1. Conclusion Clinical manifestation and MRI of toxic encephalopathy after inhaling caffeine and sodium benzoate are known, so we could diagnose the patients of the disease in time.

Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Change of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Methyl Hippuric Acid among Workers Coexposed to Toluene and Xylene / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the effect of drink containing sodium benzoate on the change of urinary hippuric acid (UHA) and methyl hippuric acid (UMHA) excretion among workers coexposed to low toluene and xylene. METHODS: Study subjects were 55 male shipbuilders who were divided into 3 groups; nonexposed group (n=10, who were not exposed to organic solvent and had drunk sodium benzoate), exposed A group (n=24, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had drunk sodium benzoate), and exposed B group (n=21, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had not drunk sodium benzoate). The study methodology consisted of questionnaire survey, urinary analysis for metabolites of toluene and xylene before and after drinking with or without sodium benzoate, and personal air sampling of toluene and xylene. RESULTS: Before drinking, there was no significant difference in UHA or UMHA between the exposed A and B groups. After 1.5 hour of drinking, UHA of the exposed A group was significantly higher than that of the exposed B group. After 3 hours, however, UHA of the exposed A group was decreased to the level of the exposed B group, regardless of the ambient toluene level. UMHA exhibited no significant difference between the exposed A and B groups regardless of time and ambient toluene level. The regression model showed that drinking of sodium benzoate was positively correlated with UHA after 1.5 hours of drinking, but not after 3 hours. In addition, sodium benzoate didn't affect UMHA. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that sodium benzoate initially increased UHA temporally but that its effect disappeared after 3 hours. In the medical examination of toluene exposure workers, the ingestion of drink containing sodium benzoate should be forbidden during the 3 hours prior to urinary sampling.

Contents Determination of2Compositions in Liquor Nitrofurazoni Solution by RP-HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of furacillin and sodium ben-zoate in furacillin solution.METHODS:Shim-pack C 8 was used as the chromatographic column;the mobile phase was methanol-water(35∶65),the detecting wavelength was240nm.RESULTS:The linear ranges of furacillin and sodium ben-zoate were1.0～40.0?g/ml(r=0.9998)and5.0～200.0?g/ml(r=0.9996)respectively,the average recovery was100.1%(RSD=1.52%)and99.7%(RSD=1.57%)respectively.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid and accurate and it can be used for the quality control of furacillin solution.