Physicochemical properties and penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite with surfactants

Abstract The aim was to assess the physicochemical properties and the penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)2], with or without surfactants. The surfactants benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 were mixed at different concentrations with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), Ca(OCl)2 and distilled water (control). Once the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants in Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl was determined, pH, free chlorine, surface tension and free calcium ions were evaluated. The penetration into dentinal tubules of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, with or without benzalkonium chloride and Triton X-100 [surfactants that promoted the lowest surface tension of Ca(OCl)2], was assessed using human premolars stained with crystal violet. The statistical tests were one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test, and t-test; depending on the assay. The addition of surfactants reduced the surface tension of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, and did not alter the pH or the free available chlorine of either solution. The addition of all surfactants increased the availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2, especially benzalkonium chloride. Ca(OCl)2 exhibited lower penetration into dentinal tubules than NaOCl, and the addition of surfactants did not improve the penetration of Ca(OCl)2, but did increase the penetration of NaOCl. It can be concluded that the addition of surfactants to Ca(OCl)2 did not increase the penetration into dentinal tubules, but it did promote lower surface tension, without changing the pH or free available chlorine values, and higher availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas e a penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários da solução de hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(OCl)2], com ou sem surfactantes. Os surfactantes cloreto de benzalcônio, cetrimida, Tween 80 e Triton X-100 foram misturados em diferentes concentrações com a solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), Ca(OCl)2 e água destilada (controle). Uma vez determinada a concentração micelar crítica (CMC) dos surfactantes em Ca(OCl)2 e NaOCl, foram avaliados o pH, cloro livre, tensão superficial e íons de cálcio livre. A penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2, com ou sem cloreto de benzalcônio e Triton X-100 [surfactantes que promoveram a menor tensão superficial de [Ca(OCl)2] foi avaliada utilizando pré-molares humanos corados com cristal violeta. Os testes estatísticos foram ANOVA de uma via e pós-teste de Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, ANOVA de duas vias e pós-teste de Bonferroni, e teste t; dependendo do ensaio. A adição de surfactantes reduziu a tensão superficial do NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2, e não alterou o pH ou cloro livre das soluções. A adição de todos os surfactantes aumentou a disponibilidade de íons de cálcio livre de Ca(OCl)2, principalmente o cloreto de benzalcônio. Ca(OCl)2 apresentou menor penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários do que NaOCl, e a adição de surfactantes não aumentou a penetrabilidade de Ca(OCl)2, mas aumentou a penetrabilidade de NaOCl. Pode-se concluir que a adição de surfactantes no Ca(OCl)2 não aumentou a penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários, mas promoveu menor tensão superficial, sem alterar os valores de pH ou cloro livre, e maior disponibilidade de íons de cálcio livre em Ca(OCl)2.

Protective effect of extracorporeal membrane pulmonary oxygenation combined with cardiopulmonary resuscitation on post-resuscitation lung injury / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a critical condition that is a concern to healthcare workers. Comparative studies on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) technologies have shown that ECPR is superior to CCPR. However, there is a lack of studies that compare the protective effects of these two resuscitative methods on organs. Therefore, we aim to perform experiments in swine models of ventricular fibrillation-induced CA to study whether the early application of ECPR has advantages over CCPR in the lung injury and to explore the protective mechanism of ECPR on the post-resuscitation pulmonary injury. METHODS: Sixteen male swine were randomized to CCPR (CCPR; n=8; CCPR alone) and ECPR (ECPR; n=8; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with CCPR) groups, with the restoration of spontaneous circulation at 6 hours as an endpoint. RESULTS: For the two groups, the survival rates between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05), the blood and lung biomarkers were statistically significant (P<0.05), and the extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index were statistically significant (P<0.01). Compared with the ECPR group, electron microscopy revealed mostly vacuolated intracellular alveolar type II lamellar bodies and a fuzzy lamellar structure with widening and blurring of the blood-gas barrier in the CCPR group. CONCLUSIONS: ECPR may have pulmonary protective effects, possibly related to the regulation of alveolar surface-active proteins and mitigated oxidative stress response post-resuscitation.

Biosurfactant production by fungi as a sustainable alternative / Produção de biossurfactantes por fungos como uma alternativa sustentável

A wide variety of bacteria is far more exploited than fungi as biosurfactants (BS) or bioemulsifiers (BE), using renewable sources. BS are considered to be environmentally safe and offer advantages over synthetic surfactants. However, the BS yield depends largely on the metabolic pathways of the microorganisms and the nutritional medium. The production of BS or BE uses several cultural conditions, in which a small change in carbon and nitrogen sources affects the quantity of BS or BE produced. The type and quantity of microbial BS or BE produced depend mainly on the producer organism, and factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, trace elements, temperature and aeration. The diversity of BS or BE makes it interesting to apply them in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, agriculture, public health, food processes, detergents, when treating oily residues, environmental pollution control and bioremediation. Thus, this paper reviews and addresses the biotechnological potential of yeasts and filamentous fungi for producing, characterizing and applying BS or BE.(AU)

Uma grande variedade de espécies bacterianas é bem mais explorada que os fungos como agentes biossurfactantes (BS) ou bioemulsificantes (BE), usando fontes renováveis. Os BS são considerados ecologicamente seguros e oferecem vantagens sobre os surfactantes sintéticos. Entretanto o rendimento de BS depende grandemente das vias metabólicas dos micro-organismos e do meio nutricional. A produção de BS ou BE utiliza várias condições culturais, em que uma pequena alteração nas fontes de carbono e nitrogênio afeta a produção de BS. O tipo e a quantidade de BS ou BE microbianos produzidos dependem principalmente do organismo produtor e de fatores como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, oligoelementos, temperatura e aeração. A diversidade de BS ou BE torna-os interessantes para aplicação nos campos farmacêutico, cosmético, da agricultura, da saúde pública, em processos alimentares, detergentes, no tratamento de resíduos oleosos, no controle de poluição ambiental e na biorremediação. Assim, a presente revisão aborda o potencial biotecnológico de leveduras e fungos filamentosos para produção, caracterização e aplicações de BS ou BE.(AU)

Study on the micelle properties of montelukast sodium in aqueous solution / 药学实践杂志

Objective To study the physicochemical properties of aqueous solution of surface active drug montelukast so-dium (MS) ,which could provide experimental basis for further development of micelle or mixed micelle preparations .Methods Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of MS at different temperatures were determined by conductivity measurements .The absorbance and transmittance of MS aqueous solution were measured by UV at different sodium chloride concentration levels . The micelle stability was evaluated via high speed centrifugal .Results The CMC of MS aqueous solution at 25℃ ,30℃ ,35℃were 0 .75 ,0 .82 ,0 .90 mmol/L .The absorbance and transmittance of MS aqueous solution were affected by the sodium chlo-ride concentration and the concentration of MS itself .It was observed that a clear solution was obtained when MS concentration>7 .5 mmol/L and no precipitation was noticed even after high speed centrifugal .Conclusion Montelukast sodium is a surface active drug .Its solubility is related to MS concentration .The solubility is also sensitive to the temperature and the electrolyte concentration .These unique physicochemical properties could be used to develop micelle or mixed micelle pharmaceutical prepa-rations .

The effects of nonyl phenoxypolyethoxyl ethanol on cell damage pathway gene expression in SK-NSH cells

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Most pesticide formulations contain both chief and additive ingredients. But, the additives may not have been tested as thoroughly as the chief ingredients. The surfactant, nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol (NP40), is an additive frequently present in pesticide formulations. We investigated the effects of NP40 and other constituents of a validamycin pesticide formulation on cell viability and on the expression of genes involved in cell damage pathways. METHODS: The effects of validamycin pesticide ingredients on cell viability and of NP40 on the mRNA expression of 80 genes involved in nine key cellular pathways were examined in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line. RESULTS: The chemicals present in the validamycin pesticide formulation were cytotoxic to SK-N-SH cells and NP40 showed the greatest cytotoxicity. A range of gene expression changes were identified, with both up- and down-regulation of genes within the same pathway. However, all genes tested in the necrosis signaling pathway were down-regulated and all genes tested in the cell cycle checkpoint/arrest pathway were up-regulated. The median fold-change in gene expression was significantly higher in the cell cycle checkpoint/arrest pathway than in the hypoxia pathway category (p = 0.0064). The 70 kDa heat shock protein 4 gene, within the heat shock protein/unfolded protein response category, showed the highest individual increase in expression (26.1-fold). CONCLUSIONS: NP40 appeared to be particularly harmful, inducing gene expression changes that indicated genotoxicity, activation of the cell death (necrosis signaling) pathway, and induction of the 70 kDa heat shock protein 4 gene.

Máscara laríngea ProSealTM como via de administração de surfactante no tratamento da síndrome do desconforto respiratório em recém-nascido pré-termo / ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway for surfactant administration in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in a premature infant

A administração de surfactante pela cânula traqueal e ventilação mecânica é o tratamento convencional da síndrome do desconforto respiratório em prematuros. Alterações hemodinâmicas e respiratórias da intubação traqueal e pré-medicação justificam a busca por alternativas menos invasivas de administração de surfactante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o uso da máscara laríngea ProSealTM como opção para o tratamento da síndrome do desconforto respiratório em recém-nascido pré-termo com 31 semanas de gestação, 1.335 g, dificuldade respiratória após a primeira hora de vida, e quadro clínico e radiológico de síndrome do desconforto respiratório. O surfactante foi administrado pela máscara laríngea ProSealTM com 3,5 horas de vida, com boa tolerância e sem necessidade de intubação traqueal. Gasometria normal e melhora radiológica, após 3 e 6 horas. O oxigênio foi suspenso após 8 dias; alta sem comorbidades. A máscara laríngea parece ser alternativa indolor e menos invasiva de via de tratamento da síndrome do desconforto respiratório, com possibilidade de redução de intubação traqueal e ventilação mecânica. Por meio de amostra adequada, devem ser confirmadas a eficácia e as vantagens dessa via de tratamento.

The administration of surfactant via tracheal cannula with mechanical ventilation is the conventional treatment for infant respiratory distress syndrome. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes due to tracheal intubation and the need for premedication justify the search for less invasive alternatives of surfactant administration. The objective of this study was to describe the use of the ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway as an option for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in a premature infant born at 31 weeks of gestation, at 1335 g, with respiratory difficulty after the first hour of life and exhibiting the clinical and radiologic features of respiratory distress syndrome. The surfactant was administered with the use of the ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway at 3.5 hours of life. It was well tolerated, with no need for tracheal intubation. Normal gasometry and radiologic improvement were observed after three and six hours of administration. Oxygen administration was suspended after eight days, with no comorbidities at discharge. The laryngeal mask airway seems to be a painless and less invasive alternative to treat respiratory distress syndrome and may reduce the need for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The efficacy and advantages of this route of treatment should be confirmed in a study of an adequate sample.

Biocide activity of microfiber mops with and without silver after contamination

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present research was to compare the residual microbial load in Solo System microfiber mops with silver and in normal microfiber mops without silver to see whether those with the silver prevent bacterial proliferation and spread more effectively during normal cleaning operations. METHODS: Mops with and without silver were experimentally contaminated with suspension of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The bioburden was evaluated by a filtering procedure according to UNI EN 1174 after contamination, after washing and after different times of impregnation in an alcohol-base detergent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results obtained lead to the conclusion that silver microfiber mop was significantly more effective in reducing bacterial load despite initial high level contamination (10(6)-10(7) CFU/50 cm²). Indeed, after low temperature washing, the bacterial load was already completely eliminated while the mop without silver still presented relatively high levels of the microorganism (approximately 10² CFU/50 cm²) even after being soaked for 8 hours in a detergent/disinfectant.

Circadian Rhythm of Surfactant Protein A, B and C mRNA in Rats

BACKGROUND: All organisms have developed an internal timing system capable of reacting to and anticipating environmental stimuli with a program of appropriately timed metabolic, physiologic and behavioral events. The alveolar epithelial type II cell of the mammalian lung synthesizes, stores, and secretes a lipoprotein pulmonary surfactant, which functions to stabilize alveoli at low lung volumes. METHODS: The authors investigated the diurnal variation of surfactant protein A, B and C mRNA accumulation. The diurnal variation on gene expression of surfactant protein A, B and C was analysed using filter hybridization at 9 a.m., 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. Lung SP-A protein content was determined by double sandwich ELISA assay using a polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against purified rat SP-A. RESULTS: 1. The accumulation of SP-A mRNA at 4 p.m. was significantly decreased by 23.5% compared to the value at 9 a.m. (p< 0.05). 2. The accumulation of SP-B mRNA at 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. was decreased by 15.1% and 5.7%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 a.m. (p=0.07, p=0.69). 3. The accumulation of SP-C mRNA at 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. was decreased by 6.8% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 a.m. (p=0.38, p=0.57). 4. Total lung SP-A content at 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. was increased by 5.3% and 15.9%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 a.m. (p=0.64, p=0.47). CONCLUSION: These findings represent the diurnal variation of surfactant proteins mRNA expression in vivo. These results indicated that the diurnal variation of significant gene expression is observed in hydrophilic surfactant protein rather than in hydrophobic surfactant proteins.

Ventilação de alta freqüência por oscilação comparada a ventilação mecânica convencional associada a reposição de surfactante em coelhos / High frequency oscillation ventilation compared to conventional mechanical ventilation plus exogenous surfactant replacement in rabbits

Objetivos: a) avaliar o efeito na oxigenação e ventilação de coelhos artificialmente depletados de surfactante quando submetidos à ventilação mecânica convencional associada à reposição parcial de surfactante exógeno; b) comparar a evolução deste grupo com outro grupo submetido à ventilação de alta freqüência por oscilação (HFO) sem reposição associada de surfactante. Métodos: Vinte coelhos brancos da raça New Zealand, peso de + 3 kg, foram anestesiados e artificialmente induzidos à depleção de surfactante endógeno através de sucessivas lavagens pulmonares com alíquotas (25 ml/kg) de solução fisiológica, até atingir uma PaO2 menor que 100 mmHg, quando ventilados via traqueostomia no modo de pressão controlada objetivando um volume corrente de 10ml/kg, com PEEP de 5cm H2O, FiO2 de 100%, freqüência respiratória de 30 mpm, e tempo inspiratório de 0,65 s. Posteriormente, os coelhos foram divididos em (a) grupo CMV+S, submetido à ventilação convencional associada com reposição parcial de surfactante exógeno; (b) grupo HFO submetido à ventilação de alta freqüência por oscilação. Gasometrias arteriais foram coletadas antes da lavagem pulmonar, após a lavagem pulmonar, 15, 60 e 120 minutos após iniciado o tratamento. Os grupos foram comparados utilizando-se o teste t de Student. Resultados: Em ambos grupos a PaO2 (pós lavagem pulmonar) era inferior a 50mmHg (p=0,154), subindo aos15 minutos de tratamento para 254 mmHg (CMV+S) e 288 mmHg (HFO, p=0,626). Aos 60 e 120 minutos, a PaO2 foi maior (p=0,001) no grupo HFO (431 e 431 mmHg) quando comparado com o grupo CMV+S, que apresentou queda progressiva (148 e 126 mmHg). Aos 60 minutos a PaCO2 era significativamente menor no grupo do CMV+S (29 versus 41 mmHg). Conclusões: Em modelo animal com SARA a estratégia de ventilação protetora como a HFO, isoladamente, promove uma rápida e persistente melhora na oxigenação, inclusive, com níveis superiores aos obtidos pelos animais submetidos à ventilação mecânica convencional associada à reposição de surfactante.

Objectives: (a) to evaluate the effect on oxygenation and ventilation of rabbits with induced surfactant depletion when they are submitted to a conventional mechanical ventilation, plus a small dose of exogenous surfactant; (b) to compare this group with another group submitted to a High Frequency Oscillation (HFO) without exogenous surfactant administration. Methods: Twenty New Zealand White rabbits weighing (+ 3 kg) were anaesthetized and artificially induced to a endogenous surfactant depletion by successively lung lavage with normal saline (aliquots of 25 ml/kg) until to reach a persistent PaO2 less than 100 mmHg when submitted to a mechanical ventilation in a pressure control mode with a target tidal volume of 10ml/kg, PEEP of 5cm H2O, FiO2 1.0, respiratory rate 30/min, and inspiratory time of 0.65 s. Then the rabbits were divided in (a) CMV+S group, submitted to a conventional mechanical ventilation plus exogenous surfactant replacement; (b) HFO group, submitted to a High Frequency Oscillation Ventilation. Arterial blood gases were measured at control period, post lung lavage, 15, 16 and 120 minutes after treatment started. The groups were compared using Student t test. Results: The post lung lavage PaO2 in both groups was lower than 50mmHg (p=0.154), increasing after 15 min of treatment to 254 mmHg (CMV+S) and 288 mmHg (HFO, p=0.626). The PaO2 at 60 and 120 minutes were higher (p=0.001) in the HFO group (431 e 431 mmHg) when compared with the CMV+S group, which showed a progressive fall (148 e 126 mmHg). At 60 minutes of treatment, the PaCO2 was lower (p=0.008) in the CMV+S group (29 versus 41 mmHg). Conclusions: In ARDS animal model a protect mechanical ventilation strategy as HFO by itself promotes a fast and persistent increase in the oxygenation, with superior levels than those observed in animals treated with conventional mechanical ventilation plus exogenous surfactant replacement.

Circadian rhythm of surfactant protein A, B and C mRNA in rats / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: All organisms have developed an internal timing system capable of reacting to and anticipating environmental stimuli with a program of appropriately timed metabolic, physiologic, and behavioral events. The alveolar epithelial type II cell of mammalian lung synthesizes, stores, and secretes a lipoprotein pulmonary surfactant, which functions to stabilize alveoli at low lung volumes. METHODS: The authors investigated the diurnal variation of surfactant protein A, B and C mRNA accumulation. The diurnal variation on gene expression of surfactant protein A, B and C were analysed using filter hybridization at 9 AM, 4 PM and 11 PM. Lung SP-A protein content was determined by double sandwich ELISA assay using a polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against purified rat SP-A. RESULTS: 1. The accumulation of SP-A mRNA at 4 PM was significantly decreased 23.5% compared to the value at 9 AM (p<0.05). 2. The accumulation of SP-B mRNA at 4 PM and 11 PM was decreased by 15.1% and 5.7%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 AM (p=0.07, p=0.69). 3. The accumulation of SP-C mRNA at 4 PM and 11 PM was decreased by 6.8% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 AM (p=0.38, p=0.57). 4. Total lung SP-A content at 4 PM and 11 PM was increased by 5.3% and 15.9%, respectively, compared to the value at 9 AM (p=0.64, p=0.47). CONCLUSION: These findings represent diurnal variation of surfactant proteins mRNA expression in vivo. This results suggested the diurnal variation of hydrophilic surfactant protein rather than hydrophobic surfactant proteins.

Changes of neonatal mortality rate between 'pre' and 'post' surfactant period

The objective of this study was to determine how the neonatal mortality rate has changed since surfactant (S) therapy was introduced in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and to evaluate the efficacy of surfactant therapy in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) patients. Incidences of risk babies such as outborns, prematurity, low birth weight infants and RDS, and neonatal mortality rates were compared between 'pre' (control, 1988 to 1991, n=4,861) and 'post' S period (study, 1993 to 1996, n=5,430). In RDS patients of 'post' S period, neonatal mortality rate was compared between S-treated and non-treated patients, and chest X-ray and ventilatory parameters were compared between pre- and post-72 hr of surfactant treatment. Surfactant therapy showed short term effects, judging by the decrease of early neonatal deaths and improvement of chest X-ray and ventilatory parameters in RDS patients. The overall neonatal mortality rate had a tendency to decrease in spite of increased incidences of risk babies in 'post' S period but it was less than expected. The reasons were thought to be that we had a high proportion of risk babies, and there was some bias in patient selection for surfactant therapy and its use. In conclusion, with the active prevention of risk baby delivery and appropriate use of surfactant, better results could be expected.

Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide and Catalase on Physical Properties of Surfactant

PURPOSE: In the treatrnent of respiratory distress syndrome, Infants are often exposed to hyperoxia. It can generate oxygen free radical, damage to lung and bronchi, and inactivate pulmonary surfactant(PS). Antioxidant therapy in animal and human models has been tried to overcome this detrimental effects. We hypothesized that the addition of oxygen free radical such as hydrogen peroxide(H) could compromise surface active properties(SAP) of PS and that further addition of antioxidant such as catalaseR(CAT, Sigma chemical, St. Louis) could recover SAP. METHODS: We prepared combinations of mixtures with SurfactenR(S-TA, Tokyo Tanabe, Japan), H202 and CAT. 1)0.625mgPL(phospholipids)/ml or 1.25mgPL/ml S - TA and H202 were mixed to the final concentrations of 0.1 and 1mM H respectively, and incubated at 37C for one hour. 2) 0.625mgPL/rnl S - TA, H202 and CAT 10U were mixed to the final concentrations of lmM H202, and incubated at 37 degree C for one hour. We used Pulsating Bubble Surfactometer (Electronetics, NY) measure in vitro minimum and maximum surface tensions(ST) and area-surface tension relationship. RESULTS: 1) For 0.625mgPL/ml S-TA and 1mM H mixture minimum. ST after 5 min of pulsation increased significantly(P=0.007) and the area-surface tension curve was deformed. But they were comparable to control levels for 1.25mgPL/ml S-TA. 2) When CAT was added to 0.625mgPL/ml S-TA and 1mM H mixture, the resultant minimum ST after 5 min of pulsation dropped to the control levels with recovery of hysteresis curve(P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: PS could be inactivated by addition of high concentrations of H but SAP can be recovered either by increasing PS concentration or by further addition of antioxidant CAT. Therefore, we suggest that in case of suspected surfactant inactivation an increase in surfactant concentration or administration of antioxidant must be considered.

Micronucleus and Chromosome Aberration in Root Tip Cell of Vicia faba Induced by Surfactants / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the genetic toxicity of surfactants Tween-20?Tween-80?Span-20?BE-2. Methods To take root tip cells of Vicia faba as the subjects, treated with various concentrations of surfactants to study the effect of them on the micronucleus and chromosome aberration in root tip cells of Vicia faba. Results The frequencies of micronucleus cell induced by surfactants Tween-20?Tween-80?Span-20?BE-2 were (21.34?1.31)‰, (13.44?2.66)‰, (15.29?3.16)‰ and (7.53?2.34)‰ respectively, the frequencies of chromosome aberration induced by surfactants Tween-20?Tween-80?Span-20?BE-2 were (18.16?0.50)%, (11.05?1.18)%, (23.79?1.62)% and (22.58?0.61)%, significant differences were seen compared with the control. Conclusion The results of the present paper demonstrates that surfactants Tween-20?Tween-80?Span-20?BE-2 have the effect of mutagenic agent.

Enhancement of Lycopene Production by Blakeslea trispora Using Oxygen-vectors and Surface Active Agents / 微生物学通报

Addition of oxygen-vectors(n-dodecane,n-hexane,hydrogen peroxide) to fermentation medium was recognized as a method of enhancing oxygen transfer and promoting lycopene yield by Blakeslea trispora fermentation.Higher lycopene production was observed in shake flask containing 1%(v/v) n-hexane,n-dodecane and 150 L/100mL hydrogen peroxide as compared to shake flasks without oxygen-vectors.The result of assays indicated that when oxygen-vectors (n-dodecane,n-hexane,1%,v/v) and hydrogen peroxide(50 L/100mL) were added to the 0-day and 1-day old culture of Blakeslea trispora the production of lycopene were 25.32%,72.84% and 40.35% higher than those without oxygen-vectors addition respectively.The production of lycopene increased 114.83% when n-dodecane and surface active agents were used at the same time.

Study on applying surface active agent to increase extractive rate of curcumin / 中成药

AIM: Using surface active agent that has wetting ability and solubilising to increase the extraction rate of curcumin. METHODS: Different surface active agents, such as span, span 60, tween 20, tween 85. SDS and CSBS, were added and then the curcumin was determined. RESULTS: When we added 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), it could increase the extractive rate of curcumin by 16%. CONCLUSION: Different surface active agents have variable solubiitzation of different drugs. SDS can affect the extractive rate of curcumin.

Studies on Active Vitamin E Capsules / 中国药房

This paper briefly describes the manufacture of active vitamin E capsules utilizing high bioavailability technique. Experimental results demonstrate that the product shows good dispersivity,stable quality and no side effects. The bioavailability of the new product is more than 3 times that of commonly used vitamin E capsules, so it has satisfactory curative effect and salty in use.

Comparison of drug incorporation into non-ionic micellar and O/W microemulsion systems / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate the difference between the uptake of different hydrophobe drugs into the O/W microemulsion systems and micellar solutions. Methods:Based on the phase diagram,the incorporation of 3 poorly water soluble drugs into Cremophor RH-40-alchohol-isopropyl myristate-water microemulsions and Cremophor RH-40 surfactant systems were examined. Results: There was no significant difference between miconazole nitrate and indometacin into the O/W microemulsion systems and micellar preparation.There was,however,a significant increase in the micellar solutions of ibuprofen amount than in the microemulsion systems. Conclusion:Improvement of solubility by O/W microemulsion and micellar system depends on the solubility of the drug in the dispersed oil phase and is significant only for high lipophilic drugs.