A cross-sectional study to assess hypothyroid status of pregnant women at 12–16 weeks of gestation

Background: Physiological changes occur during pregnancy. These changes include metabolic, hematologic, cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory changes. In some cases, these changes may alter and lead to complications which result in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In India, hypothyroidism in pregnancy has a prevalence of 4.8–11%. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnant women at 12–16 weeks of gestation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned on pregnant women attending the ANC clinic of Outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at K.L. E’S Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center Belagavi. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was estimated in the study participants. Serum TSH levels >4.5 ?IU/ml were labeled as hypothyroid pregnant women. Results: In our study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was observed to be 8.68%. Conclusion: Hence, we conclude that all pregnant women should be screened for hypothyroidism at earlier weeks of gestation.

The Determination of Cut-off Value of TSH during Screening of Congenital Hypothyroidism in 6 Prefecture/City of Yunnan Province / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To explore the positive cut-off value in neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism(CH)in the center of Neonatal Screening , so as to improve screening efficiency and reduce false positive rate. Methods Heel blood samples were taken from the newborns born after72 hours,dropped in special S&S903 filter paper and delivered to the neonatal screening center within the prescribed period of time.DELFIA was applied to detect the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH).Result Totally 529918 blood sample were screened from the 2012 to the 2016.Among them 529645 newborns were normal, 203 neonates were diagnosed with CH, 70 with high TSH hyperlipidemia, the total detection rate was 1:1941, and the incidence of CH was 1:2610. According to the results, the cut-off value of the screening of CH in the center of Neonatal Screening was 9.0 mIU/L, the sensitivity was 100％and specifility was 98.38％, misdiagnosis rate was 0％. Conclusion The cut-off value of CH was 9.0 mIU/L in the center of Neonatal Screening ,which is suitable for the people in 6 Prefecture/City of Yunnan Province , and also provides the basis for neonatal scree of CH in the future.

Clinical Profile of Subclinical Hypothyroidism:A Retrospective Study

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism occurs due to an under functioning thyroid gland and presents with varied symptoms and signs. Thyroid disorders are common in Indian population and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is high. Objective: This study intended to assess the clinical profile of patients presenting with subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that analyzed the medical records of adult patients diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism for a period of three years. Results: 71 patients within the age range of 18 years to 77 years were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism. Among these 53 (75%) patients had various clinical symptoms. Body pains were the most common symptom (38 %) followed by weight gain(27%) and tiredness (20%). A significant number of patients were obese (25%). Enlarged thyroid(14%) and dyslipidemia (25%) were also recorded. 63 (75%) patients were initiated on low dose levothyroxine. Conclusion: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism present with varied non-specific clinical symptoms. Treatment with low dose levothyroxine resulted in lowering of serum TSH to normal range and relief of symptoms

Evaluation of thyroid profile among type 2 diabetic patients attending to Basaveswara Teaching and General Hospital, Kalaburagi, Karnataka

Background: The present study was undertaken to assess the interdependent relationship between DM and thyroid disease among Type 2 diabetic patients attending to teaching hospital. Materials and methods: In the present study, 400 type 2 diabetic subjects and 100 healthy non diabetic subjects were investigated for total triidothyronine (T3), total thyroxin (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), plasma glucose fasting(FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Results: The level of T3 and T4 were significantly lower while the level of TSH was significantly higher in type 2 diabetics as compared to non-diabetics.

Optimal Threshold of Stimulated Serum Thyroglobulin Level for 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in Patients with Thyroid Cancer / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study was to explore the optimal threshold of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-stimulated serum thyroglobulin (s-Tg) for patients who were to receive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scan owing to clinical suspicion of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) recurrence but negative post-therapeutic 131I whole-body scan (131I-WBS).A total of 60 qualified patients underwent PET/CT scanning from October 2010 to July 2014.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that s-Tg levels over 49 μg/L led to the highest diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT to detect recurrence,with a sensitivity of 89.5％ and a specificity of 90.9％.Besides,bivariate correlation analysis showed positive correlation between s-Tg levels and the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of 18F-FDG in patients with positive PET/CT scanning,suggesting a significant influence of TSH both on Tg release and uptake of 18F-FDG.So,positive PET/CT imaging is expected when patients have negative 131I-WBS but s-Tg levels over 49 μg/L.

Clonazepam associated hypothyroidism: Aforethought on a concealed dilemma.

Subclinical hypothyroidism or mild thyroid failure is a familiar problem, with a prevalence of 3-15% in a population without any known overt thyroid disorder. The prevalence increases with age and is relatively higher among females. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels above the upper limit of normal (4 mU/L) while the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) enduring within the normal range. Additionally, there exists a log-linear relationship between TSH and circulating T3 and T4; hence, measurement of serum TSH becomes mandatory for diagnosing mild thyroid failure when free T3and T4 are lying within normal limits. Though, autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common cause for elevated TSH; thyroid functions can be afflicted by long-term consumption of drugs like lithium, amiodarone. The causal relationship between benzodiazepine class of drugs, particularly clonazepam and subclinical hypothyroidism has never been established clinically, yet there are some pre-clinical studies to claim the effect of benzodiazepine on thyroid functions; operating at various levels – hypothalamus, thyroid gland, peripheral cells and nuclear receptors. Henceforth, we would like to report a rare occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism in an elderly female receiving clonazepam for her underlying psychiatric illness.

A comparative assessment of thyroid hormones and lipid profile among hypothyroid patients: A hospital based case control study

Background: In India, thyroid disorders are the most common among all the endocrine disorders and hypothyroidism being more common than hyperthyroid state and carcinoma. Bandi A, Pyadala N, Srivani N, Borugadda R, Maity SN, Ravi Kumar BN, Polavarapu R. A comparative assessment of thyroid hormones and lipid profile among hypothyroid patients: A hospital based case control study. IAIM, 2016; 3(9): 108- 114. Page 109 Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the association of dyslipidemia in hypothyroid patients. Materials and methods: A total of 50 study subjects of both gender groups were selected from the medicine ward of Maheshwara Hospital during the period from January 2016 to April 2016. Fasting venous blood sample were analysed for Thyroid hormones like, T3, T4, TSH and lipid profile. Statistical analysis was done using student unpaired t test. Result: The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL values were significantly higher, whereas T3, T4 and HDL values were in a decreasing order with that of control group. Conclusion: The present study concludes that hypothyroidism is associated with dyslipidemia having raise in all lipid parameters, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Finally regular assessment of thyroid hormones and lipid profile among hypothyroid patients can prevent progression of the disease to severity

Evaluation of thyroid hormone dysfunction in type – 2 diabetes patients on metformin therapy A cross sectional study

Diabetes and thyroid diseases are two familiar endocrinopathies seen in the general population. Abnormal thyroid hormone levels can also be found in individuals with diabetes. Metformin may lower thyroid stimulating hormone levels both in hypothyroid as well as euthyroid individuals. To this purpose,we studied analys is of serum TSH levels in patients with type-2 DM who were receiving metformin and compared them with serum TSH levels of those individuals with T2DM that were not on metformin. Study participants were selected from the people residing in neighbouring vill ages in and adjoining Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. Study duration was 6 months between June-November 2008. Sample size was 80 subjects with T2DM on Metformin and 80 subjects with T2DM receiving non Metformin based therapy were included in the study.Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and data was expressed as mean and standard deviation (Mean±SD). Serum TSH values, metformin dose and metformin duration were not normally distributed. Comparison of difference in means between the two groups for normally distributed continuous variables namely age HbA1c, R.V. Rama Narayana Reddy, T.A.R.Raja,.Senthil,Priyadharshini. Evaluation of thyroid hormone dysfunction in type -2 diabetes patients on metformin therapy –A cross sectional study. IAIM,2016; 3(1):24-28.Page 25 serum T3 and T4 was done by unpaired student’s t test. P <0.05 was treated as significant.Metformin utilize was not associated with changes in serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels in euthyroid type-2 DM patients. The presence of acomparative group of type 2 diabetes individuals not receiving Metformin add to the analytical value of the study design.

Association of Thyroid Profile and Prolactin Level in Patient with Secondary Amenorrhea

Background: Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods. It has multiple social consequences as it may leads to infertility. This case control study was conducted for determining the association of thyroid hormones with hyperprolactinemia in patient with amenorrhea. Methods: We investigated 50 women with diagnosed cases of secondary amenorrhoea, who attended UCMS hospital, for hormonal evaluations. Fifty two healthy women were taken as the controls. The thyroid dysfunction and serum prolactin level were reviewed in cases and in the controls. Results: Mean serum prolactin level was found to be significantly higher in the cases as compared to the controls. Mean serum fT3 and fT4 level in the hyperprolactinemic cases (mean = 2.67, SD = 1.04 pg/ml) and (mean = 1.38, SD = 0.51 ng/dl respectively) were slightly lower as compared to normoprolactinemic cases (mean = 3.21, SD = 1.86 pg/ml) and (mean = 1.73, SD = 1.37 ng/dl) respectively. Mean TSH of normoprolactinemic and hyperprolactinemic cases were comparable (P = 0.049). There was positive correlation between prolactin, BMI and TSH whereas negative correlation of prolactin was seen with fT3, fT4 and age. In hyperprolactainemic cases, prolactin was found to be negatively correlated with TSH (r = -0.155, P = 0.491) whereas prolactin was positively correlated with TSH (r = 0.296, P = 0.126) in normoprolactainemic cases. Conclusions: Thus, hyperprolactinemia with thyroid dysfunction may be contributory hormonal factor in patient with amenorrhoea and as such, estimation of prolactin, fT3, fT4 and TSH should be included for diagnostic evaluation of amenorrhea.

Relação dos níveis do hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH) com a maliginidade dos nódulos de tireóide / Association between elevated levels of TSH and higher prevalence of thyroid cancer has been reported

Introdução: associação entre os níveis elevados de TSH como fator trófico á célula tireoidiana e a maior prevalência de câncer tireoidiano tem sido discutida. Objetivos: Relacionar os Níveis de TSH em Valores de Corte, conforme a literatura, com a malignidade em nódulos de tireóide (NT). Material e métodos: Estudo tranversal de 159 prontuários ( 171NT) no HU/UFSC de agosto de 2010- 2012. Realizadas avaliações cito-patológicas e do TSH em ensaio de quimiluminescência( terceira geração) á época da punção aspirativa e categorizando os pontos de corte. Pacientes com disfunçaõ estabelecida foram excluídos. Análises estatistícas com teste do X2 e Fischer e significância em p< 0,05. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 48 anos com 92,4% de mulheres; 2,9% , 64,3% , 5,3%, 10,5%, 8,8% e 8,2% dos NT com Bethesda 1a VI respectivamente. O TSH variou de 0,08 a 10,5 ( média: 1,965 ± 1,69; mediana: 1,48) uUI/mL. Trinta e cindo NT foram operados, sendo 74,3% malignos e, deses, 80,8% carcinomas papilíferos. Análises dos grupamentos Bethesda e citopatológicos ( casos operados + não operados com citopatologias II, V, VI = 150 NT) em valores de corte de TSH< 1 e ≥ 1, TSH < 1,8 e ≥ 1,8 uUI/mL .Evidenciaram significância apenas em 1,8, com 32,7% dos NT Bethesda II e 71,4 % dos Bethesda VI ≥ 1,8 . Confirmando-se a Histopatologia onde 33,9%de 115 NT Benignos versus 60% de 35 NT Malignos apresentavam TSH≥ 1,8 uUI/mL(p<0,006).

Background: Association between elevated levels of TSH and higher prevalence of thyroid cancer has been reported. Objectives: To relate TSH levels with malignancy in thyroid nodules (TN). Methods: A transversal study of 159 medical records (171NT) in HU / UFSC August 2010-2012. Performed cyto-pathological and TSH reviews in chemiluminescence assay (third generation) will time of aspiration and categorizing the cutoffs. Patients with established dysfunction were excluded. Statistical analysis with X2 test or Fisher and significance was p <0.05. Results: Total 159 patients (171 TN). Average age: 48 years; women: 92.4%; TSH: 0.08 to 10.5 (mean: 1.965, median: 1.48) uUI / mL and 2.9%, 64.3%, 5.3%, 10.5%, 8.8% and 8.2% of the 171 TN with Bethesda I to VI, respectively. Thirty-five TN operated, being 74.3% malignant and, of these, 80.8% papillary carcinomas. Analyses in groups of Bethesda (171 TN) and cyto-pathological (150 TN) on TSH cutoffs of <1, ≥ 1, <1.8 and ≥ 1.8 uUI / mL showed significance on higher cutoffs (1.8) in the various groups of Bethesda, confirming the cyto-histopathology in 33.9% of 115 benign TN vs 60.0% of 35 malignant ≥ 1.8 uUI / mL (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Malignancy in NT was related to valro cutting TSH ≥ 1.8 UUI / mL.

Association between body mass index, lipid peroxidation and coronary lipid risk factors in hypothyroid subjects.

Background: Thyroid hormones plays an important role in control of metabolism in human. Hyperlipidaemia particularly hypercholesterolemia, is a well-documented significant health consequence associated with hypo-thyroidism. Oxidative stress is a common factor associated with several clinical conditions including hypothyroidism. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the association between BMI, Hyperlipidaemia, Lipid Peroxidation and Atherogenic risk in newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients. Material and Methods: 85 newly diagnosed hypothyroid cases and 41 euthyroid controls were studied for their Thyroid profile [TSH, T4 andT3], Lipid profile , Oxidative stress marker, Malondialdehyde {MDA} Lipid risk ratios, [TC/HDL-C and LDL-C / HDL-C ratio] , Atherogenic index [AIP] - log TG/HDL-C and Body Mass Index [BMI]. Results: Hypothyroid patients had hyperlipidaemia, especially hypercholesterolemia [224 ± 43.8 mg/dl], increased LDL-C level [150.4 ± 42.3 mg/dl] when compared to controls [169.5 ± 25.1 and 97 ± 25.5 respectively]. MDA was significantly increased [p< 0.0001] in hypothyroid subjects [6.14± 1.83μ mol/L] versus the controls [2.9 ± 0.86 μmol/L] .BMI had positive correlation with TSH [r =4.421; p<0.0001]. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism leads to hyperlipidaemia enhancing risk for cardiovascular diseases, the connecting link being oxidative stress. It was found that TSH had positive significant correlation with BMI, Lipid profile and oxidative stress in hypothyroid patients when compared to the controls making them more prone for coronary artery diseases.

Assessment of nutritional status in hyperthyroidism patients.

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism often referred to as overactive thyroid, is a type of thyrotoxicosis, a hypermetabolic clinical syndrome which occurs when there are elevated serum levels of T3 and/or T4. There are very less studies on the nutritional deficiencies related to hyperthyroidism. Methods: Quantitative determination of Thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyroinine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) was analyzed along with nutritional analysis of dietary nutrients like carbohydrate, proteins, fat, vitaminA, B1, B2, C, niacin, etc. Biostatistical analysis and correlations were analyzed by using Graph Pad prism software. Results: The mean intake of nutrients in Hyperthyroid and control groups are: Carbohydrate (147.9 ± 41.89 g, 218.3 ± 100.0 g), Thiamin (0.567 ± 2.850 mg, 1.051 ± 0.470 mg), Riboflavin (0.590 ± 0.341 mg, 1.121 ± 0.415 mg), Niacin (7.560 ± 2.346 mg , 11.59 ± 3.571 mg), pyridoxine (0.066 ± 0.262 mg , 0.317 ± 0.627 mg), Vitamin B1 (0.087 ± 0.205 μg, 0.199 ± 0.306 μg), Folacin (130.0 ± 36.57 μg , 143.4 ± 57.29 μg) and the mean values of all these nutrients were not optimum as recommended by ICMR. Conclusion: We should all be aware of the nutritional deficiencies encountered in hyperthyroidism and hence we can provide considerable support by eliminating adverse influences and normalizing the nutritional status by including multivitamins , antioxidants, etc. along with daily antithyroid drugs.

Assessment of nutritional status in hyperthyroidism patients.

Background: Hyperthyroidism often referred to as overactive thyroid, is a type of thyrotoxicosis, a hypermetabolic clinical syndrome which occurs when there are elevated serum levels of T3 and/or T4. There are very less studies on the nutritional deficiencies related to hyperthyroidism. Methods: Quantitative determination of Thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyroinine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) was analyzed along with nutritional analysis of dietary nutrients like carbohydrate, proteins, fat, vitaminA, B1, B2, C, niacin, etc. Biostatistical analysis and correlations were analyzed by using Graph Pad prism software. Results: The mean intake of nutrients in Hyperthyroid and control groups are: Carbohydrate (147.9 ± 41.89 g, 218.3 ± 100.0 g), Thiamin (0.567 ± 2.850 mg, 1.051 ± 0.470 mg), Riboflavin (0.590 ± 0.341 mg, 1.121 ± 0.415 mg), Niacin (7.560 ± 2.346 mg , 11.59 ± 3.571 mg), pyridoxine (0.066 ± 0.262 mg , 0.317 ± 0.627 mg), Vitamin B1 (0.087 ± 0.205 μg, 0.199 ± 0.306 μg), Folacin (130.0 ± 36.57 μg , 143.4 ± 57.29 μg) and the mean values of all these nutrients were not optimum as recommended by ICMR. Conclusion: We should all be aware of the nutritional deficiencies encountered in hyperthyroidism and hence we can provide considerable support by eliminating adverse influences and normalizing the nutritional status by including multivitamins , antioxidants, etc. along with daily antithyroid drugs.

Assessment of thyroid function in euthyroid obese medical students.

Background: It is well known that Thyroid Hormones play a key role in regulating energy homeostasis. The association between thyroid hormones and energy expenditure is well established. There is inverse relationship between obesity and energy expenditure. There is a limited data on thyroid function in euthyroid obese young individuals. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between thyroid function and obesity in euthyroid young individuals. Materials & Methods: Obesity was defined as per Body Mass Index. (BMI)Undergraduate medical students were grouped as normal, overweight and obese as per their Body Mass Index Thyroid function was assessed by measuring fT3, fT4 and TSH levels by using automated chemiluminescence immunoassay system. Results: We found that the levels of TSH showed significant increase in overweight and obese subjects (p< 0.001) however there was no statistical difference in the levels of fT3and fT4 in overweight and obese students as compared to normal(p> 0.05). Interpretation & Conclusion: Our results suggest that thyroid function though within the normal range could be one of several factors acting in concert to determine body weight in a population. Even slightly elevated serum TSH levels are associated with an increase in BMI.

New fluorimetric assay of horseradish peroxidase using sesamol as substrate and its application to EIA / 药物分析学报

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is generally used as a label enzyme in enzyme immunoassay (EIA).The procedure used for HRP detection in EIA is critical for sensitivity and precision.This paper describes a novel fluorimetric assay for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using sesamol as substrate.The principle of the assay is as follow:sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxy phenol) is reacted enzymatically in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce dimeric sesamol.The dimer is fluorescent and can be detected sensitively at ex.347 nm,em.427 nm.The measurable range of HRP was 1.0 × 10-18 to 1.0 × 10-15 mol/assay,with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10-18 tmol/assay.The coefficient of variation (CV,n=8) was examined at each point on the standard curve,with a mean CV percentage of 3.8％.This assay system was applied to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) EIA using HRP as the label enzyme.

Effects of TSH on the Production of VEGF, Angiogenesis, Growth, Invasion and Metastasis in Thyroid Cancer Cells / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a vascular endothelial cell specific mitogen and a major regulator of angiogenesis. VEGF secretion is activated in some thyroid cancers and that VEGF secretion is stimulated by TSH. So we postulated that TSH may promote growth and invasion in some thyroid cancers by stimulating VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the TSH effect for the VEGF secretion, endothelial cell proliferation and invasion in vitro with the primary cultured normal thyroid cell (NT-1) and thyroid cancer cell line (TPC-1). And to evaluate the relationship between TSH and VEGF, angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo, we xenografted human dermal matrix inoculated with thyroid cells into nude mice or directly injected subcutaneously. For the study, mice were made hypothyroid (Group 1) by antithyroid hormone p.o, hyperthyroid (Group 2) by L-thyroxine injection and euthyroid (Group 3). One week after the treatment, significant difference were noted in T3, T4 and TSH level between each group, but the VEGF level showed significant difference in group 1 only compared with group 2 and 3. NT-1 or TPC-1 were seeded in the upper chamber of Transwell and HUVEC were cultured in lower chamber, and added different concentration of TSH. NT-1 and TPC-1 secreted VEGF under basal condition, but the level were similar. TPC-1 cells secreted significantly more VEGF than NT-1 after TSH (1, 10, 100 mIU/dl) stimulation, which were also parallel with the concentration of TSH. In low concentration of TSH (0, 1 mIU/dl), there were no difference of HUVEC proliferation between NT-1 and TPC 1. In high concentration of TSH (10, 100 mIU/dl), however, TPC-1 enhanced HUVEC proliferation than NT-1 significantly (p0.05). The number of blood vessels in tumor were also more increased in Group 1 and were commonly located in the peripheral portion of tumor. CONCLUSION: We conclude that thyroid cancer cell line secrete the VEGF and TSH secretion is more enhanced by the stimulation of TSH. And increased VEGF promote the vascular endothelial cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in thyroid cancer.

INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AT FULL TERM PREGNANCIES WITH ENDOCRINE FACTORS / 药物分析学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and en docrine parameters so as to assess the effects of the main endocrine factors on IUGR. The concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin, T3, T4 and TSH were measured in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Methods The samples were collected from 23 pregnant women who were diagnosed as the full term IUGR, 42 normal full term pregnant women with normal infants' weight were taken as control. Growth hormone and insulin were mea sured by radioimmunoassay. T3, T4 and TSH were investigated by micro-radioimmunoassay. Results The concentra tions of growth hormone, insulin and T4 in umbilical cord blood were lower in IUGR than that in control group(GH 4. 63μg/L vs 7.01μg/L, insulin 10. 68μIU/ml vs 31.44μIU/ml, T4 87. 39nmol/L vs 138. 10nmol/L. P ＜0. 05, 0. 05 and 0. 05, respectively). The TSH concentration in umbilical cord blood was higher in IUGR than in control group (10. 84μmIU/L vs 5. 75μmIU/L, P ＜0. 01). The concentration of growth hormone in maternal serum and the concen tration of insulin in amniotic fluid were also lower in IUGR group than in control group(GH 1.77μg/L vs 2.74μg/L, P ＜0. 01, insulin 5. 84μIU/mi vs 15. 64μIU/ml, P ＜0. 01). Conclusion This study confirms that full term neonates with IUGR are abnormal in endocrine factors. The inadequacy of growth hormone may be one of the causes of IUGR. The relative scarcity of growth hormone and insulin seems to be a factor to compromise the fetus' metabolism. Be sides, the early hypothyrosis of infants with IUGR might protect them from unfavorable environment in the uterine.