ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical features and variants of ABCD1 gene in a Chinese pedigree affected with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the proband were collected and analyzed. Potential variant of the ABCD1 gene were analyzed by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the proband, his parents and 100 unrelated healthy individuals.@*RESULTS@#The prominent features of the proband included cerebellar and brainstem lesions, along with increased serum level of very-long chain fatty acids. He was found to harbor a hemizygous c.1509delG (p.L504Sfs*54) variant of the ABCD1 gene, for which his mother was heterozygous. The same variant was not detected in his father and 100 healthy controls.@*CONCLUSION@#X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy has a variety of clinical manifestations. Discovery of the c.1509delG (p.L504Sfs*54), as a novel pathogenic variant of the ABCD1 gene, has enabled diagnosis and genetic counseling for this pedigree.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Asian People/genetics , China , Genetic Testing , Mutation , PedigreeABSTRACT
La adrenoleucodistrofia ligada al X es el trastorno peroxisomal más común. Se debe a mutaciones en el gen ABCD1, lo que ocasiona un acúmulo de ácidos grasos saturados de cadena muy larga en el suero, la corteza adrenal y la sustancia blanca del sistema nervioso central. La clínica se caracteriza por deterioro neurològico e insuficiencia suprarrenal con un pronóstico devastador. Se presenta un primer caso clínico de adrenoleucodistrofia ligada al X con evolución fatal que permitió identificar a dos familiares asintomáticos e instaurar un tratamiento preventivo. Aunque, en la actualidad, no existe un tratamiento curativo definitivo, hay que destacar la importancia del estudio familiar de pacientes en situación de riesgo para poder instaurar un tratamiento preventivo precoz y dar un asesoramiento genético adecuado.
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is the most common peroxisomal disorder. This disease is caused by a defect in the ABCD1 gen. Saturated very long chain fatty acids are accumulated in serum, adrenal cortex and central nervous system white matter. The clinical spectrum is characterized by progressive neurological dysfunction and adrenal insufficiency with a devastating prognosis. We report a first case of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with fatal evolution which identified two asymptomatic family members and established a preventive treatment. Although there is no definitive cure, we stress the importance of family study and evaluation of the individual in situation of risk to establish an early preventive treatment and to give in each particular situation suitable professional advice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Early DiagnosisABSTRACT
La adrenoleucodistrofia ligada al X (X-ALD), trastorno genético progresivo que afecta la sustancia blanca del SNC y la corteza suprarrenal, causa desde insuficiencia adrenal aislada y mielopatia lentamente progresiva hasta desmielinización cerebral devastadora. Presentamos un paciente masculino, 21 años de edad, tabaquista, con trastorno de la marcha de un año de evolución, paraparesia espástica e hiperreflexia en miembros inferiores. El análisis del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) reveló proteinorraquia elevada, resultados negativos de bandas oligoclonales y virus Epstein Barr. Niveles de cortisol, ACTH, ácidos grasos de cadena muy larga en suero, fueron anormales. La RNM cerebral evidenció lesiones en sustancia blanca en región parietooccipital bilateral, comprometiendo el esplenio del cuerpo calloso, que realzaban con gadolinio. En RNM de columna cervical se observó lesión hiperintensa en secuencia T2 a nivel C7. Fue tratado con reemplazo adrenal. Presentamos un caso de X-ALD de inicio en adulto, con retraso en el diagnóstico debido a recursos limitados. Palabras claves: adrenoleucodistrofia ligada al X, paraparesia espástica, ácidos grasos de cadena muy larga, adrenomieloneuropatia
X- Linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a progressive genetic disorder that affects CNS white matter and adrenal gland cortex, and causes from isolated adrenocortical insufficiency and slowly progressive myelopathy to devastating cerebral demyelination. We present a 21 years old male patient, smoker, with one year history of gradually progressive trouble walking, unsteady gait, asymmetric spastic paraparesis, lower extremity deep tendon reflexes were increased. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed elevated CSF protein, CSF oligoclonal bands and Epstein Barr virus negative results. Basal cortisol, ACTH and very-long- chain fatty acids in plasma with abnormal results. All other laboratory tests were normal. Cerebral MRI showed parietooccipital white matter abnormalities involving the splenium of the callosum that enhanced with gadolinium. Cervical spinal cord MRI showed a short-segment T2 hyperintense lesion at C7. He was treated with adrenal replacement. We present a case of adult onset X-ALD and diagnostic delay owed to limited resources
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnosis , Central Nervous System , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/deficiency , Paraparesis, Spastic/pathology , Fatty Acids , Tendons , Cervical Vertebrae , Demyelinating Diseases , Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/diagnosisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only available treatment for the neurological involvement of disorders such as late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler (MPS-IH), and X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD). Objective To describe survival and neurological outcomes after HSCT for these disorders. Methods Seven CALD, 2 MLD and 2 MPS-IH patients underwent HSCT between 2007 and 2014. Neurological examinations, magnetic resonance imaging, molecular and biochemical studies were obtained at baseline and repeated when appropriated. Results Favorable outcomes were obtained with 4/5 related and 3/6 unrelated donors. Two patients died from procedure-related complications. Nine transplanted patients were alive after a median of 3.7 years: neurological stabilization was obtained in 5/6 CALD, 1/2 MLD, and one MPS-IH patient. Brain lesions of the MPS-IH patient were reduced four years after HSCT. Conclusion Good outcomes were obtained when HSCT was performed before adulthood, early in the clinical course, and/or from a related donor.
RESUMO O transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) é o único tratamento disponível para o envolvimento neurológico de doenças como a leucodistrofia metacromática (MLD), a mucopolissacaridose tipo I-Hurler (MPS-IH) e a adrenoleucodistrofia (CALD). Objetivos Descrever a sobrevida e os desfechos neurológicos após o TCTH nessas doenças. Métodos Sete pacientes CALD, 2 MLD e 2 MPS-IH realizaram TCTH entre 2007 e 2014. Avaliações neurológicas, ressonância nuclear magnética e estudos bioquímicos e moleculares foram feitos no baseline e repetidos quando apropriado. Resultados Desfechos favoráveis foram obtidos em 4/5 TCTH de doadores relacionados e em 3/6 não relacionados. Dois pacientes faleceram de complicações do procedimento. Nove transplantados sobreviveram após uma mediana de 3,7 anos: estabilização neurológica foi obtida em 5/6 CALD, ½ MLD e em um caso MPS-IH. As lesões encefálicas de um caso MPS-IH reduziram-se quatro anos após o TCTH. Conclusão Bons desfechos foram obtidos quando o TCTH foi feito antes da vida adulta, cedo no curso clínico e/ou a partir de um doador relacionado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Mucopolysaccharidosis I/surgery , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/mortality , Adrenoleukodystrophy/surgery , Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic/surgery , Pedigree , Tissue Donors , Brain/pathology , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brazil/epidemiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Mucopolysaccharidosis I/genetics , Mucopolysaccharidosis I/mortality , Age of Onset , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Adrenoleukodystrophy/mortality , Transplantation Conditioning/methods , White Matter/diagnostic imaging , Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic/genetics , Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic/mortalityABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Cell transplantation of myelin-producing exogenous cells is being extensively explored as a means of remyelinating axons in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We determined whether 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) overexpresses the ABCD2 gene in the polysialylated (PSA) form of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-positive cells and promotes cell proliferation and favors oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PSA-NCAM+ cells from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were grown for five days on uncoated dishes in defined medium with or without supplementation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and/or T3. Then, PSA-NCAM+ spheres were prepared in single cells and transferred to polyornithine/fibronectin-coated glass coverslips for five days to determine the fate of the cells according to the supplementation of these molecules. T3 responsiveness of ABCD2 was analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the growth and fate of cells were determined using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that T3 induces overexpression of the ABCD2 gene in PSA-NCAM+ cells, and can enhance PSA-NCAM+ cell growth in the presence of bFGF, favoring an oligodendrocyte fate. CONCLUSION: These results may provide new insights into investigation of PSA-NCAM+ cells for therapeutic application to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Animals, Newborn , Bromodeoxyuridine , Cell Differentiation , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology , Fibronectins/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sialic Acids/metabolism , Stem Cells , Thyroid Hormones/metabolism , Triiodothyronine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a recessive X-linked disorder associated with marked phenotypic variability. Female carriers are commonly thought to be normal or only mildly affected, but their disease still needs to be better described and systematized. OBJECTIVES: To review and systematize the clinical features of heterozygous women followed in a Neurogenetics Clinic. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical, biochemical, and neuroradiological data of all women known to have X-ADL. RESULTS: The nine women identified were classified into three groups: with severe and aggressive diseases; with slowly progressive, spastic paraplegia; and with mildly decreased vibratory sensation, brisk reflexes, and no complaints. Many of these women did not have a known family history of X-ALD. CONCLUSIONS: Heterozygous women with X-ADL have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild to severe phenotypes.
A adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X (ADL-X) é uma doença recessiva ligada ao X, associada à grande variabilidade clínica. Mulheres heterozigotas portadoras do gene causador da doença são consideradas, tradicionalmente, como clinicamente normais ou com fenótipo clínico muito discreto. No entanto, a apresentação clínica deste grupo necessita ser melhor caracterizada e sistematizada. OBJETIVOS: Revisar e sistematizar as principais características clínicas de mulheres heterozigotas para ADL-X, seguidas em serviço de neurogenética. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os principais achados clínicos, bioquímicos e neurorradiológicos das mulheres seguidas no serviço com o diagnóstico bioquímico de ADL-X. RESULTADOS: Nove mulheres foram identificadas e classificadas em três grupos: com doença grave e incapacitante; com evolução mais insidiosa e sintomas de paraparesia espástica; e com sintomas discretos apresentando diminuição da sensibilidade vibratória, reflexos vivos, mas sem queixas clínicas. A maioria dessas mulheres não possuía história familiar positiva para ALD-X. CONCLUSÕES: Mulheres heterozigotas para ALD-X apresentam um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, variando desde um fenótipo leve, subclínico até apresentações graves e incapacitantes.
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Heterozygote , Adrenoleukodystrophy/classification , Phenotype , Retrospective Studies , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease with clinical heterogeneity varying from presymptomatic individuals to rapidly progressive cerebral ALD forms. This disease is characterized by increased concentration of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in plasma and in adrenal, testicular and nervous tissues. Affected individuals can be classified in different clinical settings, according to phenotypic expression and age at onset of initial symptoms. Molecular defects in X-ALD individuals usually result from ABCD1 gene mutations. In the present report we describe clinical data and the ABCD1 gene study in two boys affected with the childhood cerebral form that presented with different symptomatic manifestations at diagnosis. In addition, their maternal grandfather had been diagnosed with Addison's disease indicating phenotypic variation for X-ALD within this family. The mutation p.Trp132Ter was identified in both male patients; additionally, three females, out of eleven family members, were found to be heterozygous after screening for this mutation. In the present report, the molecular analysis was especially important since one of the heterozygous females was in first stages of pregnancy. Therefore, depending on the fetus outcome, if male and p.Trp132Ter carrier, storage of the umbilical cord blood should be recommended as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation could be considered as an option for treatment in the future.
A adrenoleucodistrofia é uma doença genética com padrão de herança ligado ao X (X-ALD) que apresenta heterogeneidade clínica e varia desde a forma infantil cerebral severa até casos de indivíduos pré-sintomáticos. Essa doença é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa (VLCFA) no plasma, nas adrenais, nos testículos e no sistema nervoso. Indivíduos afetados podem apresentar diferentes formas clínicas, as quais são classificadas de acordo com a expressão fenotípica e a idade de aparecimento dos sintomas iniciais. Alterações moleculares em indivíduos com X-ALD são geralmente mutações no gene ABCD1. No presente trabalho, descrevemos os dados clínicos e a investigação molecular do gene ABCD1 em uma família com duas crianças do sexo masculino afetadas com a forma infantil cerebral, que apresentaram diferenças nas primeiras manifestações sintomáticas para o diagnóstico. Além disso, houve referência ao avô materno diagnosticado com doença de Addison's, indicando a variabilidade fenotípica da X-ALD nessa família. A análise molecular indicou a mutação p.Trp132Ter nos dois pacientes masculinos, e três indivíduos do sexo feminino, entre os onze estudados, mostraram-se heterozigotos para mutação. O conhecimento molecular descrito no presente relato adquiriu maior importância uma vez que uma das portadoras da mutação apresentou-se nos primeiros estágios de gestação. Assim, poderá ser oferecida a possibilidade de armazenamento de sangue de cordão umbilical para que se possa considerar, no futuro, o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas como forma de tratamento, caso a criança seja do sexo masculino e afetada.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Pedigree , Phenotype , Mutation/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is the most common of the peroxisomal disorder and is associated with functional defect of the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) oxidation leading to the accumulation of VLCFA in the white matter and adrenal cortex. Retrospective evaluation of medical records of ALD patients were carried out. In all the 5 patients the duration of the symptoms varied from 1-7 years. Most of them presented with Addisonian crisis (4/5) and hyperpigmentation (5/5), white half of them (3/5) had neurological symptoms. All patients had biochemical evidence of the adrenal insufficiency. All siblings of patients should be screened for the possibility of ALD with VLCFA.
Subject(s)
Addison Disease/etiology , Addison Disease/physiopathology , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Adrenoleukodystrophy/complications , Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis , Adrenoleukodystrophy/drug therapy , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Blood Chemical Analysis , Child , Child, Preschool , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Sampling Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Adrenoleucodistrofia (X-ALD) é uma desordem peroxissomal com padräo de herança ligada ao X, fenotipicamente heterogênea, caracterizada por uma progressiva desmielinizaçäo da substância branca do sistema nervoso central e por insuficiênca adrenal. Foram investigados por nós 15 pacientes do sexo masculino com sinais clínicos sugestivos de X-ALD, com idade entre 7 e 39 anos, diagnosticados entre 108 pacientes encaminhados para investigaçäo por suspeita clínica. Os níveis plasmáticos dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa (VLCFA) foram dosados em nosso laboratório através de cromatografia gasosa (GC). Onze (73 por cento) casos de forma infantil de X-ALD (ALD) e 4 (27 por cento) casos de adrenomieloneuropatia (AMN) foram diagnosticados. Insuficiência leucodistrofia adrenal e fraqueza muscular foram os sinais mais freqüentes, aparecendo em 80, 53 e 40 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. O conhecimento dos médicos sobre a possibilidade da X-ALD parece ser pequeno, o que pode ser concluído a partir da elevada idade no diagnóstico e do grande intervalo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico. Neste trabalho, que relata a primeira série brasileira de pacientes com X-ALD, procuramos enfatizar os sinais e sintomas que säo relevantes para a suspeita diagnóstica, uma vez que a identificaçäo precoce dos casos parece ser importante para o sucesso do tratamento. Além disso, o diagnóstico permite a identificaçäo de portadores, os quais podem se beneficiar do aconselhamento genético e do diagnóstico pré-natal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Child , Adult , Fatty Acids/blood , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis , Brazil , Chromatography, Gas , X Chromosome/geneticsABSTRACT
To evaluate the clinical, biochemical, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological findings of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Retrospective study evaluating the data of 10 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients diagnosed at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The common presenting symptoms were deterioration in school performance, vision and hearing, behavioral changes, and seizures. Eight patients survived 1-4 years and one patient 12 years after the initial presentation, while one patient expired. Six patients had the childhood form, 3 had the adolescent form and one had the adrenomyeloneuropathy form. Six are in an advanced stage of the disease and 3 have mild to moderate spasticity. All except 2 manifested moderate to severe dementia with variable degrees of visual loss. Decreased hearing and features of adrenal insufficiency were seen in 7 patients. Very long chain fatty acids were significantly increased in seven and mildly elevated in 2 patients, however the C26 to C22 ratio was increased in all. The characteristic high-signal intensity of parieto-occipital white matter on brain magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted images was observed in all patients. Two patients had functional study of the brain, which showed hypometabolic activity in gray and white matter of the occipital lobes. Various neurophysiological abnormalities were detected. The response to different treatment modalities was not promising. The disease is more common than had been previously recognized due to phenotypic variability and a wide spectrum of presentations. This report describes various aspects of this disorder and emphasizes the importance of early identification and treatment of asymptomatic but biochemically affected individuals, since all current therapeutic approaches are disappointing if overt neurological abnormalities have been already developed
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Neuroradiography , Neurophysiology , Adrenoleukodystrophy/geneticsABSTRACT
La adrenoleucodistrofia ligada al cromosoma X (xALD) es un trastorno del metabólismo de los ácidos grasos de cadena muy larga (AGCML) que origina su acumulación en múltiples tejidos y plasma, lo que provoca disfunción del sistema nervioso y las glándulas suprarrenales. Se han descrito seis formas clínicas: Cerebral de la niñez, cerebral de la adolescencia, cerebral de la edad adulta, adrenomieloneuropatía, Addison solo y asintomática. Se presenta el caso de un paciente xALD de forma cerebral de la niñez, quien inicia en forma lenta y progresiva a la edad de 9 años deterioro neurológico dado por: diagrafía, dismetría, trastorno de la marcha, bradilalia, y disartria, acompañados por hipertonía generalizada, con daño de las funciones cognitivas y motoras, concomitantemente imágenes características en la RMN, cortisol normal y AGML elevados en plasma, lo cual confirma el diagnóstico. Conclusión: la xALD es una enfermedad recientemente descrita, de fácil diagnostico. En Venezuela sólo se ha diagnósticado clínicamente. En el paciente descrito se confirmo bioquímicamente la enfermedad en el Instituto Kennedy Krieger, EE.UU
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adrenoleukodystrophy/diagnosis , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Adrenoleukodystrophy/therapy , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , X Chromosome/genetics , X Chromosome/pathologyABSTRACT
La adrenoleucodistrofia infantil es un trastorno peroxisomal caracterizado por una falla en la función de la lignoceroil CoA sintetasa, se transmite en forma reseciva ligada al cromosoma X, con localización el locus 28 (q28). La deficiencia enximática condiciona una degradación imcompleta de los ácidos grasos de cadena larga, acumulándose en consecuencia en el tejido cerebral y adrenal. El motivo del presente trabajo es identificar los hallazgos clínicos encontrados en estos casos donde incluímos la presencia del asma bronquial, manifestaciones endocrinológicas y neurológicas. Los pacientes fueron tratados en el servicio a partir de 1990. Se describen los métodos utilizados para el diagnóstico, desde las alteraciones tempranas de los potenciales evocados de tallo, hasta las imágenes de tomografía computarizada de cráneo con doble cantidad de medio de contraste, y cortes tardíos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Asthma/physiopathology , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/physiology , Neuroradiography , Demyelinating Diseases/diagnosis , Adrenoleukodystrophy/genetics , Glycerol/therapeutic use , Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/diagnosis , Microbodies/enzymology , Neurophysiology , Fatty Acids/biosynthesis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
La adrenoleucodistrofia es un error congénito del metabolismo intermediario caracterizada por acumulación excesiva de ácidos grasos insaturados de cadena muy larga, secundaria a un defecto enzimático de la beta-oxidación no-carnitino dependiente realizada en los peroxisomas. De las cuatro variedades identificadas, el tipo infantil (que se hereda en forma recesiva ligada al cromosoma X), se caracteriza por desmielinización progresiva del sistema nervioso (central y periférico) y atrofía de los órganos en los que se realiza esteroidogénesis (corteza suprarrenal y testículo). Se presentan cuatro casos que constituyen la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, enfatizándose la importancia de la biopsia corticosuprarrenal para confirmar la sospecha clínica. Aún cuando las medidas terapéuticas utilizadas hasta la fecha no han producido resultados favorables, es importante la identificación de los pacientes afectados y el estudio de los familiares consanguíneos, para proporcionar consejo genético