Determination of five saponins in Xuesaitong Dropping Pills by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and evaluation method of between-batch consistency / 中国中药杂志

The present study determined five saponins in Xuesaitong Dropping Pills(XDP) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography(MEKC), and evaluated between-batch consistency by MEKC fingerprints and similarity analysis. A background buffer was composed of 20 mmol·L~(-1) sodium tetraborate-20 mmol·L~(-1) boric acid solution(pH 8.5), 55 mmol·L~(-1) sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), 23 mmol·L~(-1) β-cyclodextrin, and 13% isopropyl alcohol. All separations were performed at 25 ℃,20 kV and the detection wavelength was set at 203 nm. The separation channel was a fused silica capillary with a dimension of 75 μm I.D. and a total length of 50.2 cm(effective length of 40.0 cm). The contents of notoginsenoside R_1, and ginsenosides Rg_1, Re, Rb_1, Rd were determined with their quality control ranges set. The fingerprints of XDP were established and the between-batch consistency was evaluated by similarity analysis. The contents of five saponins from the 19 batches of XDP were stable in the fixed ranges. Statistical analysis was carried out on the results of multiple batches of samples, and the specific quality control ranges were recommended as follows: notoginsenoside R_1 21.92-34.16 mg·g~(-1), ginsenosides Rg_1 83.54-131.78 mg·g~(-1), ginsenosides Re 13.58-19.82 mg·g~(-1), ginsenosides Rb_1 89.40-129.90 mg·g~(-1), and ginsenosides Rd 22.34-35.67 mg·g~(-1). Eleven characteristic peaks were identified in the fingerprints. Five peaks, notoginsenoside R_1 and ginsenosides Rg_1, Re, Rb_1, Rd, were identified with reference standards. The similarities of the 19 batches of samples were all above 0.988, indicating good between-batch consistency. This method is green and simple, and can be used for the quantitative determination and quality evaluation of XDP. It can also provide references for the quality control of other Chinese medicinal dripping pills.

Estudo da separação de glicocorticoides e aplicações em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando eletroforese capilar / Study of the separation of glucocorticoids and application in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis

Estudos envolvendo os glicocorticoides merecem destaque devido a serem hormônios responsáveis pela transferência de informações e instruções às células, desta forma regulando o metabolismo, desenvolvimento, crescimento, função imune e também auxiliam no controle das funções tanto reprodutivas quanto tecidual. Estes também são sintetizados e amplamente utilizados com finalidade terapêutica processos alérgicos, tratamento de doenças autoimunes, em transplantes no pré-operatório e/ou pós-operatório-, devido a sua eficiente ação como imunossupressores e anti-inflamatórios. Os dois primeiros capítulos deste trabalho exibem uma revisão da literatura com foco em considerações gerais sobre os glicocorticoides, metodologias empregadas na análise destes hormônios e fundamentos da eletroforese capilar. Na sequência, o quarto capitulo, mostra a otimização da separação de 17 glicocorticoides utilizando cromatografia eletrocinética micelar devido a alto grau hidrofóbico dos analitos. Para tal, a composição do eletrólito consistiu em 20mM de tetraborato de sódio (pH=9.3) e 30 mM de dodecil sulfato de sódio (como surfactante), e a interação soluto-micela e, portanto, retenção do soluto, foi manipulada com a adição (volume/volume) de solventes orgânicos na composição de até 20% acetonitrila (ACN), 20% etanol (EtOH) e 1% tetrahidrofurano (THF), a qual se baseia num modelo de desenho de misturas (totalizando dez diferentes eletrólitos), e através desta abordagem um ótimo de separação foi obtido (13,3% EtOH, 3,3% ACN e 0,17% THF). A melhor condição de separação foi testada qualitativamente numa amostra de urina de um voluntário que faz uso contínuo de prednisona como terapia corticoidal. As misturas de solventes estudadas neste trabalho afetam a solubilidade dos hormônios na fase aquosa e a estrutura micelar também sofre grande impacto,principalmente na camada de solvatação. O quarto capítulo busca racionalizar tais efeitos através da obtenção de descritores, e as informações contidas nos descritores hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos são sempre relevantes e contribuem nas correlações encontradas. Obteve três grupos de comportamento distinto, onde a capacidade doadora e aceptora de prótons para a realização de ligações de hidrogênios foram as interações consideradas as mais relevantes para o comportamento observado da separação. E o capítulo final, apresenta possibilidades de aproveitamento no controle de qualidade na indústria farmacêutica, métodos baseados na injeção e tensão inversas foram propostos a fim de ganho de tempo de análise (máximo de 5 minutos), estes foram validados seguindo o protocolo preconizado pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) nos parâmetros: precisão, exatidão, seletividade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação e robustez; e aplicados na quantificação de quatro (diferentes formulações comerciais contendo glicocorticoides (prednisona 20 mg, betametasona 4 mg, furoato de mometasona 200 mcg e dipropionato de beclometasona 200 mcg)

Studies involving glucocorticoids deserve to be highlighted because they are hormones responsible for the transfer of information and instructions to cells, thus regulating metabolism, development, growth, immune function and also assist in the control of both reproductive and tissue functions. These are also synthesized and widely used for therapeutic purposes - allergic processes, treatment of autoimmune diseases, in preoperative and/or postoperative transplants - due to their efficient action as immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatories. The first two chapters of this paper present a review of the literature focusing on general considerations about glucocorticoids, methodologies used in the analysis of these hormones and fundamentals of capillary electrophoresis. Subsequently, the fourth chapter shows the optimization of the separation of 17 glucocorticoids using micellar electrokinetic chromatography due to the high hydrophobic degree of the analytes. To this end, the electrolyte composition consisted of 20 mM sodium tetraborate (pH = 9.3) and 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (as a surfactant), and the solute-micelle interaction and therefore solute retention was manipulated with organic solvent in the composition of up to 20% acetonitrile (ACN), 20% ethanol (EtOH) and 1% tetrahydrofuran (THF), which is based on a mixture design model (totaling ten different electrolytes), and through this approach an optimal separation was obtained (13.3% EtOH, 3.3% ACN and 0.17% THF). The best separation condition was qualitatively tested in a urine sample from a volunteer who makes continuous use of prednisone as corticosteroid therapy. The solvent mixtures studied in this work affect the solubility of the hormones in the aqueous phase and the micellar structure also has a great impact, especially on the solvation layer. The fourth chapter seeks to rationalize these effects by obtainingdescriptors, and the information contained in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic descriptors is always relevant and contributes to the correlations found. It obtained three groups of distinct behavior, where the donor and acceptor capacity of protons for the realization of hydrogen bonds were the interactions considered the most relevant for the observed behavior of the separation. And the final chapter presents possibilities of use in quality control in the pharmaceutical industry, methods based on injection and reverse voltage were proposed in order to gain analysis time (maximum of 5 minutes), these were validated following the protocol recommended by ANVISA (Brazilian National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance) in the parameters: precision, accuracy, selectivity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification and robustness; and applied in the quantification of four different commercial formulations containing glucocorticoids (prednisone 20 mg, betamethasone 4 mg, mometasone furoate 200 mcg and beclomethasone dipropionate 200 mcg)

Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe from combined pharmaceutical products by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Abstract A rapid and sensitive micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method with UV photodiode-array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe in fixed dose drug combination. Experimental conditions such as buffer concentration and pH, surfactant concentration, system temperature, applied voltage, injection parameters were optimized in order to improve the efficiency of the separation. The best results were obtained when using fused silica capillary (48 cm length X 50 µm ID) and 25 mM borate buffer electrolyte at pH 9.3 containing 25 mM SDS, + 30 kV applied voltage, 20 ºC system temperature. The separation was achieved in approximately 2 minutes, with a resolution of 7.02, the order of migration being atorvastatin followed by ezetimibe. The analytical performance of the method was verified with regard to linearity, precision, robustness and the limit of detection and quantification were calculated.

Determination of kaempferol and quercetin in xindakang tablet by beta-cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A method was proposed to determine kaempferol and quercetin in Hippophae rhamnoides L medicinal preparation xindakang tablet by beta-cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Under the optimized conditions: buffer solution of 20 mmol/L Na[2]B[4]O[7]-KH[2]PO[4] [pH 9.0]-20mmol/L SDS-6mmol/L beta-CD-5%[v/v] MeCN, applied voltage of 16 kV and injection time of 8s, the two analytes were separated well within 10 minutes. The calibration was linear in the 0.02-0.80 and 0.02-0.70 mg/mL range for kaempferol and quercetin, respectively. The reproducibility based on migration time and peak height were 0.47% and1.87% for kaempferol, 0.55% and 2.02% for quercetin. The detection limits based on three times noise were 0.010 mg/mL and 0.008 mg/mL for kaempferol and quercetin, respectively. The developed method was utilized to analyze real samples and running recovery experiments with satisfactory results.

Genomic Basis for Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus / 감염과화학요법

Since the discovery of the first strain in 1961 in England, MRSA, the most notorious multidrug-resistant hospital pathogen, has spread all over the world. MRSA repeatedly turned down the challenges by number of chemotherapeutics, the fruits of modern organic chemistry. Now, we are in short of effective therapeutic agents against MRSA prevailing among immuno-compromised patients in the hospital. On top of this, we recently became aware of the rise of diverse clones of MRSA, some of which have increased pathogenic potential compared to the classical hospital-associated MRSA, and the others from veterinary sources. They increased rapidly in the community, and started menacing otherwise healthy individuals by causing unexpected acute infection. This review is intended to provide a whole picture of MRSA based on its genetic makeup as a versatile pathogen and our tenacious colonizer.

Propostas metodologicas para componentes em matrizes alimenticias, alimentos enriquecidos e contaminantes utilizando eletroforese capilar acoplada a espectrometria de massas e detecção UV/VIS / Methodological proposals for food matrix components, enriched foods and contaminants using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry and UV/Vis detection

O trabalho envolve o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise de alimentos visando a determinação de ácidos fenólicos em frutas, ácido fólico em farinhas enriquecidas e corantes Sudan em produtos de pimenta utilizando eletroforese capilar nos modos de detecção UV e MS. A separação de dez ácidos fenólicos (ácidos clorogênico, siríngico, p-cumárico, benzóico, p-hidroxibenzóico, ferúlico, vanílico, cafeico, gálico e protocatecuico) foi obtida por eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE). Um eletrólito composto de 50 mmol L-1 de tetraborato e 7,5% metanol (v/v) permitiu a separação em linha de base dos dez ácidos fenólicos em menos de 15 minutos. A fim de promover o "clean-up", pré-concentração e liberação dos ácidos fenólicos esterificados, um procedimento de extração líquido-líquido seguido pela hidrólise alcalina foi realizado. O método foi validado obtendo-se limites de detecção de 1,63-3,80 µg mL-1 e limites de quantificação de 4,95-11,39 µg mL-1. O método otimizado foi aplicado para análise de frutas como a abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), amora silvestre (Morus nigra L.) e tomate de árvore (Cyphomandra betacea), identificando os ácidos fenólicos na fração livre e hidrolisada. Este trabalho também otimizou o processo de extração e caracterizou a composição de ácidos fenólicos na forma livre e hidrolisada presentes no açaí Juçara (Euterpe precatória Mart.), açaí do Pará (Euterpe oleracea) e em produtos comercias de açaí como polpa congelada e "açaí na tigela". Para a determinação do ácido fólico, estudos de pré-concentração online foram realizados. A focalização do ácido fólico foi obtida por CZE e MEKC, devido a fenômenos de isotacoforese transiente. Um método de extração simples baseado na dissolução da farinha em solução de Na2HPO4 seguida de ultrassom e adição de HCl concentrado foi adotado. Entretanto, a detecção do ácido fólico no extrato foi obtida por MEKC com injeção de grande volume de amostra em condições eletroforéticas de 40 mmol L-1 TBS e 30 mmol L-1 SDS, 15 kV a 310 nm. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação atingidos foram de 0,047 e 0,14 µg mL-1, sendo adequados para quantificação do ácido fólico em farinhas de trigo. Um método para determinação de corantes Sudan (I, II, III e IV) em alimentos foi desenvolvido por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) com preenchimento parcial do capilar. A separação dos quatro corantes foi obtida utilizando-se um preenchimento de 25% do capilar (volume total) com eletrólito composto por 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3, 25 mmol L-1 SDS e 32,5% ACN (v/v). O restante do capilar foi preenchido com um tampão composto de 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3 e 32,5% (v/v) de ACN. Após otimização do método por CE-UV o método foi aplicado para o acoplamento ao CE-MS. Para detecção dos compostos no MS os parâmetros de ionização foram otimizados. A separação em linha de base dos quatro compostos foi obtida em menos de 10 min com limites de detecção de 0,57 a 0,75 µg mL-1 para detecção no UV-Vis e 0,05 a 0,2 µg mL-1 para detecção no MS. O método foi eficaz para a determinação destes corantes adicionados a amostras de molho de tomate e pimenta e chilli em pó

The present work involves the development of methods for food analysis in order to determinate phenolic acids in fruits, folic acid in enriched flour and Sudan dye in chilli products by capillary electrophoresis with UV/Vis and MS detection. The separation of ten phenolic acids (benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acid) was obtained by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). An electrolyte composed by 50 mmol L-1 of tetraborate and 7,5% methanol (v/v) allowed the baseline resolution of all phenolic acids under investigation in less than 15 min. In order to promote sample clean up, to preconcentrate the phenolic fraction and to release esterified phenolic acids from the fruit matrix, elaborate liquid-liquid extraction procedures followed by alkaline hydrolysis were performed. The proposed method was validated with limits of detection of 1.63-3.80 µg mL-1 and limits of quantification of 4.95-11.39 µg mL-1. The optimized method was applied to evaluation of phenolic contents of abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), wild mulberry (Morus nigra L.) and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). This work also optimized the extraction process and characterized the free and hydrolysed forms of phenolic acids in Juçara açaí (Euterpe precatória Mart.), Pará´s açaí (Euterpe oleracea) and commercial products such as frozen pulp and açaí desserts. For the determination of folic acid, on-line preconcentration studies were performed. The focalization of folic acid was obtained by CZE and MEKC by transient isotacophoresis. A simple method of extraction based on dissolution of flour in a Na2HPO4 solution followed by ultrasonication and the addition of concentrated HCl was adopted. However, the detection of folic acid in flour extract was obtained by MEKC with the large volume sample injection with eletrophoretic conditions of 40 mmol L-1 TBS and 30 mmol L-1 SDS, 15 kV and 310 nm. The limits of detection and quantification reached were 0.047 and 0.14 µg mL-1, which are suitable limits to quantify folic acid in enriched wheat flours. A method of Sudan dyes (I, II, III and IV) was developed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with partial filling technique. Filling 25 % of the capillary with a MEKC solution containing 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3, 25 mmol L-1 SDS and 32.5 % ACN (v/v), a baseline separation of the four azo-dyes was obtained. The rest of capillary was filled with 40 mmol L-1 NH4HCO3 and 32.5 % ACN (v/v). After the optimization by CE-UV the method was applied to CE-MS coupling. To detect the compounds in MS the ionization parameters were optimized. The baseline separation of four compounds was obtained in less than 10 min with limit of detection within 0.57 to 0.75 µg mL-1 to UV-Vis detection and 0.05 to 0.2 µg mL-1 to MS detection. The method was efficient in the determination of these dyes spiked in tomato chilli sauces and chilli powder

Determination of five coumarins in radix glehniae by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography / 中国中药杂志

A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of psoralen, xanthotoxin, isoimpinellin, bergapten and scopoletin in Radix Glehniae. The separation was performed on an uncoated fused silica capillary column (50.2 cm x 75 microm x 40 cm) with 20 mmol x L(-1) borax solution (pH 9.6) containing 16 mmol x L(-1) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and 15% acetonitrile as running buffer at applied voltage of 22 kV. The detection wavelength was 214 nm. The effects of concentrations of borax solution, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and organic modifier, voltage, temperature on the separation and sensitivity were investigated. The five active constituents were completely separated within 7 min. The linear ranges of psoralen, xanthotoxin, isoimpinellin, bergapten and scopoletin were 9.91-82.6, 37.2-162, 2.23-18.6, 2.73-22.3 and 2.89-20.1 mg x L(-1), respectively. And the average recoveries were 98.9%, 98.4%, 101.3%, 99.1% and 98.0%, respectively. This simple and rapid method provided a new basis for assessment on quality of Radix Glehniae.

MEKC-DAD fingerprint of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the analytical method for the fingerprint of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei by MEKC-DAD and compare the fingerprints of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and its processed products.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Based on the mode of micellar electrokinetic chromatography, 25 mmol x L(-1) borax -25 mmol x L(-1) SDS-10% acetonitrile was selected for the running buffer (pH 9.2). The separation voltage was 12 kV and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. Rhein was used as a reference standard, the chromatographic fingerprint was determined via the data analyzed by fuzzy cluster and fingerprint similarity evaluation software to compare the similarity of samples.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>MEKC-DAD fingerprints with 11 common peaks of 10 batches of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei from the place of the genuine were established preliminarily. It was discovered that a small number of samples differed from others. Regarding to the fingerprints of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and its processed products, there were obvious differences in the relative areas of common peaks.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is reliable, accurate and can be used for quality control of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.</p>

Advances in new technique pseudophase biochromatography / 药学学报

The current status and latest advances in new technique pseudophase biochromatography are reviewed. After brief introduction to the principle of new technique pseudophase biochromatography, the nature and various influence factors including the compositions, the types of new technique pseudophase biochromatography system are summarized in detail and the aspects of the future applications biochromatography in life science are described.

Rapid analysis of antiepileptic drugs in human plasma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To develop a rapid and feasible method based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) for the simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)--phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), primidone (PRM) and clonazepam (CZP) in human plasma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Several factors that impact the separation of AEDs with MECC were investigated, such as concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), buffer compositions, pH, organic modifier, internal diameter and temperature, and an optimized MECC running condition was obtained the running buffer consisted of 8 mmol x L(-1) phosphate, 3 mmol x L(-1) sodium tetraborate, and 50 mmol x L(-1) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (pH 8.0), containing acetonitrile (ACN) (18%) as organic modifier. Detection at 210 nm, run at 25 kV at 30 degrees C in a untreated fused silica capillary (50/45.5 cm length, 50 microm ID).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The reproducibility of both migration time and relative peak area with MECC analysis were appropriate for the intra- and inter-assay coefficients. The evaluated drugs concentration intervals of PRM 1.0-40.0 microg x mL(-1), PB 1.0-60.0 microg x mL(-1), PHT 1.0-40.0 microg x mL(-1), CBZ 1.0-40.0 microg x mL(-1), CZP 0.2-8.0 microg x mL(-1) were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 1, and coefficients of the variation of the points of the calibration curve lower than 10%. The recoveries of AEDs varied from 80.0% to 100.0%, depending on the drug, with coefficients of the variation lower than 10.0%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The MECC technique is showed to be rapid, simple, efficient and low cost when applied to monitoring therapeutic drugs in patient treated with a combination of PHT and other AEDs such as hepatic enzyme-inducing agents.</p>

A novel microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for measuring lipid-water partition coefficients of pharmaceuticals / 药学学报

<p><b>AIMS</b>To establish a novel microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method for measuring lipid-water partition coefficients ( logP(ow)) of pharmaceuticals without using microemulsion phase marker in order to avoid the error from tracing the migration time of microemulsion phase.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The migration time of microemulsion phase (t(me)) was obtained by non-linearity fitting with logP(ow) values from literature and measured migration time (t(m)) of a series of organic compounds, a calibration curve for estimating logP(ow) of pharmaceuticals was thus obtained. In addition, the accuracy of the values measured by MEEKC was evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The logP(ow) values of 4 pharmaceuticals measured by MEEKC method presented in this paper were close to those determined by shake-flask method, and the average error between values from two methods was 0.15 logarithm units. Furthermore, according to the suggested theory, the measurement accuracy of logP(ow) is correlated with different t(m) in MEEKC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The proposed method is simple, rapid, reproducible, and reliable with high measurement accuracy, which can be useful to estimate lipid-water partition coefficients of pharmaceuticals.</p>

Determination of active anthraquinones in Rheum and its tea preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish an instant determination method of emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein, from Rheum, and one of their preparations, Qinghai Wild Dahuang Tea, by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis for the first time.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Separation was carried out in an uncoated fused silica capillary (75 microm x 50.0 cm). Meanwhile, a running voltage 20 kV, 15.0 mmol x L(-1) borax buffer with 30.0 mmol x L(-1) SDS and 10% ethanol (pH 9.60) and a UV detector at 254 nm were adopted.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The linear calibration rang was 4-120 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.992 1) for emodin, 10-200 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.997 0) for aloe-emodin, and 2-100 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.997 1) for rhein, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values (n = 6) for the migration time and the peak area of each peak were 0.59%-0.80%, 1.30%-3.22%, respectively. The contents of the analytes were easily determined with recoveries ranging from 97.6%-102.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is proved to be simple, rapid and accurate, and can be used for the quality control of medicinal herb, Rheum, and its tea preparation.</p>

Determination of ginsenosides Re, Rb1 in Panax quinquefolius by micellar electrokinetic chromatography / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>A Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) technique for the determination of ginsenosides Re, Rb1 in Panax quinquefolius was developed and validated.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The MEKC was performed in a mixed buffer solution containing 20 mmol x L(-1) boric acid, 20 mmol x L(-1) sodium tetraborate, 60 mmol x L(-1) sodium cholate (CA) and 20% acetonitrile under the applied voltage of 20 kV at 25 degrees C. The detection wavelenth was 203 nm, the sampling time is 5 sec (hydrostatic injection).</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The liner range was 0.38 - 1.65 mg x ml(-1) for Re and 0.42 - 1.76 g x L(-1) for Rb1. The average recovery for Re was 97.2%, RSD = 1.6% and that for Rb1 was 97.7%, RSD = 1.9% (n = 5). The preparation of sample is easy and the chromatogram has much information.</p>

Study on separation of sulfonamides by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochromatography / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To establish separation methods of five sulfonamides by using capillary high performance liquid chromatography(mu-HPLC) and electrochromatography. The effect of mobile phase varies such as methanol content, pH, buffer solution concentration and voltage on their chromatographic behavior and electroosmesis flow was investigated. Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was compared with mu-HPLC at the same condition.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stationary phase was ODS, mobile phase was methanol and 2 mmol.L-1 H3PO4 buffer solution (pH 3.0-7.0), voltage was 0- -15 kV, flow rate was 10 microL.min-1, pressure was approximately 70 MPa and UV detection wavelength was 254 nm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Separations on base line have been respectively accomplished for five sulfonamides by mu-HPLC with mobile phase of methanol-2 mmol.L-1 H3PO4 buffer solution (30:70) at pH 5.0 in 67 min, and CEC with the same mobile phase at -5 kV voltage in 25 min.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Electroosmesis flow of CEC decreased with the increase in methanol content, buffer solution concentration, increased with the increase in voltage and increase slightly with the increase in pH of mobile phase. Retention values (k) of solutes to be examined decreased with increasing methanol content of mobile phase in mu-HPLC and CEC. Retention values (k) of solutes increased slightly with increasing buffer solution concentration, decreased with increasing voltage in CEC. Trimethoprim(TMP) decreased obviously with increasing voltage in CEC. The effect of pH of mobile phase on retention values (k) was more complex. Five sulfonamides were separated at the same mobile phase condition by mu-HPLC and CEC. And separation speed of CEC was much faster than that of mu-HPLC. CEC was very fit for rapid separation of sulfonamides.</p>

Determination of six effective components in Rheum by cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To determine six effective components (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol) in Rheum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using buffer solution containing 20 mmol.L-1 borax, 20 mmol.L-1 sodium deoxycholate (SDC), 20 mmol.L-1 sodium taurocholate (STC), 15 mmol.L-1 beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and O-phthalic acid as the internal standard, the six components were determined by cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In less than 25 min, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physion and chrysophanol were separated. The separation conditions were optimized by adjusting buffer pH, concentrations of SDC, STC and beta-CD. The linearity ranges of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol were 4-34, 5-40, 4-60, 5-80, 6-90 and 5-85 micrograms.mL-1 respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was less than 2.2%. The recoveries of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol were 100.0%, 98.3%, 100.4%, 94.6%. 95.2% and 93.8% respectively. Raw Rheum, Mongolian Rheum and Rheum tanguticum samples were analyzed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method can be an effective one for identification of Rhubarb.</p>