Efecto in vitro antimicrobiano de commiphora myrrha mirra frente a streptococcus mutans / Antimicrobial in vitro effect of commiphora myrrha myrrh against streptococcus mutans

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en los últimos años ha impulsado el uso de la medicina tradicional como una alternativa en la salud primaria y sobre todo en áreas rurales donde se dificulta el acceso a la atención médica oportuna. Esta investigación plantea tres fases: Estudio etnofarmacológico realizado en la ciudad de Guayaquil, donde se obtuvo un 20% de nivel de uso significativo para Commiphora myrrha (mirra) con índice de valor de uso 0,022. Los metabolitos secundarios presentes en la mirra son Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, Curzerene, ß-elemene, 2-O-acetyl-8,12epoxigermacrama1-1(10)-4,7,11-tetraene, además de polisacáridos, aminoácidos y flavonas. La actividad antimicrobiana in vitro del aceite esencial y extracto etanólico Commiphora myrrha fue investigada sobre Streptococcus mutans, utilizando como control blanco agua destilada y control positivo clorhexidina al 2%. Los valores promedios más altos de halo inhibitorio fueron en la concentración al 100%, presentando 12mm y 10mm para el aceite esencial y extracto etanólico respectivamente; acorte a la escala de Duraffourd se encuentran en sensibilidad límite. Los resultados obtenidos fueron evaluados por medio de la prueba ANOVA (Análisis de varianza) donde el valor de P es < 0,001 rechazando la no existencia de actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial y extracto etanólico. (AU)

Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralisenteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice

Trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. We aimed to assess the effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) and, for the first time, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) against enteral and encysted (parenteral) phases of Trichinella spiralis in mice compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (79.6%, 71.3%), respectively. Administration of 50 mg/kg of albendazole resulted in adult and larvae reduction (94.2%, 90.9%). Positive immunostaining of inflammatory cells infiltrating intestinal mucosa and submucosa of all treated groups was detected. Myrrh-treated mice showed the highest iNOS expression followed by albendazole, then thyme. On the other hand, both myrrh and thyme-treated groups showed stronger iNOS expression of inflammatory cells infiltrating and surrounding encapsulated T. spiralis larvae than albendazole treated group. In conclusion, myrrh and thyme extracts are highly effective against both phases of T. spiralis and showed strong iNOS expressions, especially myrrh which could be a promising alternative drug. This experiment provides a basis for further exploration of this plant by isolation and retesting the active principles of both extracts against different stages of T. spiralis.

Does Commiphora extract have an effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in adult albino rats? Histological and biochemical study

Introduction: Carbon tetrachloride [CCl[4]] is a well-known hepatocyte-destructive agent. Commiphora mukul is a medicinal plant found to be effective in the treatment of a variety of disorders

Aim of the work: To study the effect of Commiphora extract on liver injury induced by the administration of CCl[4] in rats

Materials and methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided randomly into three groups. Group I [control group], group II [positive controls, which received CCl[4] for 2 weeks], and group IIIa and group IIIb, which received 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, of Commiphora extract orally before the administration of CCl[4]. Two weeks after the administration of CCl[4], animals were killed, and the livers were removed and processed for histological and electron microscopic examination. Liver functions were measured

Results: A low dose of Commiphora extract did not lead to any improvement; loss of hepatic architecture occurred. An apparent decrease in fibrous tissue and cellular infiltration was observed around the preexisting portal tract. Some hepatocytes showed fatty changes. At a high dose of Commiphora, hepatic lobules regained their normal architecture with proliferating bile ductules in the portal tract. Some hepatic lobules still showed vacuolation and necrosis of their hepatocytes

Conclusion: Higher doses of Commiphora extract before CCl[4] might be more effective in the amelioration of CCl[4]-induced liver injury and fibrosis

Change in dissolution of chemical components of frankincense-myrrh before and after their compatibility and effect on no release of LPS-induced macrophage cells / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the difference of chemical compounds of frankincense-myrrh before and after their compatibility, and evaluate the effect of differentiated compounds on NO generated by LPS-induced peritoneal macrophage cells in rats, in order to discuss synergetic material basis of frankincense-myrrh compatibility from the prospective of change in chemical constituents.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined technology was used to analyze the chemical components of frankincense-myrrh before and after their compatibility. MarkerLynx 4. 1 statistical software was used to analyze differentiated compounds before and after their compatibility.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results of PCA showed that there were significant differences in the combined extracts of frankincense-myrrh and the chromatogram of their combined liquid, suggesting significant differences in their chemical compounds before and after their compatibility; after their compatibility, the dissolution of pentacyclic triterpenoid (alpha-boswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid) and tetracyclic triterpenoid (elemonic acid, 3-acetoxy-16-hydroxy-dammar-24-ene, 3-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid or 3-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid) increased notably, while the dissolution of both yclic sesquiterpenes and macrocyclic diterpenoids decreased. According to the evaluation on in vitro activity, 2-methoxy-8, 12-epoxy-germa-1 (10), 7, 11-triene-6-ketone, 2-methoxy-5-acetoxyl-furan-germa-1 (10)-alkene-6-ketone and 3-carbonyl Euphorbia kansui-8, 24-diene-21-carboxylic acid notably inhibited NO generated by LPS-induced peritoneal macrophage cells in rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings provide scientific basis and reference for studies on anti-inflammatory material basis of frankincense-myrrh compatibility.</p>

effect of commiphora molmol [Myrrh] in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection

Trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. Metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been developed. Myrrh is one of the oldest known medicinal plants used by the ancient Egyptians for medical purposes and for mummification. Commiphora molmol [Myrrh] proved safe for male reproductive organ which is the main habitat of T. vaginalis and this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the herbal against T. vaginalis in females. In the present study, 33 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis females were treated with a combined course of metronidazole and tinidazole. Those still resistant to the combined treatment were given C. molmol. Also, natural plant extract purified from pomegranate [Punica granatum, Roman] was in-vitro investigated for its efficacy against T. vaginalis on Diamond media. The anti-T. vaginalis activity of both P. granatum [in-vitro] and C. molmol [in-vivo] extracts gave promising results. The anti-T. vaginalis activity of P. granatum and C. molmol showed promising results indicating to sources of new anti-Ttrichomonas agents

Human infection with bertiella studeri [cestode: anoplocephalidae] in an Egyptian worker returning back from Saudi Arabia

Perhaps this is the first case of bertiellosjs studeri record in Egyptian worker returning back from Saudi Arabia. The patient was resistant to Niclosamide but successfully treated with Commiphora molmol extract

Study of polysaccharides isolated from the oleo-gum-resins of boswellia carteri and commi phora myrrha and their immuno- modulatory activity

The present study aims to isolate the polysaccharides of the oleo-gum-resins of Boswellia carteri and Commiphora myrrha Family Burseraceae, identify their components and test their immuno-modulatory activity for the first time. The polysaccharides were isolated from the oleo-gum-resins of Boswellia carteri and Commiphora myrrha using different chemical and chromatographic techniques. The components of the polysaccharide hydrolysates are estimated qualitatively and quantitatively by using PC and HPLC analysis. The immuno-modulatory activity is tested by splenocyte and mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation methods. The percentage yield of the isolated polysaccharide was 15.4% and 15.7% from Boswellia carteri and Commiphora myrrha oleo-gum-resins respectively. Galactose and ribose are the major constituting units of the polysaccharide isolated from Boswellia carteri oleo-gum-resin whereas ribose and galacturonic acid are the major constituting units of the polysaccharide isolated from Commiphora myrrha oleo-gum-resin. The polysaccharide of B. carteri oleo-gum-resin showed mild immuno-stimulatory activity at a dose of 5microg/ml, while that of C. myrrha oleo-gum-resin showed no activity at this dose. Chromatographic investigation of the polysaccharides isolated from Boswellia carteri and Commiphora myrrha oleo-gum-resins by PC and HPLC analysis demonstrated their qualitative and quantitative variation in their chemical composition. Higher concentrations of the polysaccharides could be tested for immuno-modulatory activity

Anti-coccidial effect of commiphora molmol in the domestic rabbit [Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus L.]

This study investigated the effect of oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora molmol Engler [Family: Burceraceae] known as Myrrh and the commercial extract known as Mirazid as a treatment against hepatic coccidiosis induced by the parasite Eimeria stiedae in domestic rabbits. Rabbits were infected with 1000 parasite sporulated oocysts and subjected to two treatment regimens, using crude myrrh suspension and the oleo-resin extract, mirazid, each administered at 500 mg/kg rabbit body weight. Treatments of infected rabbits resulted in significant reduction of the mean oocyst numbers in rabbit faeces by 52.38 % in the crude-treated rabbits and by 90.90 % mirazid-treated rabbits, compared to the untreated infected rabbits at day 21 post-infection [pi]. At day 28 pi no oocysts parasite were observed in the faeces of rabbits. Both treatments resulted in significant recovery of infected rabbits from all symptoms of infection compared to the untreated infected group and healthy control groups. Histopathological examination of liver showed remarkable improvement in all histopathological parameters in G5 and G8 compared with the infected untreated G2. These included an almost complete healing of the hemorrhagic tissue and partial healing of the endothelial lining and hepatocytes encircling the central vein, the hepatocytes laminate regained their original radial shape and disappearance of fat vacuoles from the tissue and remarkable reduction in lymphocytes infiltration, decreased hyperplasia of the epithelial cells with significant decreasing of the parasite stage numbers. Results also indicate that mirazid was more effective than crude myrrh, probably due to higher content of purified active ingredients

The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: A clinico-biochemical study.

Objective: A double-blinded controlled clinical trial with parallel groups was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis as compared with a conventional dentifrice. The efficacy of Colgate Herbal over Colgate tooth paste was assessed in this study. Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects with gingivitis participated in the study. All participants had at least 20 natural teeth with no probing depths greater than 3 mm and a plaque index score of 2 or more at baseline. At baseline, the clinical parameters like gingival index, plaque index and salivary pH were estimated. Paired t-test was used to compare the difference within the groups and unpaired t-test was used to compare the difference between the groups at baseline and on the 30 th day. Results: At the end of the study, there were statistically significant reductions in the gingival index and the plaque index scores within the test group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the test and the control groups. The salivary pH changes were not statistically significant in the test group but were displaced more toward the acidic range in the control group. Conclusion: It was however concluded that the herbal-based toothpaste was as effective as the conventionally formulated dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis.

Histopathological and biochemical effects of myrrh, pomegranate and black seed on the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia

Medicinal plants contain numerous bioactive compounds that rendered them potential targets for extensive research to produce novel pesticides against mosquitoes and important vectors of infectious diseases in the world. In this study, the histopathological and biochemical effects of three medicinal plants, myrrh, pomegranate and black seed, were tested against the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia. Fourth instar larvae were treated with aquaeous extract of each plant separately and the changes in various larval tissues and protein profile of the treated larvae were investigated. The results showed that many tissues suffered major changes due to exposure to plant extracts. The observed changes include rupture and disintegration of midgut epithelium with detachment of cellular membranes. There were vacuolization and swelling of some epithelial cells with the appearance of unknown structures. Other cells appeared devoid of nuclear material, which might be due to fragmentation of nuclear DNA/chromosomes, an important sign of apoptotic cells. Other tissues: Malpighian tubules, muscles, nerve ganglla and fat tissue suffered varying degrees of damage, but lesser than the midgut. Protein analysis showed changes in general protein profile of treated larvae compared to normal larvae. Treatment with plant extracts resulted in loss of protein bands of molecular weights of 2.3 KD and bands between 75 and 212 KD. In all treatments, a group of bands of molecular weights between 9 and 71 KD appeared but with variable profiles, which indicates the loss or gain of one or more band compared to the control mosquito profile. These bands might be metabolic products or fractions of the larger protein bands in response to treatment. These results showed that water extracts of myrrh, pomegranate and black seed affected various tissues and protein products of the mosquito at varying degrees and apparent modes of action. These changes will implicate various physiological processes of the mosquito and could interfere with its life cycle and vectorial capacity for disease transmission. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the specific mode of action and molecular targets in different mosquito stages as well as the side effects on non-targets of each plant extract for the production of novel effective and safe mosquitocidal compounds

Efficacy of two plant extracts against vaginal trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. Metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been developed. Treatment of patients with metronidazole refractory vaginal trichomoniasis constitutes a major therapeutic challenge and treatment options are extremely limited. In the present study, 33 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis females were treated with a combined course of metronidazole and tinidazole. Those still resistant to the combined treatment were given Commiphora molmol [Myrrh] as two capsules for six to eight successive days on an empty stomach two hours before breakfast. Also, natural plant extract purified from [Roman] was in-vitro investigated for its efficacy against T. vaginalis on fresh Diamond media. The anti-trichomoniasis vaginalis activity of both P. granatum [in-vitro] and C. molmol [in-vivo] extracts gave promising results

study on biological control of six fresh water snails of medical and veterinary importance

This study evaluated the molluscicidal effect of Commiphora molmol oil extract [Myrrh], on control of six fresh water snails [Lymnaea natalensis, Bilinus truncatus, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Physa acuta, Melania tuberculata and Cleopatra bulimoides]. Also, the extract effect on the egg masses of L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina and Ph. acuta was evaluated. Snails and egg masses were exposed at 16-20°C to various concentrations [conc.]- LD[50] after 24 hours exposure were 264/132, 283/195, 230/252, 200/224, 241/246 and 241/246 ppm for young/adult of L natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina, Ph. acuta, M. tuberculata and C. bulimoides respectively. LD[100] after 24 hours exposure were 400/400 for L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina, M. tuberculata and C. bulimoides, and 300/300 for Ph. acuta. Also, complete mortality [100%] was achieved for the egg masses of L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina and Ph. acuta at concentrations of 300, 200, 300 and 400 ppm respectively. Lower concentrations gave the same results after longer exposure. LD[100] of C. molmol oil extract [Myrrh] had a rapid lethal effect on the six snail species and their egg masses in high conc, of 300 and 400 ppm. Commiphora molmol is a promising plant to be included with the candidate plant molluscicides. The oil extract of this plant showed a remarkable molluscicidal activity against used snail species

study on the effect of myrrh extract [commiphora molmol plant] on adult Fasciola worm in vitro

A new drug derived from botanical source myrrh was found to possess high therapeutic efficacy as a schistosomicidal, fasciolicidal and cestodicidal drug. However, no work was conducted to evaluate the effect of myrrh extract on Fasciola adult worms in vitro. To evaluate the fasciolicidal activity of myrrh extract at different concentrations and to detect the ultrastructural tegumental changes of adult Fasciola worms upon their exposure to different concentrations of myrrh extract using scanning electron microscopy [SEM]. Viable Fasciola worms were collected from the liver of slaughtered cows. They were transferred to a culture medium containing different concentrations of myrrh extract making the experimental groups. Two control groups were included; worms incubated in culture medium only and worms incubated in culture medium containing the drug solvent [cremophor EL]. Worms were observed at 1, 3 and 24 h after exposure and the number of dead worms was calculated, After 24 hours incubation, 2 adult worms from each group were processed for SEM. The present study indicated that myrrh extract had a rapid and severe effect on Fasciola worms in vitro, with widespread disruption to their tegument present after 24 h incubation in the drug concentrations used. The effect of myrrh extract was both time and dose dependent

Protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells by guggulsterone / 药学学报

The present study is to investigate the protective actions of guggulsterone against the cytotoxicity produced by exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PC12 cells. It was evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] reduction assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and the release of nitric oxide (NO). ROS and Ca2+ in cells were evaluated by DCFH and Fura 2-AM, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed by the retention of rhodamine 123 (Rh 123). Apoptosis and morphological alteration in PC12 cells were monitored with flow cytometry and electric microscope. Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, was employed as a comparative agent. The results showed that preincubation of PC12 cells with guggulsterone (0.1 - 10 micromol x L(-1)) prevented cytotoxicity induced by H2O2. Extracellular accumulation of LDH, NO and intracellular accumulation of ROS, Ca2+ resulting from H2O2 were significantly reduced by guggulsterone. Incubation of cells with H2O2 caused a marked decrease in MMP, which was significantly inhibited by guggulsterone. The percentage of H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells was 24.3%, and decreased in the presence of guggulsterone (0.1 - 10 micromol x L(-1)) by 18.4%, 15.9%, 11.8%, respectively. Guggulsterone exhibited comparable potency against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells as that of vitamin E. The present findings showed that guggulsterone attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, extracellular accumulation of LDH and NO, intracellular accumulation of ROS and Ca2+, loss of MMP, and apoptosis, which may represent the cellular mechanisms for its neuroprotective action.

Hyaluronidase and collagenase inhibitory activities of the herbal formulation Triphala guggulu.

Myrrh (guggulu) oleoresin from the Commiphora mukul tree is an important component of antiarthritic drugs in Ayurvedic medicine. Clinical data suggest that elevated levels of hyaluronidase and collagenase type 2 enzymes contribute significantly to cartilage degradation. Triphala guggulu (TG) is a guggulu-based formulation used for the treatment of arthritis. We assessed the chondroprotective potential of TG by examining its effects on the activities of pure hyaluronidase and collagenase type 2 enzymes. Triphala shodith guggulu (TSG), an intermediate in the production of TG, was also examined. A spectrophotometric method was used to assay Hyaluronidase activity, and to detect potential Hyaluronidase inhibitors. Aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of TSG showed weak but dose-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase activity. In contrast, the TG formulation was 50 times more potent than the TSG extract with respect to hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. A validated X-ray film-based assay was used to measure the gelatinase activity of pure collagenase type 2. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the TG formulation were 4 times more potent than TSG with respect to collagenase inhibitory activity. Components of Triphala were also evaluated for their inhibitory activities on hyaluronidase and collagenase. This is the first report to show that the T2 component of Triphala (T.chebula) is a highly potent hyaluronidase and collagenase inhibitor. Thus, the TG formulation inhibits two major enzymes that can degrade cartilage matrix. Our study provides the first in vitro preclinical evidence of the chondroprotective properties of TG.

Mirazid [commiphora molmol] in treatment of human heterophyiasis

A total of 3278 patients attended Mansoura University Hospitals' Clinics with gastrointestinal troubles suggesting parasitosis were examined by direct smear and by Kato-Katz methods for parasites especially Heterophyes heterophyes. Fifty clinically and parasitologically proved pure heterophyiasis patients were given Mirazid as two capsules for 9 successive days on an empty stomach an hour before breakfast. All the cases were subjected to history taking and clinical examination before treatment and were followed-up for four weeks post-treatment. There was an overt clinical and parasitological improvement. A total of 47 out of 50 [94%] were cured. Another course was given to the three patients who were still positive, but only two of them were cured [66.7%]. The overall cure rate was 49/50 [98%] and none had any side effect. The history and treatment of this zoonotic parasite was critically discussed

Mirazid in treatment of human Hymenolepiasis

The efficacy and safety of Mirazid in treatment of human hymenolepiosis were carried out in a rural village in Talkha Center [Dakahlia G.]. Kato thick smear stool examination showed 51 cases of Hymenolepis nana [9 of them had concomitant parasitosis], two cases of H. diminuta. Mirazid was given in a dose of 10 mg/kg/d for nine consecutive days an hour before breakfast for hymenolepiosis cases, as capsule for adults and suppository for children. All cases were subjected to history taking before treatment and six weeks post-treatment and stool examination was repeated as well weekly for six weeks post-treatment. There was overt clinical improvement. Side effects were negligible. Parasitologic cure rate was 40/41 or 95.2% for H. nana one week post-treatment, and 100% for H. diminuta one week post-treatment, up to six weeks follow-up for all treated patients. Two unresponded H. nana patients were cured by another Mirazid course

Effect of feeding with some herbs on health status of liver as investigated using the experimental animals

The present investigation was carried to study the influence of myrobalan, myrrh and hop on food intake, body weight, blood glucose, lipid profiles, kidney and liver function and histological characteries of liver and heart of rats suffering from liver diseases. The experiment included [30] male albino rats [Sprague Dawley strain], weighting 150 +/- l0g, [5] of rats fed on basal diet only as control negative group. The second main group [25] rats was treated by subcutaneous injection with CCL4 in paraffin oil [50% V/V 2ml/Kg] twice a week to induce chronic damage in liver. Then divided in five [5] groups as the following: Group 1 control positive, group 2 [G2] fed on basal diet with 10% myrobalan, G3 fed on basal diet with 10% myrrh, G4 fed on basal diet with 10% hop and G5fed on basal diet with 10% herbs mixture. After rats fed for 4 weeks, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were recorded, and serum glucose, serum lipid parameters and liver and kidney functions measured in serum. Results showed that rats fed on 10% myrrh had significantly decreased [P<0.01] liver weight and serum glucose, compared with [C+]. Also the same rats group had higher HDL-c and lower LDL-c and VLDL-c compared with [C+], the activity of serum AST, ALT and ALP [liver function indication] decreased for different rat groups. This study recommended the consumption of these herbs to improve and treatment of chronic liver disease

Some parasitic flukes infecting farm animals in Al-Santa center, Gharbia governorate, Egypt

A total of 213 farm animals in the vicinity of Al-Santa Center [73 cattle, 90 buffaloes and 50 sheep] were coprologic examined for natural infection with trematod-parasites. The results showed that cattle were infected with Fasciola sp [21.8%] and Paramphistomum sp. [7.3%], buffaloes were infected with Fasciola sp. [17.7%] and Paramphistomum sp. [10%], while sheep were infected with Fasciola sp. [30%], D. dendriticum [5%] and Paramphistomurn sp. [4%]. The three animal species were treated for paramphistomiasis with a total dose of 1800, 6000 and 7500 mgm of Oleo-resin solution of Commiphora molmol [dose of 6 ml of 10 gm% equal to 2 Mirazid [R] The cure was 100% in sheep 80% in cattle and 44.4% in buffaloes. High dose for both cattle and buffaloes to reach 100% cure rate was not tried

Effect of commiphora molmol on adults, egg masses and egg-deposition of biomphalaria arabica under laboratory conditions

Commiphora molmol [Myrrh] has molluscicidal effect on Biomphalaria arabica snails at low concentration [40 ppm] after 48 hours exposure. The number of dead-snails increased with increasing the time of exposure. One day-old egg masses were more susceptible [death 100% with 80 ppm] to the ovicidal effect of C. molmol than the five-day old ones [Death 95% with 80 ppm]. However, the eggs were more resistant to the C. molmol effect than the adult snails, embryogenesis began to stop at 20 ppm and eggs were all killed at 60 and 80 ppm. B. arabica fecundity decreased at 1 ppm. Based on safety to man and animals, C. molmol is recommended as a safe molluscidide