ABSTRACT
El microscopista francés Louis Joblot (1645-1723), contemporáneo de Antoine van Leeuwenhoek y Robert Hooke, puede ser considerado uno de los padres de la protistología/microbiología. Su obra titulada "Descripciones y usos de varios microscopios nuevos" de 1718 contiene varias extraordinarias imágenes de protozoos en movimiento y en división binaria. Lamentablemente, algunas imágenes de dicha obra contenían figuras fantásticas, por lo que su legado fue rápidamente obscurecido. Sus experimentos sobre el fenómeno de generación espontánea marcaron un hito en el desarrollo de este debate y se adelantaron en casi siglo y medio a los experimentos de Louis Pasteur.
The French microscopist Louis Joblot (1645-1723), a contemporary of Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, he can be considered one of the fathers of protistology/microbiology. His work entitled "Descriptions and uses of various new microscopes" of 1718 contains several extraordinary images of protozoa in motion and in binary division. Unfortunately, some images of this work contained fantastic figures, so his legacy was quickly obscured. His experiments on the phenomenon of spontaneous generation marked a milestone in the development of this debate and anticipated Louis Pasteur's experiments by almost a century and a half.
Subject(s)
History, 18th Century , Microbiology/history , Bacteriology/history , FranceABSTRACT
A finales del siglo XIX, París sufrió un evento catastrófico en el cual perecieron numerosas víctimas en un incendio en el interior del Bazar de la Caridad. La mayoría de las víctimas sufrieron una carbonización tal que no era posible reconocerlas por su apariencia física. Ante el reto de la identificación, las autoridades solicitaron a los odontólogos que habían atendido en vida a las personas desaparecidas que inspeccionaran las características dentales de los cadáveres para facilitar su identificación, dicho evento fue clave para el nacimiento de la odontología forense. A partir de entonces, los dientes son considerados como elementos extremadamente fidedignos para la identificación de sujetos desconocidos. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una breve revisión del evento que dio origen a la odontología forense: el incendio del Bazar de la Caridad (AU)
At the end of the 19th century, Paris suffered a catastrophic event in which numerous victims perished in a fire inside the Charity Bazaar. Most of the victims suffered such carbonization that it was not possible to recognize them by their physical appearance. Faced with the challenge of the identification, the authorities asked the dentists who had treated the disappeared persons while they were alive to inspect the dental characteristics of the corpses to facilitate their identification. This event was key to the birth of forensic odontology. From then on, teeth are considered extremely reliable elements for the identification of unkown subjects. The aim of this article is to carry out a brief review of the event that gave rise to forensic odontology: the Charity Bazaar fire (AU)
Subject(s)
Forensic Anthropology , Fires/history , Forensic Dentistry/history , History, 19th Century , France , History of DentistryABSTRACT
Se conmemoran en 2023 los 250 años del nacimiento de Bonpland, francés, médico y naturalista, botánico y viajero, hacendado y político que transitó en el siglo XIX por los cuatro países que hoy integran el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR). En Argentina por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones; en Uruguay reiteradamente en Montevideo; en Paraguay por Santa María de Fe, Itapúa y Asunción; en Brasil por San Borja en Rio Grande del Sur. Vino al Río de la Plata atraído por promesas que no se cumplieron luego de explorar parte de América con el barón Alexander von Humboldt y encargarse como intendente botánico de los jardines de Malmaison, la residencia de la emperatriz Josefina, primera esposa de Napoleón Bonaparte. No pudo retornar a su patria, Francia y terminó sus días -ya octogenario- en un apartado pueblo correntino, donde hubo que sepultarlo de apuro por carecer de medios de embalsamamiento que permitieran trasladar su cuerpo a la capital provincial.
The year 2023 marks the 250th anniversary of the birth of Bonpland, Frenchman, physician and naturalist, botanist and traveler, landowner and politician who traveled in the 19th century through the four countries that today make up the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). In Argentina, he visited Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones; in Uruguay, Montevideo; in Paraguay, Santa María de Fe, Itapúa and Asunción; in Brazil, San Borja in Rio Grande do Sul. He came to the Rio de la Plata attracted by promises that were not fulfilled after exploring part of America with Baron Alexander von Humboldt and taking charge as botanical intendant of the gardens of Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine, first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. He could not return to his homeland, France, and ended his days -already an octogenarian- in a remote town of Corrientes, where he had to be buried in a hurry due to the lack of embalming means to transfer his body to the provincial capital.
O ano de 2023 marca o 250º aniversário do nascimento de Bonpland, o francês, médico e naturalista, botânico e viajante, proprietário de terras e político que viajou no século XIX pelos quatro países que hoje formam o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL). Na Argentina, ele viajou por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes e Misiones; no Uruguai, viajou várias vezes para Montevidéu; no Paraguai, para Santa María de Fe, Itapúa e Assunção; no Brasil, para São Borja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ele veio para o Rio de la Plata atraído por promessas que não foram cumpridas depois de explorar parte da América com o Barão Alexander von Humboldt e assumir o cargo de intendente botânico dos jardins de Malmaison, a residência da Imperatriz Josefina, a primeira esposa de Napoleão Bonaparte. Ele não pôde retornar à sua terra natal, a França, e terminou seus dias - já octogenário - em um vilarejo remoto na província de Corrientes, onde teve que ser enterrado às pressas devido à falta de equipamentos de embalsamamento que permitissem que seu corpo fosse transferido para a capital da província.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Physicians/history , Botany/history , Uruguay , Ilex paraguariensis , FranceABSTRACT
ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO La epidemia por COVID-19 ha mostrado cambios en el comportamiento infeccioso del virus en los últimos meses, debido a las características de menor severidad y mayor infecciosidad de la variante Ómicron. En este contexto, el Jefe de la División de Planificación sanitaria solicita este reporte con el objetivo de revisar las indicaciones vigentes a nivel internacional sobre el número de días de licencia médica entregados por COVID-19, frente a la variante Ómicron. METODOLOGÍA Se revisó información en páginas institucionales oficiales de los países escogidos. Esta búsqueda se realizó entre los días 30 y 31 de agosto de 2022. La información revisada corresponde a indicaciones de licencias médicas por COVID-19 para la población general. Los países de interés seleccionados por el jefe de la DIPLAS y posteriormente consultados fueron: Alemania, Australia, Colombia, España, Estados Unidos, Francia, Israel, Japón y el Reino Unido. RESULTADOS Se recuperaron 16 referencias para desarrollar el reporte breve de evidencia. Se definieron los siguientes resultados: - Los países analizados han disminuido el número de días de licencia por COVID-19 a 5-7 días, en el contexto de la variante Ómicron, comparado con los inicios de la pandemia, en donde la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomendaba aislamiento y licencias médicas por 14 días. - Ocho de los nueve países analizados financian obligatoriamente licencias médicas por COVID-19, durante un periodo que fluctúa entre 5 a 7 días. -En algunos países la extensión de la licencia puede variar dependiendo de la sintomatología o severidad. -Dependiendo del sistema de salud, la licencia puede ser pagada por el Estado, aseguradora, empleador o mutuales.
Subject(s)
Chile , Guidelines as Topic , Sick Leave , Australia , Spain , United States , Colombia , France , Germany , United Kingdom , Israel , JapanABSTRACT
La historia de la cirugía y de las escuelas quirúrgicas está construida sobre el conocimiento médico, pero también influenciada por las grandes corrientes de pensamiento políticas, religiosas, culturales e incluso militares de las diferentes épocas. La influencia de la cirugía francesa en la formación de la escuela quirúrgica uruguaya, a lo largo de más de un siglo ha sido determinante para establecer sus bases desde la evidencia clínica, el dominio de la anatomía, la excelencia técnica, un permanente espíritu crítico para impulsar la generación de nuevos conocimientos; todo basado una ética guiada por el máximo respeto por el paciente y su sufrimiento. El presente trabajo, analiza desde la perspectiva de la cirugía general los primeros contactos quirúrgicos durante la Guerra Grande, el inicio de la formación académica de los cirujanos uruguayos en Francia, los aspectos técnicos y las publicaciones relevantes producto de esas experiencias; así como anécdotas y amistades personales e institucionales sobre las que se fue construyendo un sólido modelo de relacionamiento científico especialmente a través de la Sociedad de Cirugía del Uruguay.
The history of surgery and surgical schools were built on the basis of medical knowledge, but also influenced by the great currents of political, religious, cultural and even military thought of the different times. The influence of the French surgical school in the development of surgery in Uruguay, for more than a century, has been decisive in establishing its pillars: clinical evidence, expertise in anatomy, technical excellence, a permanent critical analysis for promote the generation of knowledge; based on ethics principles of respect for the patient and his suffering. The present study analyzes, from the perspective of the general surgery, the first surgical contacts during the first civil war, the beginning of the academic training of Uruguayan surgeons in France, the technical aspects and the relevant publications resulting from these experiences; as well as anecdotes and personal and institutional friendships on which a solid model of scientific relationship was built, especially through the Uruguay Society of Surgery.
A história da cirurgia e das escolas cirúrgicas é construída no saber médico, mas também influenciada pelas grandes correntes do pensamento político,religioso, cultural, e até militar das diferentes épocas.A influência da cirurgia francesa na formação da escola cirúrgica uruguaia, ao longo de mais de um século, foi decisiva para estabelecer suas bases a partir de evidências clínicas, domínio da anatomia, excelência técnica, espírito crítico permanente para promover a geração de novos conhecimentos; tudo baseado em uma ética pautada no máximo respeito pelo paciente e seu sofrimento.O presente trabalho analisa, sob a ótica da cirurgia geral, os primeiros contatos cirúrgicos durante a grande guerra, o início da formação acadêmica dos cirurgiões uruguaios na França, os aspectos técnicos e as publicações relevantes resultantes dessas experiências; assim como anedotas e amizades pessoais e institucionais sobre as quais se construiu um sólido modelo de relacionamento científico, especialmente por meio da Sociedade de Cirurgia do Uruguai
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Societies, Medical/history , General Surgery/history , Surgeons/history , Uruguay , Surgeons/education , FranceABSTRACT
Resumen En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, el inicio de la investigación en medicina tropical se vio favorecido con aportes de empresas navieras, como la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales, siendo quizás el más importante su gestión apoyando la creación en China del Servicio Marítimo Imperial de Aduanas (1854-1950), impuesto al débil gobierno chino por los cónsules de Inglaterra, Francia y EEUU, para establecer tasas regulares en todos sus puertos, que pronto amplió sus funciones a la información de mareas, tifones y clima, terminando por crear en 1863 un Servicio Médico para detectar epidemias y establecer cuarentenas. Este Servicio Médico editó una revista, Medical Reports, en la cual publicaron distinguidos investigadores, como Patrick Manson, Padre de la Medicina Tropical. Comentamos algunos informes aparecidos en ella, para conocer su real importancia en el desarrollo de la medicina tropical.
Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, the beginning of the research on tropical medicine was favored with contributions from shipping companies, like Dutch East India Company, being perhaps the most important of these its collaboration in the creation of the China Imperial Maritime Customs Service (1854-1950), imposed by consuls from England, France and USA, on the weak Chinese government in order to establish regular taxes in all its ports, soon expanding its functions with reports on tides, typhoons and weather, ending up creating a medical service in 1863 to detect epidemics and establish quarantines. This medical service published a Journal, the Imperial Maritime Customs Medical Reports, where they wrote distinguished investigators, such as Patrick Manson, Father of Tropical Medicine. We comment in some reports of this journal, to get an idea about its real importance in the development of tropical medicine.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Tropical Medicine/history , Naval Medicine , FranceABSTRACT
Professional socialization is a complex process that leads to the professional identity. While several studies have focused on the professional identity of physicians and nurses, few studies analyzed this aspect among dieticians. Furthermore, those studies did not consider the influence of sociocultural norms. The aim of this study was to analyze the construction of the professional identity of Brazilian, French and Spanish dieticians. A qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews was set up. The construction of the professional identity of Brazilian, French and Spanish dieticians is characterized by the incorporation of skills, knowledge and roles. This process was marked by transformations, mainly related to food and body. Dieticians from the three nationalities shared similar professional values grounded in a medical-nutritional rationale. However, their professional identity also resulted from a continuous process of interaction with patients, peers and the socio-cultural environment. (AU)
A socialização profissional é um processo complexo que leva à identidade profissional. Embora vários estudos tenham enfocado a identidade profissional de médicos/as e enfermeiros/as, poucos estudos analisaram esse aspecto entre nutricionistas. Além disso, esses estudos não consideraram a influência das normas socioculturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a construção da identidade profissional de nutricionistas brasileiras, francesas e espanholas. Foi usada uma metodologia qualitativa baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas. A construção da identidade profissional das nutricionistas brasileiras, francesas e espanholas foi caracterizada pela incorporação de competências, conhecimentos e papéis. Esse processo foi marcado por transformações, principalmente relacionado à alimentação e ao corpo. As nutricionistas das três nacionalidades compartilhavam valores profissionais semelhantes, baseados em uma lógica médico-nutricional. No entanto, sua identidade profissional também resultou de um processo contínuo de interação com pacientes, pares e o contexto sociocultural. (AU)
La socialización profesional es un proceso complejo que conduce a la identidad profesional. Aunque varios estudios se centraron en la identidad profesional de médicos/as y enfermeros/as, pocos analizaron este aspecto entre dietistas. Además, estos estudios no consideraron la influencia de las normas socioculturales. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la construcción de la identidad profesional de dietistas brasileñas, francesas y españolas. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semi-estructuradas. La construcción de la identidad profesional de las dietistas brasileñas, francesas y españolas se caracterizó por la incorporación de habilidades, conocimientos y roles. Este proceso estuvo marcado por transformaciones relacionadas con la alimentación y el cuerpo. Las dietistas de las tres nacionalidades compartían valores profesionales similares basados en una lógica médico-nutricional. Sin embargo, su identidad profesional también resultó de un proceso continuo de interacción con los/as pacientes, pares y el entorno sociocultural. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Identification , Socialization , Nutritionists , Spain , Brazil , Qualitative Research , FranceABSTRACT
Resumo: A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e a Ergologia, assim como disciplinas aderentes às Clínicas do Trabalho, têm sido apropriadas como referencial recorrente por pesquisadorxs brasileirxs. Sendo assim, este artigo pretende analisar os desenvolvimentos histórico-sociais dessa relação de centro e periferia, entre França e Brasil, considerando que tal apropriação deve ser avaliada de forma crítica. Assim, sob o objetivo de analisar as relações entre as perspectivas francesas da Psicologia do Trabalho e a historicidade dos processos de apropriação de tais ideias no Brasil, foram avaliados o cenário da emergência de estudos franceses e seus percursos no Brasil, a partir da disseminação da Psicotécnica. O estudo mostrou a importância de historicamente se identificar a forma assimétrica como as perspectivas francesas da Psicologia do Trabalho foram apropriadas, ora em consonância com o ideário liberal (nos anos 1920-1940), ora em oposição às correntes neoliberais (a partir dos anos 1980/1990).
Resumen: La Psicodinámica del Trabajo y la Ergología, así como disciplinas adheridas a las Clínicas del Trabajo, han sido apropiadas como referencia recurrente por investigadorxs brasileñxs. Por lo tanto, este artículo pretende analizar los desarrollos histórico-sociales de esta relación entre centro y periferia, considerando que tal apropiación debe ser evaluada críticamente. Así, con el objetivo de analizar las relaciones entre las perspectivas francesas de la Psicología del Trabajo y la historicidad de los procesos de apropiación de tales ideas en Brasil, se evaluó el escenario del surgimiento de los estudios franceses y sus caminos en Brasil, a partir de la difusión de la Psicotecnia. El estudio mostró la importancia de identificar históricamente la forma asimétrica en que se apropiaron las perspectivas francesas de la Psicología del Trabajo, ya sea en consonancia con las ideas liberales (en las décadas de 1920-1940), o en oposición a las corrientes neoliberales (de los años 1980/1990).
Abstract: The Psychodynamics of Work and Ergology, as well as disciplines adhering to Work Clinics, have been appropriated as a recurring reference by Brazilian researchers. Therefore, this article intends to analyze the historical-social developments of the relationship between center and periphery, France and Brazil, considering that such appropriation must be critically evaluated. Thus, aiming to analyze the relations between the French perspectives of Work Psychology and the historicity of the processes of appropriation of such ideas in Brazil, the scenario of the emergence of French studies and their paths in Brazil were evaluated, as from the dissemination of the Psychotechnics. The study showed the importance of historically identifying the asymmetrical way in which the French perspectives of Work Psychology were appropriated, either in consonance with liberal ideas (in the 1920s-1940s), either in opposition to neo-liberal currents (from the 1980s/1990s).
Subject(s)
Psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Psychology, Social , Brazil , FranceABSTRACT
ABSTRACT André Brouillet's (1857-1914) famous group tableau 'A Clinical Lesson at La Salpêtrière' (French: Une leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière) is possibly the most celebrated painting in the history of neurology. His depiction of one of Jean-Martin Charcot's legendary "Tuesday Lessons" includes portraits of not only one of the master's most famous patients, but also of his pupils, the heirs to the founder of modern neurology. However, the painter himself has long been neglected, and even his other paintings on medical subjects are little acknowledged. The authors aim to bring attention to Brouillet's life and times, as well as the remainder of his notable works; and in giving a proper context to the famous painting, neurologists today may be able to appreciate better the early history of our field and its cultural impact.
RESUMO A famosa pintura 'Une leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière', de André Brouillet's (1857-1914), é possivelmente a representação mais célebre da história da Neurologia. Seu retrato de uma das lendárias "lições de terça-feira" dirigidas por Jean-Martin Charcot inclui ainda não apenas uma das pacientes mais famosas do mestre como também seus pupilos, os fundadores da Neurologia moderna. Entretanto, o pintor propriamente dito é ainda negligenciado, e mesmo outras pinturas suas sobre temas médicos são pouco reconhecidas. Os autores trazem à atenção a vida e época de Brouillet, bem como o restante de seus outros trabalhos notáveis; dando contexto apropriado à pintura, neurologistas atuais podem compreender melhor a própria história de nossa especialidade e seu impacto cultural.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Paintings , Neurology , FranceABSTRACT
Resumen Durante el severo reinado de Luis Felipe de Orleáns (1830-1848) existió un breve intervalo de paz en Francia, permitiendo el desarrollo de las ciencias médicas, entre ellas la pediatría. El Dr. Vanier, viendo que los estudiantes de medicina tenían difícil acceso a los hospitales de niños, quiso ayudarles creando para ellos una revista con temas y casos pediátricos, entre éstos comunicaciones sobre el muguet, la candidiasis oral de los recién nacidos y también de lactantes mayores, por parte del célebre Trousseau, de Valleix y de los investigadores Gruby y Berg, quienes llegarían a descubrir que no se debía a la lactancia ni a las nodrizas, sino a un "parásito vegetal", un hongo similar a los champiñones.
Abstract Under the severe rule of Louis Philippe of Orleans (1830-1848) a brief interval of peace in France was favorable for the development of some medical arts, like pediatrics. The Dr. Vanier, considering how difficult was for the students the access to a children's hospital, wanted to help their learning with a journal with clinical cases and conferences on children pathology, including several papers on muguet (the oral infection by Candida albicans in newborns), written by the famous Trousseau and the clinical investigators Valleix, Gruby and Berg, who became to the description of the etiological agent as "a vegetal parasite, a fungus similar to the mush-rooms".
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Child , History, 19th Century , Candidiasis/history , Candida albicans , FranceABSTRACT
RESUMEN Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) es considerado el mayor exponente del nacimiento de la neurología en el mundo. Fundó y dirigió el servicio de neurología más grande de Europa en el hospital de la Salpétriére en París y, en 1882, dirigió la primera cátedra universitaria en el mundo sobre enfermedades del sistema nervioso. Existen por los menos 14 epónimos en medicina que recuerdan sus aportes en diferentes disciplinas. Fue un gran pintor, un afamado profesor universitario y demostró grandes habilidades en gestión hospitalaria. Fue uno de los fundadores de la revista Archives de Neurologie, junto con su discípulo Pierre Marie en 1872, y director de la publicación Iconographie de la Salpétriére, inmensa obra que contiene material visual, dibujos y fotos de gran valor para la enseñanza de la neurología. Por este y otros múltiples aportes a esta disciplina, es considerado el padre de la neurología.
SUMMARY Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) is considered the greatest exponent of the origin of Neurology in the world. He founded and directed the largest neurology service in Europe at the Salpétriére hospital in Paris, and in 1882 he directed the first ever university chair on diseases of the nervous system. There are at least 14 eponyms in medicine that recall his contributions in different disciplines. He was a great painter, a famous university professor, and demonstrated great skills in hospital management. He was one of the founders of the magazine Archives de Neurologie together with his disciple Pierre Marie in 1872, and director of the publication Iconographie de la Salpétriére, immense work containing visual material, drawings, and photos of great value for the teaching of Neurology. For this and many other contributions to this discipline, he is considered the father of modern Neurology.
Subject(s)
Faculty , France , NeurologyABSTRACT
Resumen Maxence Van der Meersch (1907-1951) fue un escritor francés cuyas novelas exponían las desigualdades sociales de la época. Entre ellas se destacan las asociadas con la tuberculosis, enfermedad frecuente, que aquejó a miembros de su familia y causó la muerte del autor. Las narraciones refieren las formas de presentación del mal, los métodos de diagnóstico, las actitudes de los pacientes y de su entorno, cómo afectaba a su situación laboral, los medios de subsistencia familiar y los recursos y complicaciones de los tratamientos. Al desarrollarse el argumento durante la llamada "era sanatorial de la tuberculosis" se retrata el acaecer en un sanatorio público. Se destaca la similitud de sucesos de la vida real del escritor y su esposa con los que se describen en parejas imaginadas en las novelas. El éxito de Van der Meersch fue opacado en sus últimos años por el agravamiento de su enfermedad y por críticas formuladas a algunos escritos. Resaltan las del cuerpo médico de esos años, que objetaron la crudeza del lenguaje, la inexactitud en la descripción de técnicas y, principalmente, por promover un objetado régimen antituberculoso.
Abstract Maxence Van der Meersch (1907-1951) was a French writer whose novels encompassed social inequities of the time. Among them, those related to tuberculosis are of special interest. This was a common disease that affected his family members and ultimately caused his death. In his narrations, the author refers to the various signs of the illness, the diagnostic methods, the patients' behaviour, their environment, how it affected their employment situation, the economic difficulties, treatment resources and complications. As the novels' plots are developed throughout the so called "sanatorial age of tuberculosis", the author describes the events occurring in a public sanatorium. The similitude among the situations lived by the writer and his wife, and those of the imaginary couples in the novels are highlighted. During his last years, Van der Meersch's success declined due to the complications of his illness, and because of the harsh criticism towards some of his writings. Particularly, the critiques posed by the medical professionals of the time, who rejected the raw language, inaccurate technical descriptions, and, above all, the promotion of an objected anti-tuberculosis regime.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Tuberculosis/history , FranceABSTRACT
Resumen El artículo explora la apropiación de la terminología psiquiátrica por parte de teólogos y párrocos franceses, en el contexto de la patologización de la religión del siglo XIX. Esta apropiación le sirvió al clero para demarcar la experiencia mística "auténtica" de la simulada o "desviada". En primer lugar, analizamos manuales médico-teológicos pensados para crear una oposición entre la histeria y la santidad, útil desde el punto de vista eclesiástico. En segundo lugar, presentamos los informes de tres párrocos sobre presuntas místicas y estigmatizadas. Concluimos que la apropiación de la retórica médica por parte del clero podía servir para definir los límites de la experiencia religiosa aprobada por la Iglesia católica.
Abstract This article explores the appropriation of psychiatric terminology by French theologians and priests, within the context of the pathologizations of religion in the nineteenth century. This appropriation allowed the clergy to differentiate "authentic" mystical experience from feigned or "deviant" ones. Firstly, it analyzes medical and theological manuals that sought to create an opposition between hysteria and saintliness, which was useful from the ecclesiastical point of view. Secondly, it presents the reports of three priests on supposed female mystics with stigmata. It concludes that the appropriation of medical rhetoric by the clergy could be used to define the limits of religious experience approved by the Catholic church.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Catholicism , Clergy , Dissent and Disputes , FranceABSTRACT
Le droit de l'Union Européenne est fondé sur la garantie de la liberté de circulation des personnes, des marchandises, des capitaux et des services. D'autres impératifs sont venus s'ajouter à la garantie de ces libertés, dont la garantie d'un niveau élevé de protection de la santé humaine. Pour concilier ces objectifs, il est notamment nécessaire de s'assurer que les professionnels de santé souhaitant délivrer des prestations dans l'Union Européenne disposent de qualifications suffisantes. Chaque Etat membre de l'Union reste en principe maître de l'organisation générale de son système de santé. Mais le droit de l'Union Européenne peut parfois inciter voire obliger les Etats à modifier certaines limites de compétence entre professionnels.
European Union law is based on guaranteeing the free movement of people, goods, capital and services. Other requirements were added to these freedoms, including the ensure of a high level of protection for human health. To reconcile these objectives, it is essential to ensure that health professionals who provide services throughout the European Union are sufficiently qualified. In principle, each Member State is responsable for the general organization of its health system. However, European Union law may, in many cases, encourage or even oblige States to modify certain limits of competence among the health professions.
O direito da União Europeia baseia-se na garantia da livre circulação de pessoas, bens, capitais e serviços. Outros quesitos foram adicionados a essas liberdades, incluindo a garantia a um elevado nível de proteção da saúde humana. Para conciliar esses objetivos, é especialmente necessário assegurar que os profissionais de saúde que prestam serviços na União Europeia sejam suficientemente qualificados. Em princípio, cada Estado-membro é responsável pela organização geral de seu sistema de saúde, mas a legislação da União Europeia pode, em muitos casos, estimular ou mesmo obrigar os Estados a modificarem certos limites de competência entre as profissões de saúde.
Subject(s)
Public Health , Credentialing , FranceABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot's (1825-1893) concepts of hysteria evolved significantly over the last 20 years of his career. In the "Leçons du Mardi à la Salpêtrière" (Tuesday lessons), his original conception of a "dynamic lesion" coexists alongside a new psychological conception, sometimes in a rather contradictory way. According to the hand-written transcript of his Tuesday lesson on February 21st, 1888, Charcot stated: "Hysteria must be taken for what it is: psychic disease par excellence". However, in the printed edition of the Tuesday lessons, this emphasis on psychological factors was very much softened. The different wording and corresponding shift in meaning implicitly retrieved Charcot's former conception of a "dynamic lesion". Charcot himself had probably been made aware of the different wording by the editors, and had agreed upon it. After several years of studying this condition, Charcot was probably not confident enough in making too assertive conclusions on the psychological mechanisms underlying hysteria.
RESUMEN Los conceptos de Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) sobre la histeria evolucionaron significativamente durante los últimos 20 años de su carrera. En las "Leçons du Mardi à la Salpêtrière", su concepción original de una "lesión dinámica" coexiste junto con una nueva concepción psicológica, a veces de una manera bastante contradictoria. Según la transcripción manual de su lección del martes del 21 de febrero de 1888, Charcot declaró: "La histeria debe tomarse por lo que es: enfermedad psíquica por excelencia". Sin embargo, en la edición impresa de las lecciones del martes, este énfasis en los factores psicológicos se suavizó mucho. La diferente redacción y el cambio correspondiente en el significado recuperaron implícitamente la antigua concepción de Charcot de una "lesión dinámica". El proprio Charcot probablemente se había enterado de la diferente redacción por parte de los editores y lo había aceptado. Después de varios años estudiando esta afección, Charcot probablemente no estaba lo suficientemente seguro para sacar conclusiones demasiado asertivas sobre los mecanismos psicológicos subyacentes a la histeria.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Hysteria , Neurology , FranceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the recent severity of COVID-19 in various countries.@*METHODS@#Data were ollected on the epidemic situation of COVID-19 in various countries as of January 16, 2021, and the scale and overall trend of the epidemic were retrospectively described; combined with the recent trend of newly confirmed cases, from January 10 to 16 (the 54th week) and the newly confirmed cases indexes, such as the number and incidence density the severity of the epidemic was classified. Feasible suggestions were put forward based on the variation of the virus, actual data of vaccine research and development and possible existence in many countries.@*RESULTS@#Up to January 16, 2021, there were 92 510 419 confirmed cases worldwide; 4 849 301 new confirmed cases were confirmed in the 54th week, and they were still growing. Among all the continents, the cumulative number of confirmed cases in Europe, North America, and Asia has exceeded 21 million, and the number of new confirmed cases in a single week in North America, South America and Asia were all increasing. Among the countries, the cumulative number of confirmed cases in 18 countries including the United States, India, and Brazil was more than 1 million, accounting for 77.04% of the total number of cumulative confirmed cases in the world. Eleven countries including the United States, Brazil, France, Spain, Colombia, The United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, South Africa, Italy, and India are at higher risk of the epidemic; The United States, Brazil, France, Spain, and Colombia were still experiencing new confirmed cases and increasing status, the risk of the epidemic was greater. Novel coronavirus mutates frequently, up to February 2021, there had been 3 931 mutant genotypes in the world. At the same time, a total of 11 vaccines were successfully launched, however we were still facing some troubles, such as the global shortage of vaccines, the public's willingness to vaccinate needed to be improved, and equity in the distribution of vaccines.@*CONCLUSION@#The global epidemic situation is still getting worse, with repeated epidemics in all the continents and countries, and has not been fundamentally controlled. At the continent level, North America, South America, and Europe have the most severe epidemics; at the national level, The United States, Brazil, France, Spain, Colombia and other countries have higher epidemic risks. Focusing on the severely affected countries will help bring the global epidemic under control as soon as possible. Under the premise of ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines, it is a key and feasible direction to improve the yield and vaccination rate of the vaccines, shorten the onset time of the vaccines and prolong the immune persistence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Asia , Brazil , COVID-19 , Europe , France , India , Italy , North America , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Spain , United Kingdom , United StatesABSTRACT
Abstract Background:Considering the recent and current evolution of work and the work context, the meaning of work is becoming an increasingly relevant topic in research in the social sciences and humanities, particularly in psychology. In order to understand and measure what contributes to the meaning of work, Morin constructed a 30-item questionnaire that has become predominant and has repeatedly been used in research in occupational psychology and by practitioners in the field. Nevertheless, it has been validated only in part. Method: Meaning of work questionnaire was conducted in French with 366 people (51.3% of women; age: (M = 39.11, SD = 11.25); 99.2% of whom were employed with the remainder retired). Three sets of statistical analyses were run on the data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on independent samples. Results: The questionnaire described a five-factor structure. These dimensions (Success and Recognition at work and of work, α = .90; Usefulness, α = .88; Respect for work, α = .88; Value from and through work, α = .83; Remuneration, α = .85) are all attached to a general second-order latent meaning of work factor (α = .96). Conclusions: Validation of the scale, and implications for health in the workplace and career counseling practices, are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Psychometrics , Work/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , FranceABSTRACT
Objective: to analyze how the social, historical, economic and professional elements influence the institutionalization process of cesarean childbirth in Brazil and France. Method: a qualitative study grounded on the theoretical framework of the institutional socioclinic. The data were produced through focus groups and individual interviews, supported by semi-structured scripts, with health professionals, mothers and fathers and a research diary. The study had 83 participants. The analysis was based on the theoretical framework and thematic analysis. Cross analysis was developed between the different types of data, services and groups, as well as between countries. Results: the participants were characterized in terms of schooling, employment, level of training and workplace. The countries researched have their own peculiar health and educational structure and are marked by a social-historical-economic construction outlined by patriarchy. The New Public Management influences both contexts and makes health care precarious. The technical and organizational dimensions reinforce an intellectual and social division of work and knowledge in health. Conclusion: the institutionalization process of childbirth in the countries is marked by social, economic and professional aspects. Practices and speeches of the professionals in their work process influence the occurrence, or not, of cesarean sections.
Objetivo: analizar cómo influyen los elementos sociales, históricos, económicos y profesionales en el proceso de institucionalización del parto por cesárea en Brasil y Francia. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en el marco teórico de la socioclínica institucional. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de grupos focales y entrevistas individuales, basados en encuestas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la salud, madres y padres y en un diario de investigación. El estudio contó con 83 participantes. El análisis se basó en el marco teórico y el análisis temático. Se realizó un análisis cruzado entre diferentes tipos de datos, servicios, grupos y entre países. Resultados: los participantes fueron caracterizados por educación, empleo, nivel de formación y lugar de trabajo. Los países estudiados tienen una estructura sanitaria y educativa peculiar y se caracterizan por una construcción socio-histórico-económica basada en el patriarcado. La Nueva Gestión Pública influye en ambos contextos y precariza la asistencia sanitaria. Las dimensiones técnicas y organizativas refuerzan una división intelectual y social del trabajo y del conocimiento en salud. Conclusión: el proceso de institucionalización del parto en los países está marcado por aspectos sociales, económicos y profesionales. Las prácticas y los discursos de los profesionales en su proceso de trabajo influyen en la realización o no, de la cesárea.
Objetivo: analisar como os elementos sociais, históricos, econômicos e profissionais influenciam o processo de institucionalização do nascimento por cesariana, no Brasil e na França. Método: estudo qualitativo fundamentado no referencial teórico da sócio-clínica institucional. Os dados foram produzidos por meio da realização de grupos focais e entrevista individual, apoiados em roteiros semiestruturados, com profissionais da saúde, mães e pais e diário de pesquisa. O estudo contou com 83 participantes. A análise foi feita com base no referencial teórico e análise temática. Desenvolveu-se análise cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de dados, serviços, grupos e entre países. Resultados: os participantes foram caracterizados em relação à escolaridade, emprego, nível de formação e lugar de trabalho. Os países pesquisados têm sua estrutura sanitária e educativa peculiar e são marcados por uma construção sócio-histórica-econômica delineada pelo patriarcado. A Nova Gestão Pública influencia ambos os contextos e torna os cuidados de saúde precarizados. As dimensões técnicas e organizacionais reforçam uma divisão intelectual e social do trabalho e do saber em saúde. Conclusão: o processo de institucionalização do nascimento nos países é marcado por aspectos sociais, econômicos e profissionais. Práticas e discursos dos profissionais em seu processo de trabalho influenciam a ocorrência, ou não, da cesariana.
Subject(s)
Professional Practice , Brazil , Cesarean Section , Health Education , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Personnel , Parturition , Educational Status , FranceSubject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Acne Vulgaris , Eating , Dietary Fats , Nutrition Surveys , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Principal Component Analysis , Milk , Food , Diet, Healthy , Dietary Sugars , France , Sugar-Sweetened BeveragesABSTRACT
Este trabalho, baseado em uma construção de caso, lança um olhar orientado pela psicanálise sobre o Ensino Fundamental na França na França, de uma disciplina nova quanto à forma, mas historicamente enraizada na Escola francesa: o Ensino Moral e Cívico. A natureza dos saberes envolvidos parece pôr certos professores diante de um dilema subjetivo entre prescrição institucional e desejo de ensinar, entre ato e inibição. Coloca-se aqui a questão das causas subjetivas que constrangem um professor para o exercício do Ensino Moral e Cívico. A partir de uma análise interpretativa das falas de uma professora é possivel mostrar que esta disciplina pode confrontar o sujeito a algo difícil ou mesmo impossível de suportar, em grande parte porque o obriga a passar por um ato de educação que o revela aos outros e a si mesmo. O Ensino Moral e Cívico deve então ser lido como "uma relação com o enfrentamento" (Brossais & Jourdan, 2011), um conceito que permite explicitar uma relação particular com o conhecimento.
Esta investigación, basada en una construcción de casos, plantea una orientación por el psicoanálisis a la enseñanza, en primer grado en Francia, una nueva disciplina en su forma pero anclanda históricamente en la Escuela francesa: La educación moral y cívica (EMC). La naturaleza de los conocimientos involucrados parece provocar un dilema subjetivo que coloca a los profesores de escuelas entre la prescripcion instuticional y el deseo de enseñar, entre acto y inhibición. Por lo tanto, se trata de preguntarse que causas subjetivas provocan verguenza para un professor de escuela por el acto educativo en la educacion moral y civica. El analisis interpretativo de las palabras de un profesor de escuelas muestra que esta enseñanza parece colocar al sujeto frente a algo que es dificil o incluso imposible a soportar en parte porque lo obliga a pasar por un acto educativo que revela a otros y a si mismo. El EMC deberia leerse entonces como una "relacion a prueba" (Brossais & Jourdan, 2011), concepto que permite dar cuenta de una relacion al conocimiento particular.
This research, based on a construction of cases, has a look directed by psychoanalysis on the teaching, for the 1st degree in France, of a formally new discipline but historically anchored in the French School: moral and civic education. It seems the nature of the involved knowledges cause a subjective dilemma for the primary school teachers between institutional prescription and desire to teach, between act and inhibition. Therefore, it is a question of wondering what subjective causes embarrass a school teacher going through the educational act in moral and civic education. The interpretive analysis of a school teacher words shows that this teaching seems to place the subject face something that is difficult or even impossible to bear partly because it forces him/her to go through an act of education that reveals to others and to him/herself. Moral and civic education should then be read as a "relation to the test" (Brossais & Jourdan, 2011), a concept making it possible to account for a particular relation to knowledge.
Cette recherche, basée sur une construction de cas, pose un regard orienté par la psychanalyse sur l'enseignement, dans le 1er degré en France, d'une discipline nouvelle dans sa forme mais historiquement ancrée dans l'École française : l'enseignement moral et civique. La nature des savoirs mis en jeu semble provoquer un dilemme subjectif qui place des professeurs des écoles entre prescription institutionnelle et désir d'enseigner, entre acte et inhibition. Dès lors, il s'agit de se demander quelles causes subjectives provoquent un embarras pour un professeur des écoles d'en passer par l'acte éducatif en enseignement moral et civique. L'analyse interprétative de paroles d'une professeure des écoles montre que cet enseignement semble placer le sujet face à quelque chose de lui difficile voire impossible à supporter en partie parce que cela l'oblige à en passer par un acte d'éducation qui le dévoile aux autres et à lui-même. L'EMC serait alors à lire en tant que « rapport à l'épreuve ¼ (Brossais & Jourdan, 2011), concept permettant de rendre compte d'un rapport au savoir particulier.