Value of direct immunohistochemical staining in assisting intraoperative frozen diagnosis of bronchiolar adenoma / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To explore the feasibility and application value of intraoperative direct immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in improving the diagnosis accuracy in difficult cases of bronchiolar adenoma (BA). Methods: Nineteen cases with single or multiple pulmonary ground-glass nodules or solid nodules indicated by imaging in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January to July 2021 and with difficulty in differential diagnosis at frozen HE sections were selected. In the experimental group, direct IHC staining of cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and p63 was performed on frozen sections to assist the differentiation of BA from in situ/micro-invasive adenocarcinoma/adenocarcinoma/invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. In the control group, two pathologists performed routine frozen HE section diagnosis on these 19 cases. The diagnostic results of paraffin sections were used as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of BA diagnosis, consistency with paraffin diagnosis and time used for frozen diagnosis were compared between the experimental group and the control group. Results: The basal cells of BA were highlighted by CK5/6 and p63 staining. There were no basal cells in the in situ/microinvasive adenocarcinoma/adenocarcinoma/invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. In the experimental group, the sensitivity and specificity with aid of direct IHC staining for BA were 100% and 86.7%, respectively, and the Kappa value of frozen and paraffin diagnosis was 0.732, and these were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The average time consumption in the experimental group (32.4 min) was only 7 min longer than that in the control group (25.4 min). Conclusions: Direct IHC staining can improve the accuracy of BA diagnosis intraoperatively and reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, but require significantly longer time. Thus frozen direct IHC staining should be restricted to cases with difficulty in differentiating benign from malignant diseases, especially when the surgical modalities differ based on the frozen diagnosis.

Intraoperative frozen section performance for thyroid cancer diagnosis

ABSTRACT Objective: A primary medical relevance of thyroid nodules consists of excluding thyroid cancer, present in approximately 5% of all thyroid nodules. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has a paramount role in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules due to its availability and diagnostic performance. Nevertheless, intraoperative frozen section (iFS) is still advocated as a valuable tool for surgery planning, especially for indeterminate nodules. Subjects and methods: To compare the FNAB and iFS performances in thyroid cancer diagnosis among nodules in Bethesda Categories (BC) I to VI. The performance of FNAB and iFS tests were calculated using final histopathology results as the gold standard. Results: In total, 316 patients were included in the analysis. Both FNAB and iFS data were available for 272 patients (86.1%). The overall malignancy rate was 30.4%% (n = 96). The FNAB sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for benign (BC II) and malignant (BC V and VI) were 89.5%, 97.1%, and 94.1%, respectively. For all nodules evaluated, the iFS sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 80.9%, 100%, and 94.9%, respectively. For indeterminate nodules and follicular lesions (BC III and IV), the iFS sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 25%, 100%, and 88.7%, respectively. For BC I nodules, iFS had 95.2% of accuracy. Conclusion: Our results do not support routine iFS for indeterminate nodules or follicular neoplasms (BC III and IV) due to its low sensitivity. In these categories, iFS is not sufficiently accurate to guide the intraoperative management of thyroidectomies. iFS for BC I nodules could be an option and should be specifically investigated

Validation of a new technique to freezing and embedding tissue in Mohs surgery, using an animal model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To validate the innovative Dry Ice method, comparing it with two standard methods currently used for tissue processing in Mohs surgery, the Heat Sink method and the Miami Special. METHODS: Forty eight samples of pigs kin with the standard beveled Mohs technique were used, and randomly allocated into six groups. Each group was processed with one of the 3 methods and evaluated for: The freezing time, the depth required to cut into the block to obtain a complete section, and the quality of histological slides analyzed with a image software. The statistical analysis was performed with the software SAS(r) System. The inferential analysis was made by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The Miami Special showed a processing time significantly shorter than Dry Ice method and Heat Sink method. There was no significant difference in the depth required to cut into the blocks, and area of surgical margins visualized. CONCLUSION: The Dry Ice method was as efficient as the other two methods currently used in Mohs surgery, considering the individual advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in rats. Comparison between paraffin and frozen section analysis

PURPOSE: To simulate a lymph node metastasis in an animal model using activated carbon, assess their identification in frozen section analysis and compare with histopathological examination in paraffin. METHODS: Thirty two adult female rats were used. They received the carbon injection on its hind legs. Half of the rats was sacrificed on day one, and the other half after 21 days. Thus, 64 lymph nodes were dissected and split longitudinally. One half of the lymph node was sent immediately to frozen section analysis. The other half was fixed in 10% formaldehyde to be cut in paraffin. Slides were divided into quadrants and classified by the presence of carbon in these four quadrants_ They were also classified by the carbon staining intensity. RESULTS: Comparing the slides obtained in the first day and 21 days, there was a tendency of carbon to spread over time, but without statistical significance. The intensity did not alter over time. CONCLUSION: There was no concordance between the two methods of pathological analysis, however the actived carbon was seen in all lymph nodes. .

Accuracy rate of frozen section studies in ovarian cancers: A regional cancer institute experience.

Background: Frozen section is a valuable diagnostic procedure in the categorization of ovarian tumors as benign, borderline and malignant. Thus, it guides in tailoring surgical therapy, particularly in young women. Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of frozen section in ovarian neoplasms. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was done of intraoperative frozen sections for suspected ovarian neoplasms. The frozen and permanent section reports were compared and overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were determined. Results: The study included 135 patients and the overall accuracy of frozen section in determining malignancy was 84.25%. Twenty cases were incorrectly diagnosed, of which 16 cases were under-diagnosed and four were over-diagnosed. With respect to malignant potential, the sensitivity for malignant tumors was highest (91.5%) with specificity of 98.2%. For benign tumors, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.4% and 82.6%, respectively. Borderline tumors had the lowest sensitivity of 31.2% with specificity of 94%. Sensitivity for benign, borderline and malignant tumors in the non-mucinous group was 91.3%, 60% and 95% respectively, whereas the sensitivity was 75%, 18% and 57%, respectively, for mucinous tumors revealing low sensitivity in borderline, mucinous tumors. The low sensitivity rates were due to restriction in the sampling of an adequate number of bits in the large sized tumors. Conclusion: The present study concurs that frozen section is an accurate test for diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. However, accuracy rates for borderline and mucinous tumors are low.

Acurácia da biópsia de congelação no câncer de pele não-melanoma / Accuracy of frozen section biopsy in non-melanoma skin cancer

Os carcinomas basocelular e espinocelular juntos respondem por mais da metade dos casos novos de câncer. A biópsia de congelação é frequentemente usada em áreas como cabeça e pescoço, nas quais uma margem ampla poderia ocasionar cicatrizes desfigurantes ou dificuldades de reconstrução, porém o resultado da biópsia de congelação nem sempre corresponde ao da parafina. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a correlação do resultado da biópsia de congelação intraoperatória e o resultado final do exame anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica (exame de parafina), pela sua importância na ressecção curativa e na reconstrução do local acometido. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico, tendo como base artigos científicos publicados a respeito da acurácia da biópsia de congelação nos últimos 10 anos. A biópsia de congelação é um método eficiente e confiável, que deve ser aplicado em áreas em que a ressecção deve ser a mais econômica possível. Em áreas com tumor pequeno e sobra de pele a biópsia de congelação é pobre, dispensável e não altera resultados. A biópsia de congelação se mostrou um método eficiente, de custo acessível e de boa reprodutibilidade quando realizada por profissionais experientes e em casos bem indicados.

Together, basal cell and squamous carcinomas account for more than 50% of all new cases of cancer. Frozen section biopsy is often used in areas such as the head and neck, in which a wide margin could cause disfiguring scars or difficulties with reconstruction, but the results of frozen biopsy do not always correspond to the results of paraffin sections. This paper aims to review existing literature on the correlation between the results of intraoperative frozen biopsy and final pathological examination of surgical specimens (examination of paraffin sections), because of the importance of frozen biopsy in curative resection and reconstruction of affected sites. A literature review was conducted, based on scientific articles published over the previous 10 years about the accuracy of intraoperative frozen sections. Frozen section biopsy is an efficient and reliable method that should be applied in areas where resection should be as economical as possible. However, in cases with small tumors and excess skin, the results of frozen biopsy are poor, dispensable, and not meaningful. Frozen biopsy is an efficient, affordable, and reproducible method when performed by experienced staff in well-selected cases.

Comparing touch imprint cytology, frozen section analysis, and cytokeratin immunostaining for intraoperative evaluation of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been applied to the management of breast carcinoma inorder to decrease postoperative complication and morbidity. Touch imprint cytology (TIC), frozen section (FS), scrape cytology, or combination of these methods are used as intraoperative diagnostic methods. However, the sensitivity of these intraoperative modalities for detecting metastatic disease in SLNs is not equivalent to permanent histopathologic examination as a gold standard method. Objectives: The aim of this study was to review our department's results with SLN biopsy using touch imprint and frozen section for intraoperative diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis. Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin was used on permanent sections. The sensitivities and specificities of TIC with those of FS analysis and IHC were also compared. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 consecutive SLN biopsies from 49 patients performed. The TIC and subsequently frozen were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. The cytological and frozen findings were compared and results were reported to the surgeon during operation. Final pathologic evaluation was performed on the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Analysis of the permanent tissue included evaluation of three-step sections of the lymph node by H&E and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values of TIC, FS and IHC for the detection of metastatic tumor in the SLNs were determined with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: One hundred SLNs were examined from 49 patients with invasive breast carcinoma with mean age of 45.29 ° 10.6 years. Intraoperative TIC and FS failed to show metastatic involvement in 10 examined lymph nodes from three patients. No false positive results for TIC and FS was identified. The sensitivity of TIC compared with the final histopathological result, considered the gold standard, was 90% (CI, 68.49-98.81%). Similarly, the sensitivities of frozen sections and permanent were the same respectively. The specificities of TIC, FS, and permanent were 100% (CI, 94.95-100.00). The sensitivity of touch imprint cytology compared with the final histopathological result, considered the gold standard, was 90% (CI, 68.49--98.81%). Similarly, the sensitivities of frozen sections and permanent were the same respectively. The specificities of TIC, FS, and permanent were 100% (CI, 94.95-100.00). Conclusions: Our experience with TI and FS for the intraoperative evaluation of SLNs is similar to the findings from previously reported studies. We detected the same sensitivities for these two methods; however lower sensitivity of TI in detecting metastasis with higher false-negative rate has been addressed in the published literature. The 90% sensitivity of TI and FS with permanent histopathologic examination as the gold standard falls within the range of reported sensitivities: 33-96% for TI and 44-100% for FS. However, variations in patient selection criteria, experience of the pathologist, skill of the technician submitting specimen for intraoperative evaluation, and tumor size are important variables that influence the results.

The accuracy of intraoperative frozen sections in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether frozen section evaluation of ovarian tumors can be used to establish a histopathologic diagnosis and guide the surgeon to perform the appropriate surgical procedure. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between January 2002 and December 2006, 376 ovarian specimens were submitted for frozen section examination and received for permanent section evaluation. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the frozen sections were studied. RESULTS: The overall accuracy was 87.8% while the inaccuracy was 12.2%. The sensitivity for malignant tumors was 79.6%, the sensitivity for borderline tumors was 61.8%, and the sensitivity for benign tumors was 98.2%. The specificity for the benign tumors was 88.6%, 93.8% for borderline tumors, and 97.1% for malignancy The positive predictive value was 92.2% for benign tumors, 63% for borderline tumors, and 91.1% for malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that frozen section diagnosis is a reliable method for the surgical management of patients with ovarian masses.

Correlation of intra-operative frozen section consultation with the final diagnosis at a referral center in Karachi, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: The correlation of intra-operative frozen section diagnosis with final diagnosis on permanent sections is an integral part of quality assurance in surgical pathology laboratories. However, there is scant data on this topic from Pakistan. Similarly, no local study has looked at frozen section turnaround times. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze indications, discrepancies and deferrals for all frozen sections performed or received at our institution over a 1-year period and to determine the turnaround time for frozen section diagnoses in our cases. DESIGN: A retrospective study, was undertaken, of all frozen sections reported at our institution between 1 st January 2006 and 31 st December 2006. The records of these cases were reviewed. The number and types of discrepancies, including sampling and interpretation errors were determined. The deferred cases and causes for deferral were also determined. The turnaround times of all cases were recorded. Agreement rates were calculated as percent agreement, sensitivity/specificity and positive and negative predictive values. RESULTS: A total of 356 specimens were received. Out of these, 14 cases (3.93%) were deferred to permanent sections. Of the remaining 342 cases, the discordant diagnostic frequency was 2.92% while the concordant diagnostic frequency was 97.08%. The most common pathological processes encountered were presence/typing of neoplasm (51.12%) and assessment of surgical margins (27.53%). The average turn-around time for frozen section diagnosis was 23 minutes; 60% of the cases were reported in 20 minutes or less. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of frozen section diagnosis at AKUH pathology department can be interpreted as comparable with most international quality control statistics for frozen sections. The overall error and deferral rates are within the range of previously published errors in pathology. Deferrals and errors in some sub-specialties were higher than in others. The results suggest specific measures should be taken to reduce the number of discrepancies. The overall goal is to reduce errors, reduce the number of deferrals and improve frozen section diagnosis turnaround times.

Proporción de tenascina y fibronectina en el ligamento periodontal de dientes sometidos a fuerzas ortodónticas / Tenascin and fibronectin proportions in human periodontal ligament of teeth undergoing orthodontic forces

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprobar los cambios en la proporción de tenascina (T) y fibronectina (F) en la zona de tensión del ligamento periodontal humano (LPH) de dientes sometidos a fuerzas ortodónticas. Se tomaron muestras de LPH en 20 pacientes entre 18 y 25 años. A los dientes del grupo experimental se les aplicó una fuerza con intervalos de 1, 21 y 40 días. Las muestras fueron congeladas en nitrógeno líquido y posteriormente sometidas a tinción inmunohistoquímica. Para el grupo de F, el primer día se observó que los dientes del grupo control presentaban una tinción leve. En el grupo experimental se observó que las siete muestras presentaban una tinción leve. En el día 21, cinco de las siete muestras presentaban una tinción moderada y las dos restantes, una tinción intensa. En el día 40, en todas se observó una tinción intensa. En el grupo control de T, las muestras presentaron una tinción leve. En el primer día se observó una tinción moderada. En el día 21, cuatro presentaron una tinción intensa y las tres restantes, una tinción moderada. En el día 40 fue leve. Los resultados sugieren la posible relación de la F y la T en los procesos de neoformación en la zona de tensión, contribuyendo a la mejor comprensión de los procesos moleculares involucrados al aplicar fuerzas ortodónticas en los dientes

Papel da congelaçäo e da citopatologia no diagnóstico das neoplasias da tireóide / Freenzing and cytopathology rule in the diagnosis of thyroid neoplasm

A punçäo aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF) é o método ideal para detecçäo de malignidade em nódulos de tireóide e tem sido sugerida como uma alternativa à congelaçäo para guiar a conduta cirúrgica. Este estudo avaliou ambos os métodos no diagnóstico das neoplasias da tireóide num hospital geral de ensino onde a PAAF é realizado por médicos em treinamento. A PAAF foi realizada pelo método de Soderstrom e a congelaçäo pelo método de MacCarty. O exame histopatológico definitivo foi utilizado como critério padräo de diagnóstico. Trezentas e quarenta e duas tireoidectomias foram analisadas. Havia 77 casos de cancer e 42 adenomas confirmados como positivos pela histopatologia. Em 199 PAAF com material adequado, 45,2 por cento (90/199) dos casos mostravam resultados citopatológicos sugestivos de neoplasia, com evidências citopatológicas de neoplasia maligna ou com atipias e considerados positivos, mas a sensibilidade foi de 68,7 por cento (57/83); 36,6 por cento (33/90) destes casos näo foram confirmados, configurando uma especificidade de 71,6 por cento (83/116). Em 263 congelaçöes, 76,4 por cento dos diagnósticos sugeriam uma natureza benigna (79,1 por cento) ou maligna (20,9 por cento) para lesao nodular. Todas as congelaçöes sugestivas de cancer foram confirmadas. Houve 23,6 por cento dos casos definidos como neoplasia folicular circunscrita, cuja malignidade foi definida após estudo de vários cortes histológicos; destes, 16,1 por cento eram carcinomas e 41,9 por cento eram adenomas, configurando uma especificidade 85,1 por cento (154/181). Houve dois casos de adenoma e tres casos de carcinoma näo identificados pela congelaçäo, configurando uma sensibilidade de 93,9 por cento (77/82). Em 157 casos onde foram realizados PAAF e congelaçäo concomitantemente, os níveis de sensibilidade e especificidade foram, respectivamente, 63,8 vs 98,3 por cento e 73,7 vs 79,8 por cento. Estes dados sugerem que a PAAF realizada por médicos em treinamento ainda nao dispensa a realizaçäo da congelaçäo como um guia para a conduta cirúrgica, visto que ainda apresenta uma menor sensibilidade.

¿Es de utilidad la biopsia rapida en el diagnóstico de las lesiones foliculares de tiroides? / Utility of rapid biopsy in follicular thyroid neoplasms

Se analizan las ventajas y desventajas de la biopsia por congelación (contemporánea) en el diagnóstico intraoperatorio de los nódulos tiroides y se comentan los problemas que se plantean en el diagnóstico de malignidad en las lesioens de patrón folicular. Estas lesiones son responsables del bajo rendimiento de esta técnica, lo cual está objetivamente evidenciado por el alto porcentaje de biopsias que son diferidas para su posterior análisis en cortes permanentes, los cuales permiten lograr el diagnóstico definitivo

Biopsia contemporánea: evaluación retrospectiva de 326 casos / Contemporary biosy: retrospective evaluation of 326 cases

En 326 biopsias contemporáneas consecutivas realizadas durante 1989 y 1990 en el Servicio de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital John F. Kennedy de Valdivia, se consigna su distribución por órganos; se evalúa la certeza diagnóstica que alcanza al 91.7 por ciento y se compara con publicaciones previas