Effect of HMG-CoA competetors on gene expression of eNOS and some biochemical changes in fructose fed rats

Syndrome X, also termed the metabolic syndrome, is a cluster of physiologic and metabolic abnormalities including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HMG- CoA competetors [statins, simvastatin, and fluvastatin] on the gene expression of eNOS and Lipid profile in Fructose enriched diet [FED] rat model. The research was done on 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into the following 4 groups: Group I [control group n=10] was allocated to normal rat chow diet with water alone, Group II [F-fed group n=10] was fed with fructose enriched chow for 4 weeks, Group III [Simvastatin treated F-fed group n=10], was fed with fructose enriched chow for 4 weeks followed by administration of simvastatin for a period of 2 weeks, Group IV [Fluvastatin treated F-fed group n=10], was fed with fructose enriched chow for 4 weeks followed by administration of fluvastatm for a period of 2 weeks. Fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, nitric oxide and gene expression of eNOS in the aorta were measured. The following results were obtained: In group II [rats fed with a fructose rich diet]: There was a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin in comparison to the control group, There was a significant drop in both the plasma nitric oxide levels and in the expression of the eNOS gene in the aorta in comparison to the control group. In group III [Simvastatin treated fructose fed rats]: There was significant reduction in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in comparison to group II, there was also a significant reduction in the levels of glucose and insulin in comparison to group II, on the other hand, the plasma nitric oxide levels and the expression of the eNOS gene in aorta were significantly elevated in comparison to group II. In group IV [Fluvastatin treated fructose fed rats]: There was significant reduction in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in comparison to group II, there was also a significant reduction in the levels of glucose and insulin in comparison to group II, on the other hand, the plasma nitric oxide levels and the expression of the eNOS gene in aorta were significantly elevated in comparison to group II, on comparing the findings of group III with those of group IV: It was evident that Fluvastatin was more effective in the treatment of all the studied parameters of the metabolic syndrome, except for the reduction of cholesterol levels, in which Simvastatin was slightly more effective, conclusion: The fructose enriched diet rat model provides an ideal means for creating a stimulated syndrome X in animals. Syndrome X caused an elevation in the levels of cholesterol triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. Syndrome X caused a reduction in the level of nitric oxide and a fall in the gene expression of eNOS in the aorta. Fluvastatin and Simvastatin caused a drop in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. Fluvastatin and Simvastatin caused in elevation in the level of nitric oxide and a rise in the gene expression of eNOS in the aorta. Statins posses Pleiotropic [Non-Lipid-related] effects and mechanisms of action. Fluvastatin is more effective than Simvastatin in the reversal of all the pathological changes associated with syndrome X except when it came to the reduction of cholesterol levels in which Simvastatin was only slightly more effective. Our recommendations for future research is that more studies should be performed on the effects of other types of statins on syndrome X. Other factors such as life style modification including diet and exercise in addition to metformin and insulin sensitizers should be included in order to improve the cardiovascular outcome in syndrome X. Amelioration of cholesterol level by the use of statins had improved synthesis of NO as indicated by increased gene expression of eNOS and lowering of arterial blood pressure

role of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with simple sugars on cardiovascular diseases prediction in rats

The objective of the present study is to assess the effect of different dietary simple sugars [sucrose, glucose and fructose] on the prediction of cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk factors, with regard to supplementation with high dose of vitamin B6 [500 mg/100 g diet] in the form of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate [PLP]. It was concluded that, long term consumption of high carbohydrate diets increase the prediction of CVD by increasing plasma TG, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. Dietary glucose was the best sugar used for substitution of starch, while fructose is considered as a risk factor for CVD. Plasma albumin showed little association with CVD. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and glucose in combination act in a synergistic manner through highly significant reduction in plasma LDL-C and significantly increase HDL-C levels throughout the first and second periods of the experiment. Supplementation with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate did not affect the plasma glucose levels on 21 days, but improves and normalizes the platelets count, and reduces the elevated TG levels via several mechanisms, and hence, reduces the risk factors leading to CVD

Serum fructosamine as a monitor of periodontal therapy in diabetics

The effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on diabetics was investigated in the present study. Metabolic conditions was monitored by measuring serum fructosamine [SF]. Forty-eight adult NIDDM patients were selected, they were suffering from periodontal problems. After medical evaluation diabetic patients were divided into two groups: Moderate periodontitis group [periodontal disease index [PDI] between 3 and 4] and advanced periodontitis group PDI >4]. Gingival bleeding on probing [BoP], plaque index [PLI], serum fructosamine and blood glucose level were recorded to all diabetic patients before any periodontal therapy. The following periodontal treatment was then performed: Oral hygiene instruction, ultrasonic instrumentation, debridement of periodontal pockets and professional subgingival irrigation. All clinical and laboratory parameters were re- estimated after one-month period. The results showed a significant reduction in BoP and PLI in both groups after periodontal therapy, while significant decrease of PDI was recorded in patients with moderate periodontitis only FA showed a significant reduction in both groups after periodontal therapy. The results showed a positive relation between improvement of periodontal condition and reduction of serum fructosamine as severe periodontitis exaggerates FA values in diabetics. Therefore, periodontal status of diabetic patient must be considered when monitoring hyperglycemia

Vitamin E modifies neither fructusamine nor HbA1c levels in poorly controlled diabetes

Objetivo. Investigar los efectos de la vitamina E sobre la glicación de las proteínas totales del suero (fructosamina), glicación de la hemoglobina (HbA1c), y niveles de glucemia, colesterol total, trigliceridos, LDLC, HDL-C, apolipoproteína A1 y apolipoproteína B. Material y métodos. Sesenta pacientes diabéticos con descontrol metabólico crónico fueron asignados al azar para recibir 1200 mg/día de vitamina E o cápsulas idénticas del placebo durante dos meses en un diseño doble ciego cruzado con un periodo de lavado de cuatro semanas entre cada régimen terapéutico. Resultados. Siete pacientes fueron excluídos del estudio por razones no relacionadas con los medicamentos. En los 53 pacientes restantes, los niveles de glucemia, fructosamina, HbA1c, colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo A1 y apo B no mostraron variaciones significativas de la vitamina E en comparación con placebo. Conclusiones. No se observaron efectos significativos de la vitamina E en los niveles de los parámetros evaluados en paciente scon diabetes descontrolada

effect of age and sex on serum albumin and fructosamine

This study included sixty healthy subjects [thirty males and thirty females] divided according to their age in three groups: Group I 20-39 years, group II 40-59 years and group III above the age of 60 years. The serum albumin showed a significant decrease with aging and this may be attributed to many causes occurring with aging as inadequate diet, slight renal impairment and slight hepatic impairment. The serum fructosamine showed insignificant increase with aging. An inverse correlation was found between the level of albumin and the level of fructosamine. The serum albumin level showed a significant increase in the females of the third age group compared with males and serum fructosamine showed a significant decrease in the females of the third age group compared with the males. These changes were statistically significant. No statistically significant changes were noted in the I and II groups between the males and females. Hormonal changes occurring in females at menopause might be attributed to these changes. The albumin showed only 10% correlation to the total level of the fructosamine, it was correlated to 21% of the fructosamine in the male group and to 0.02% in the female group. Serum albumin was not correlated to the fructosamine level in group III, while it was correlated to 14% of the fructosamine level in group II and to 7% of the fructosamine in group I. The study suggested that other factors might be involved with the results of the fructosamine. Test

Comparison of 2 hour plasma glucose and serum fructosamine concentrations as screening tests for diabetes mellitus

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of fructosamine as a mean for diagnosing Diabetes mellitus, serum fructosamine and plasma glucose levels 2 h following 75 g Oral glucose load were compared in 158 subjects participating in a community Health survey. The subjects were classified as having normal, impaired or diabetic responses using WHO criteria of 135 subjects with normal and 7 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. 130 and 5 subjects respectively had fructosamine within the ninty-fifth percentile. Of 16 subjects with diabetic response, 13 presented with high fructosmine. Fructosmaine assay yielded 7 false positive and 3 false negative results. Consequently, the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value positive, predictive value negative and efficiency calculated were 81.3%, 95.0%, 65.0%, 97.8% and 94.0% respectively. A highly significant correlation was observed between 2 h plasma glucose and measured fructosamine [r= 0.76, P<0.001] and between 2 h plasma glucose and corrected fructosamine [r= 0.77, P<0.001] in the studied population. A significant correlation was also observed between serum albumin and measured fructosamine [r= 0.33. P<0.001] in the non-diabetic subjects, and between measured and corrected fructosamine [r= 0.92, P<0.001] in the studied population. The results suggest that serum fructosamine provides an additional useful screening method for diabetes mellitus that may complement glucose measurement and correction of its level for albumine concentration may be unnecessary in subjects with normal protein metabolism

Role of fructosamine in management of gestational diabetes

Estimation of serum fructosamine can be used for screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes and as an index of diabetic control. This measurement in late pregnancy is also of value in the detection of the foetal outcome. In this study, fructosamine estimation at 35-37 weeks gestation detected 83 percent of cases of gestational diabetes. There was a significant correlation between the diabetic group at 35-37 weeks gestation and also at the time of delivery. These results suggested that fructosamine estimation is an effective reflection of blood glucose control during the previous 1-3 weeks. There was also a significant correlation between maternal fructosamine level at 35-37 weeks gestation and at delivery time with foetal growth and birth weight

Serum fructosamine in children with acute viral hepatitis

In order to assess the value of serum fructosamine as an index of the glycemic status of the children with acute viral hepatitis, this study was carried out on 82 children whose age ranged between 3 and 11 years. They were divided into 2 groups; the 1st included 52 cases with acute viral hepatitis A, and the 2nd was of 30 healthy children as controls. Both cases and controls were subjected to thorough history, complete clinical examination, liver function tests, and determination of fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine. The liver functions were significantly impaired in children with acute hepatitis than controls. Serum fructosamine and fasting blood glucose were significantly higher in cases than controls. Meanwhile, serum fructosamine levels of cases with viral hepatitis correlated positively with fasting blood glucose levels. Determination of serum fructosamine level in cases of acute viral hepatitis has significant value in assessment of their glycemic status

Avances en la valoración de fructosamina: ventajas de un nuevo equipo diagnóstico aplicado a estudios poblacionales / Advance in the fructosamine valuacion: advantage of a diagnostic equipment new populated study to aplicar

La determinación de fructosaminas (F) en suero (proteínas séricas glicosiladas), constituye un parámetro metabólico retrospectivo útil en el control del paciente diabético. En este trabajo, se ensayó un nuevo equipo diagnóstico para valorar F (test-combination fructosamins, Boehringer-Mannhein)(B-M), con estándar proteico en paralelo con el método de Johnson y Baker (J-B), que emplea un estandar de deoximorlino fructosa (DMF). El nuevo equipo ha modificado también el reactivo original de J-B para el desarrollo del color. Se estudiaron 152 individuos normales (adultos, embarazadas y niños), 52 diabéticos (DID y DNID) y 16 pacientes hipertrigliceridémicos. Los espectros de absorción y la cinética del desarrollo del color resultaron similares para los patrones de calibración y las muestras de suero normal y diabético con el reactivo B-M. En cambio, difirieron para DMFy sueros (método J-B). No hubo interferencia de triglicéridos aumentados con el reactivo B-M a diferencia de J-B. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los resultados de F determinados por ambos métodos (P<0,001). Los coeficientes de variación intra e interensayo y la dispersión de los resultados fueron menores para el método B-M que para el J-B. Los VMñESM de F para niños de < 1-6 años y para embarazadas de 2do y 3er trimestre resultaron significativamente menores que los de adultos normales para el método B-M, lo cual no ocurrió para el método J-B. Los VMñESM de pacientes diabéticos, con respecto a adultos normales, fueron significativamente mayores por ambos métodos, pero el incremento%fue mayor (99%) para el método B-M que para el J-B (50%). Todos estos resultados indican que el equipo B-M es adecuado para el valoración de F en suero, provee un estándar de calibración real y confiable y constituye un avance efectivo en la confiabilidad de la valoración retrospectiva de los promedios glucémicos

Fructosamina sérica en pacientes diabéticos, un nuevo parametro de control metabólico / Serum fructosamine in diabetic patiens: a parameter of metabolic control

Las proteínas séricas sufren glicación no enzimática irreversible que depende de la intensidad y duración de la hiperglicemia; de ellas el 60 a 70% corresponde a albúmina con una vida media de aproximadamente 3 semanas. El método de la fructosamina permite cuantificar estas proteínas. Se evaluó la utilidad clínica de la fructosamina sérica, como parámetro del control glicémico en los diabéticos. En 50 pacientes y 18 controles sanos se determinó fructosamina, glicemia postprandial, hemoglobina glicosilada, proteinemia, albuminemia, creatinina sérica, colesterol total, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos. En 20 diabéticos no insulino dependientes, 6 insulinodependientes y 5 embarazadas diabéticas se midieron semanalmente durante 2 meses fructosamina, glicemia postprandial, hemoglobina glicosilada. Los diabéticos presentaron valores de fructosamina, glicemia, glicemia postprandial, hemoglobina glicosilada superiores a los controles (p < 0,001). La fructosamina no se modifica por proteinemia, albuminemia, creatinina, colesterol total, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos, si estos parámetros están en el rango de normalidad. Los diabéticos no insulino-dependientes tenían los niveles más altos de fructosamina y las embarazadas diabéticas cifras normales, las que se mantuvieron durante el seguimiento. Los insulino-dependientes disminuyeron significativamente sus niveles de fructosamina a la cuarta semana de control. La fructosamina es un índice sensible y objetivo del control glicémico en el mediano plazo; presenta mayor utilidad determinada periódicamente en el seguimiento de los pacientes y es un método complementario a la hemoglobina glicosilada