ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are associated with abnormal serotonin (5-HT) signaling or metabolism where the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are clinically relevant. The aim was to examine the distribution of 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptors in the normal human colon and how this is associated with receptor interacting chaperone 3, G protein coupled receptor kinases, and protein LIN-7 homologs to extend previous observations limited to the sigmoid colon or the upper intestine. METHODS: Samples from ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid human colon were dissected into 3 separate layers (mucosa, longitudinal, and circular muscles) and ileum samples were dissected into mucosa and muscle layers (n = 20). Complementary DNA was synthesized by reverse transcription from extracted RNA and expression was determined by quantitative or end point polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The 5-HT3 receptor subunits were found in all tissues throughout the colon and ileum. The A subunit was detected in all samples and the C subunit was expressed at similar levels while the B subunit was expressed at lower levels and less frequently. The 5-HT3 receptor E subunit was mainly found in the mucosa layers. All splice variants of the 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors were expressed throughout the colon although the 5-HT4 receptor d, g, and i variants were expressed less often. CONCLUSIONS: The major differences in 5-HT receptor distribution within the human colon are in relation to the mucosa and muscular tissue layers where the 5-HT3 receptor E subunit is predominantly found in the mucosal layer which may be of therapeutic relevance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Colon , Colon, Sigmoid , DNA, Complementary , G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases , Gastrointestinal Tract , Ileum , Intestines , Metabolism , Mucous Membrane , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Receptors, Serotonin , Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 , Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 , Reverse Transcription , RNA , SerotoninABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression and potential roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.@*METHODS@#Immunohistochemistry and Western blot was performed to determine GRK6 expression in 73 HCC samples. And the correlation with clinicopathological features was also analyzed.@*RESULTS@#GRK6 expression was significantly higher in HCC than that in normal hepatic tissue. GRK6 was positively correlated with proliferation marker Ki-67, clinical stage, metastasis and survival time.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results suggested that GRK6 overexpression plays an important role in HCC. Monitoring the expression of GRK6 maybe helpful in early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.