Prognostic role of preoperative albumin to globulin ratio in predicting survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the prognostic role of preoperative albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in localized and locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Patients and Methods: 162 patients who met the criteria specified were included in the study. The DFS and OS ratios were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the prognostic factors affecting DFS and OS. Results: Median follow-up period was 27.5 (6-89) months. There was a statistically significant relationship between low AGR and high pathological tumor (pT) stage, presence of collecting system invasion, presence of tumor necrosis, and a high platelet count (p = 0.012, p = 0.01, p = 0.001, and p = 0.004, respectively). According to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, both OS and DFS were found to be significantly lower in the low AGR group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.012). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, collecting system invasion and tumor necrosis were found to be independent prognostic factors in predicting OS and pT stage was found to be an independent prognostic factor in predicting DFS (HR: 4.08, p = 0.043; HR: 8.64, p = 0.003 and HR: 7.78, p = 0.041, respectively). Conclusion: In our study, low AGR was found to be associated with increased mortality and disease recurrence in localized and locally advanced RCC.

Low-protein diet does not alter reproductive, biochemical, and hematological parameters in pregnant Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive, biochemical, and hematological outcomes of pregnant rats exposed to protein restriction. Wistar rat dams were fed a control normal-protein (NP, 17% protein, n=8) or a low-protein (LP, 8% protein, n=14) diet from the 1st to the 20th day of pregnancy. On the 20th day, the clinical signs of toxicity were evaluated. The pregnant rats were then anesthetized and blood samples were collected for biochemical-hematological analyses, and laparotomy was performed to evaluate reproductive parameters. No sign of toxicity, or differences (P>0.05) in body weight gain and biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, albumin, globulin, and total protein) between NP and LP pregnant dams were observed. Similarly, hematological data, including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell distribution width (coefficient of variation), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, % lymphocytes, absolute lymphocyte count, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were similar (P>0.05) at the end of pregnancy. Reproductive parameters (the dam-offspring relationship, ovary mass, placenta mass, number of corpora lutea, implantation index, resorption index, and the pre- and post-implantation loss rates) were also not different (P>0.05) between NP and LP pregnant dams. The present data showed that a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy did not alter reproductive, biochemical, and hematological parameters and seems not to have any toxic effect on pregnant Wistar rats.

Perfil de proteínas plasmáticas em cadelas gestantes e não gestantes / Plasmatic protein profile of pregnant and non-pregnant bitches

O estudo das interações orgânicas da gestação e as mudanças fisiológicas que estão ocorrendo nesta fase são de extrema importância para a avaliação clínica da fêmea gestante ou para estabelecer o diagnóstico de processos patológicos em andamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o perfil das diversas proteínas sanguíneas (frações protéicas do soro - albumina, a1, a2, b, g globulinas e proteína total) durante o período gestacional e no diestro em cadelas. Foram utilizadas 40 fêmeas caninas da raça Dogue Alemão, em idade variando entre 2 a 7 anos, clinicamente saudáveis. Os animais foram separados em dois grupos, denominados Grupo não gestante (NG) e Grupo gestante (G), constituídos por 20 fêmeas em diestro e 20 fêmeas gestantes, respectivamente. Preconizou-se colheita de sangue semanalmente de cada animal durante 9 semanas. Nas fêmeas do grupo NG, as amostras foram colhidas a partir do início do diestro, até a detecção do início do anestro; no grupo G, as amostras foram colhidas do início do diestro até o momento da parição. A partir do soro sanguíneo, foram determinadas as concentrações de proteína total, albumina, a1, a2, b e g globulinas. Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos resultados de proteína sérica total entre a 1ª e 6ª semanas de gestação e diestro, havendo decréscimo gradual em ambos grupos. Já ao final da gestação (entre a 7ª e 9ª semanas), houve acréscimo significativo dos valores de proteína total, sugerindo ação anabólica. Os níveis de albumina sofreram queda da 1ª a 9ª semana, tanto no grupo gestante, como não-gestante, com diferença estatística entre os dois grupos na 7ª, 8ª e 9ª semanas. As concentrações de α1 globulina nas fêmeas gestantes sofreram acréscimo significativo a partir da 2ª semana, contudo, diferença estatística entre os grupos NG e G ocorreu somente na 8ª e 9ª semanas, coincidindo com a fase de preparação à parição. Houve aumento no perfil de α2 globulina entre a 2ª e 3ª semanas de gestação, porém tais valores não diferiram das fêmeas em diestro. Diferença significativa de α2 globulina foi observada apenas durante a 4ª, 5ª, 6ª, 8ª e 9ª semanas entre os dois grupos avaliados. As concentrações séricas de ß globulina nas cadelas não-gestantes foi superior às das fêmeas gestantes durante a 2ª, 4ª e 7ª semanas. Durante o primeiro terço da gestação (1ª a 3ª semana), foi observado queda dos valores de γ globulina, coincidente ao período pré implantacional e durante a formação dos sítios de implantação. Entre a 8ª e 9ª semanas de gestação, houve acréscimo significativo de γ globulina, possivelmente conseqüente ao aumento da produção de imunoglobulinas direcionadas à glândula mamária, como constituinte do colostro. Em conclusão, as proteínas alteram-se de forma evidente durante o período de gestação. Foi possível inferir diferenças nas funções biológicas das proteínas sanguíneas em cadelas gestantes e não gestantes. As proteínas determinadas estão envolvidas com o estímulo inflamatório durante a gestação, além dos mecanismos de regulação hormonal e preparação do organismo materno à lactação.(AU)

The study of the organic interaction and physiological adaptations during pregnancy is of utmost importance for clinical evaluation and diagnosis of pathological conditions of pregnant bitches. The aim of the present study was to compare the serum protein profile (total protein, albumin, a1, a2, b and g globulin) of pregnant and diestrous bitches. For this purpose, 40 healthy 2 to7-year-old Great Dane bitches were used. The bitches were allocated in two experimental groups: Non-pregnant group (NP; n=20) and pregnant group (P; n=20). From each female, blood was drawn weekly during 9 weeks, from the diestrous onset until the beginning of anestrus or parturition, respectively from NP and P groups. The concentration of total protein, albumin and a1, a2, b and g globulins were determined from serum samples. No statistical difference was found for total protein between 1st and 6th weeks of pregnancy or diestrus. In both groups, there was a progressive decline in total protein concentration. At the end of pregnancy (7th to 9th week), a significant increase in total protein was verified, suggesting an anabolic process. Albumin concentration decreased between the 1st and 9th week in both groups, however, more markedly in the P group (with significant difference between groups at 7th, 8th and 9th week). The levels of α1 globulin in pregnant bitches increased significantly from the 2nd week on. Statistical difference was observed between groups only at the 8th and 9th week, during which a preparatory phase for parturition occurs. A significant rise in α2 globulin was shown between the 2nd and 3rd week of gestation, however without difference from the NP group. There was significant difference for α2 globulin between groups at the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 9th week. Serum concentration of b globulin in diestrous bitches was superior than pregnant bitches at the 2nd, 4th and 7th week. During early gestation (1st to 3rd week) there was a decrease in g globulin, simultaneously to the preimplantation period and formation of implantation sites. An increase in g globulin was shown between the 8th and 9th week in pregnant bitches, possibly due to the increase in immunoglobulin synthesis targeting the mammary gland to form the colostrum. In conclusion, markedly changes in protein profile occur during gestation. It was possible to state different biological function of blood proteins in pregnant and diestrous bitches. The determined proteins are enrolled in the inflammatory stimulus during gestation, as well as in the hormonal regulatory mechanisms and maternal preparatory process to lactation.(AU)

Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with leishmanicidal drugs

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani complex. VL may be asymptomatic or progressive and is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and the enlargement of the spleen and liver. The nutritional status of the patients with VL is a major determinant of the progression, severity and mortality of the disease, as it affects the clinical progression of the disease. Changes in lipoproteins and plasma proteins may have major impacts in the host during infection. Thus, our goal was evaluate the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein levels, as well as the body composition, of VL patients before and after treatment. Methods Nutritional evaluation was performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition. Biochemical data on the serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein were collected from the medical charts of the patients. Results BIA indicated that both pre-treatment and post-treatment patients exhibited decreased phase angles compared to the controls, which is indicative of disease. Prior to treatment, the patients exhibited lower levels of total body water compared to the controls. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, patients with active VL exhibited lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin and higher triglyceride levels compared to patients after treatment and the controls. Treatment increased the levels of albumin and lipoproteins and decreased the triglyceride levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with active VL present biochemical and nutritional changes that are reversed by treatment. .

Globulinas totales y recuento linfocitario como marcadores de mortalidad en sepsis y shock séptico / Total globulins and lymphocyte count as markers of mortality in sepsis and septic shock

Background: There are no studies probing if patients in sepsis or septic shock with lower levels of total plas-matic globulins and/or lymphocyte count have higher mortality. Patients and Method: Prospective cohort study of 103 patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit followed daily at the Dr. Gustavo Fricke Hospital between June and November of 2009, with sepsis or septic shock criteria. Results: There was association between mortality and lymphocytic count measured from the third day of their hospitalization (P < 0.05), but not when compared with the plasmatic globulin measurements (P > 0.05). The area under ROC curve for the mean lymphocyte count at the third day was 0.68 (95% CI 0.53-0.82), with a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 52%, LR(+) 1.57 and LR(-) 0.48 for a cut-off at 510 lymphocytes/mm³, behaving also as an independent risk factor of mortality (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.03-13.1). Discussion: Lymphocyte count is early and independently associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock.

Introducción: No existen estudios que demuestren si pacientes en sepsis o shock séptico que presentan globulinas plasmáticas totales y/o recuento linfocitario plasmático disminuidos, tendrían mayor mortalidad. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo de 103 pacientes ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, que cumplían criterios de sepsis o shock séptico, seguidos diariamente en el Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke entre junio y noviembre de 2009. Resultados: Hubo asociación entre mortalidad y recuento linfocitario medido a partir del tercer día (valor p < 0,05), pero no al comparar mortalidad con mediciones de globulinas plasmáticas (valor p > 0,05). El área bajo la curva ROC del recuento linfocitario medido al tercer día fue 0,68 (IC 95% 0,530,82), con una sensibilidad de 75%, especificidad 52%, LR(+) 1,57 y LR(-) 0,48 para un punto de corte de 510 linfocitos/mm³, comportándose además como factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad (OR 3,67, IC 95% 1,03-13,1). Discusión: El recuento linfocitario se asocia precozmente y en forma independiente al pronóstico de mayor mortalidad en estos pacientes.

The clinical features of drug-induced liver injury observed through liver biopsy: focus on relevancy to autoimmune hepatitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Accurate diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is difficult without considering the possibility of underlying diseases, especially autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). We investigated the clinical patterns in patients with a history of medication, liver-function abnormalities, and in whom liver biopsy was conducted, focusing on accompaniment by AIH. METHODS: The clinical, serologic, and histologic findings of 29 patients were compared and analyzed. The patients were aged 46.2+/-12.8 years (mean+/-SD), and 72.4% of patient were female. The most common symptom and causal drug were jaundice (58.6%) and herbal medications (55.2%), respectively. RESULTS: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were 662.2+/-574.8 U/L, 905.4+/-794.9 U/L, 12.9+/-10.8 mg/dL, 195.8+/-123.3 U/L, and 255.3+/-280.8 U/L, respectively. According to serologic and histologic findings, 21 cases were diagnosed with DILI and 8 with AIH. The AIH group exhibited significantly higher AST levels (537.1+/-519.1 vs. 1043.3+/-600.5 U/L), globulin levels (2.7+/-0.4 vs. 3.3+/-0.5 g/dL), and prothrombin time (12.9+/-2.4 vs. 15.2+/-3.9 s; P<0.05). Antinuclear antibody was positive in 7 of 21 cases of DILI and all 8 cases of AIH (P=0.002). The simplified AIH score was 3.7+/-0.9 in the DILI group and 6.5+/-0.9 in the AIH group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Accurate diagnosis is necessary for patients with a history of medication and visits for liver-function abnormalities; in particular, the possibility of AIH should be considered.

Perfil proteico de tilápia nilótica chitralada (Oreochromis niloticus), submetida ao estresse crônico por hipóxia / Proteic electrophoretic profile of chitralada tilapia nilotic (Oreochromis niloticus), exposed to hypoxia chronic stress

Avaliou-se a variação da resposta secundária ao estresse causado por hipóxia durante 18 dias, em sistema de recirculação, em uma linhagem de tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), chitralada, refletida no perfil proteico eletroforético do peixe e avaliou-se a diferença entre sexos para essa resposta. Foram utilizados 126 peixes, sendo 60 machos e 66 fêmeas, ambos com média de peso de 800g. O estresse crônico por hipóxia alterou (P<0,05) os valores médios relativos de albumina, α+β-globulinas e de γ-globulina, provocou alteração (P<0,05) nos níveis de proteína total relativo ao aumento no grupo dos machos, diminuição significativa dos valores médios absolutos de albumina devido à diminuição nas fêmeas e à diminuição de γ-globulina nos machos. As variantes proteicas, albumina e γ-globulina tiveram influência do sexo.

This study evaluated the secundary response variation to hypoxia stress in a strain of chitralada nilotic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during 18 days, in a recirculation system. The effects were measured by the proteic electrophoretic profile and the difference between the genders. One hundred twenty-six fish were used, 60 males and 66 females, both averaging 800g. The chronic hypoxia stress altered (P<0.05) the relative values of albumin, α+β-globulins, and γ-globulin; modified (P<0.05) the levels of total protein due to an increase in the male group; significantly decreased of the absolute mean values of albumin due to a decrease in the female group; and decreased the g-globulin values in males. The proteic profile, albumin, and γ-globulin were influenced by gender.

Ebony (Phitecellobium flexicaule Benth) and proteins fractionation, solubilization, characterization and production of an isolate

Different combinations of pHs (2 to 12) and temperatures (25, 30 and 35 degrees C) were tested to obtain a protein isolate from ebony (Pithecellobium flexicaule, Benth) seeds. Seed proteins contained 54.6 per cent albumins, 32 per cent globulins, 5.7 per cent glutelins and 1.3 per cent prolamins. The isoelectric points for albumins, globulins and glutelins were in the pH range of 2.3-2.7. The average molecular weight of albumins ranged from 92 to 100 kDa and for the four globulin subunits in the range of 28.4 to 57.3 kDa. For isolate production, proteins were sequentially extracted with distilled water and a 5 per cent NaCl solution. The resulting supernatants were mixed. The best extraction was achieved at pH 11 and 25 degrees C. 45.6 per cent of the total seed protein was precipitated at pH 2.6 yielding an isolate with 90 per cent protein (N x 6.25). The isolate contained high quantities of lysine, leucine, threonine and phenylalanine but were low in sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. The extraction process reduced tannins, phytates and trypsin inhibitor in 53, 70 and 70 per cent, respectively. In vivo protein digestibility of the protein isolate was 85.4 per cent and the corrected digestibility essential amino acid score was of 44 per cent due to the lack of sulfur containing amino acids. In order to upgrade the protein quality of ebony isolate it is recommend to supplement with methionine or sulfur containing rich foods.

Evaluation of semi-quantitative methods for protein and sugar estimation in urine.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of semi quantitative methods for estimation of protein and sugar in urine as shown by their agreement with the quantitative estimation. Hundred randomly collected samples of urine were analysed for levels of protein and sugar. Protein estimation was dine by dipstick and sulphosalicylic acid method (SSA) and sugar by dipstick and Benedict's semi-quantitative methods. Kappa analysis was done on Epi Info 6.03 software to assess the agreement of these semi quantitative methods with the quantitative estimation. Neither of the two tests for urine protein, dipstick or SSA, showed good agreement with the quantitative estimation (Kappa coefficient: 0.26 and 0.07 respectively). However, the dipstick was significantly better than SSA (p < 0.05). For urine sugar, both dipstick and Benedict's tests showed good agreement with the quantitative estimation (Kappa coefficient: 0.78 and 0.84 respectively). The difference between them was insignificant. Results demonstrate that for urine protein, dipstick or SSA show poor agreement with quantitative values. For urine sugar estimation, Benedict's semi-quantitative test shows good agreement with the quantitative values and is as good as the dipstick method.

three year study of the electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins with special reference to various globulinopathies in Saudis

Human sera comprising 545 specimens spread over a period of three years were analyzed electrophoretically for proteins. Only 159 samples [29%] exhibited abnormal serum protein patterns. They were in the order of inflammatory disorders [acute/chronic], 60 [37.7%], Polyclonal gammopathies,48 [30.1%], Cirrhosis, 22 [13.8%], Monoclonal gammopathies, 22 [13.8%], Agammaglobulinemia, 3 [1.9%], Nephrosis, 2 [1.2%], Protein-losing enteropathy, 1 [0.6%], Low-alpha 1 -antitrypsin, 1 [0.6%], Inflammatory diseases of various nature, therefore, constitute the major serum protein abnormalities in Riyadh. Moreover, their occurrence varies with age, sex and climatic conditions as elsewhere in the world

Concentracao serica das proteinas, colesterol, ureia e fosfatase alcalina em criancas com desnutricao proteico-calorica de 3o. grau (Tipo clinico Kwashiorkor e Kwashiorkor-marasmatico / Seric concentration of the proteins, cholesterol, urea and alkaline phosphatase in childreens with protein-calorie malnutrition of 3rd. degree (clinical type): Kwashiorkor and Kwashiorkor-marasmatic

Foram analisados retropesctivamente no primeiro, decimoquinto e trigesimo dis de internacao os valores sericos da albumina, globulina, colesterol, ureia e fosfatase alcalina em 48 criancas com o diagnostico de desnutricao proteico-calorica de grau 3o (31 Kwashiorkor e 17 Kwashiorkor-marasmati- co). Foi constatado que, com o tratamento dietetico, houve aumento das concentracoes da albumina, colesterol e ureia, ja no decimo quinto dia de internacao. Osniveis das globulinas e da fosfatase alcalina nao apresentaram, modificacoes, mesmo no trigesimo dia. Nao foram observadas diferencas, dependentes do tipo clinico de desnutricao, em quaisquer dos parametros laboratoriais analisados.

Proteínas de lupino dulce (Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico, y Lupinus albus, var. Multolupa): I. Extracción y filtración por Sephadex / Sweet lupine (Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus, var. Multolupa) proteins: I. Extraction and filtration by Sephadex

Las investigaciones de índole nutricional realizadas en la harina de lupino en Chile, han motivado el tener un conocimiento más a fondo de las proteínas de esta leguminosa. Las especies sometidas a estudio fueron Lupinus lu teus var. Aurea/Weico y Lupinus albus var Multolupa. A estas especies se les extrajeron y fraccionaron las proteínas, determinándose la distribución porcentual de globulinas y albúminas. Las semillas descarcaradas, previo análisis proximal, se molieron, desgrasaron y extrajeron sucesivamente con agua destilada a un pH de 5.0, con solución amortiguadora de fosfato 0.05 M, pH 8.5. Las proteínas extraídas se determinaron según el método de Lowry simplificado. Las globulinas (pH 8.5) de ambos lupins se filtraron por Sephadex G-100 y las del L albus se filtraron además por Sephadex G-150; a las fracciones colectadas se les midió la absorbancia a 280 nm. Las semillas descascaradas (SD) de L. luteus y de L. albus evidenciaron un contenido de proteínas de 58.2 y 41.0%, respectivamente

Proteínas de lupino dulce (Lupinus luteus var. Aurea/Weico, y Lupinus albus var. Multolupa): II. Separación por electroforesis / Sweet lupine (Lupinus luteus, var. Aurea/Weico and Lupinus albus, var. Multolupa) proteins: II. Separation by electrophoresis

En este estudio se analizaron las albúminas y globulinas extraídas del Lupinus luteus var. Aurea/Weico y Lupinus albus var. Multolupa mediante la técnica de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida. El propósito fue el de determinar la distribución porcentual de albúminas y globulinas de las proteínas en los electroforetogramas, con su consiguiente caracterización, según su movilidad. El densitograma de las albúminas del L. luteus evidenció seis fracciones de las cuales las fracciones 2 y 4 contribuyeron con 58.1%. En cuanto a las globulinas, el densitograma reveló cinco fracciones de las cuales las fracciones 1, 2 y 3 contribuyeron con 90.7%. El densitograma de las globulinas eluídas en el pico I a través de Sephadex G-100 , reveló cinco fracciones que guardaron semejanza con las fracciones 1 y 2 de las globulinas totales y cuya movilidad relativa dio valores bajos comprendidos entre 0.26 y 0.39. Las albúminas del L. albus se resolvieron en cuatro fracciones, siendo la más representativa la fracción 2, con 54.3%. Respecto al fraccionamiento de las globulinas, se obtuvieron cinco fracciones que coincidieron en su distribución con las globulinas del pico I, acusando la fracción 2 la mayor contribución (48.2%). Se evidenció que el Sephadex G-100 no lograba una buena separación. En cuanto a la movilidad electroforética de estas globulinas, se destacaron las fracciones 2 y 3, con movilidades de 0.35 y 0.48. A partir de este trabajo, se puede concluir que las albúnas del L. luteus que presentan un mayor número de fracciones son de menor movilidad relativa que las albúminas del L. albus. En cuanto a las globulinas de ambas especies de lupino, éstas se caracterizan por presentar agrupaciones de baja y alta movilidad, respectivamente

Ensaios sobre proteinemia sérica total e fraçöes na populaçäo de ambos os sexos, da faixa etária de 8 a 18 anos, do município de Humaitá - AM, para estudo de relacionamento com índices periodontais / Studies on total and fractional serum protein dosages in both sexes between the ages of 8 and 18 years in the district of Humaitá-AM, in relation to periodontal indices

Em uma populaçäo de ambos os sexos - 20 masculino e 27 feminino, da faixa etária de 8 a 18 anos, do Município de Humaitá-Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, realizou-se ensaios relacionando a hematocritometria e as dosagens séricas de proteína total, albumina, alfa-1-globulina, alfa-2-globulina, beta- globulinas, gama- globulina, e da relaçäo albumina/globulina - A/G, com o índice periodontal, visando buscar padröes regionais brasileiros, das faixas normais de valores bioquímicos. Através da análise dos resultados, os autores puderam concluir que : 1- o tipo de distribuiçäo das globulinas de ambos os sexos, com exceçäo da gama-globulina do sexo masculino, pode ser considerada normal; 2- o tipo de distribuiçäo da relaçäo albumina/globulinas - A/G para o sexo feminino, näo pode ser considerada normal; 3- para os grupos estudados - sexo masculino e feminino, foram encontradas as "faixas normais" de : Hematócrito - 44,05 ñ 6,89, 41,78ñ5,32 ml//; Proteínas Séricas Totais - 7,08 ñ 1,02, 7,28 ñ 1,11//Albumina - 3,68 ñ 1,38, 3,84 ñ 1,64 g//; Alfa-1-globulina - 0,48 ñ 0,29, 0,49 ñ 0,41 g//; Alfa-2-globulina-0,69 ñ 0,21, 0,65 ñ 0,44 g//; Beta-globulinas - 0,60 ñ 0,21, 0,69 ñ 0,48 g//; Gama-globulina 1,65 ñ 0,71, 1,52 ñ 0,81 g//; Albumina/Globulinas - 1,16 ñ 0,75 1,20 ñ 0,99, respectivamente; 4 - o estado nutricional näo consegue explicar linearmente o índice periodontal