Invasive non-type b haemophilus influenzae disease: report of eight cases / Doença invasiva causada por haemophilus influenzae não tipo b: relato de oito casos

ASTRACT Objective: To describe eight cases of invasive non-type b Haemophilus influenzae disease in children admitted to Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cases description: In 2015, there were eight cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae disease. We tested the ampicillin sensitivity and beta-lactamase production of the strains identified and performed the genotyping. Molecular typing was determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Four patients were diagnosed with bacteremia; in two cases, H. influenzae was detected in the pleural fluid, and two patients had meningitis. Patients with comorbidities represented 37.5% of cases. Except for the strain of one patient - not sent to the reference laboratory -, all were ampicillin-sensitive and non-beta-lactamase-producing. Genotyping identified four non-capsular, one type c, and two type a strains. Molecular typing ruled out nosocomial transmission since all serotypes were distinct regarding genotype. Comments: The rise in cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae infection was real. There was no nosocomial transmission, and we found no justification for the increase. These data indicate the need for surveillance to correctly diagnose, monitor, and understand the spectrum of non-type b H. influenzae disease.

ABSTRACT Objetivo: Descrever oito casos de doença invasiva por Haemophilus influenzae não tipo b em crianças internadas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Descrição dos casos: Em 2015, ocorreram oito casos de doença invasiva por H. influenzae não tipo b. Nas cepas identificadas, testou-se a sensibilidade à ampicilina e a produção de betalactamase, e realizou-se a genotipagem. A tipagem molecular foi feita por Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Em quatro pacientes, o diagnóstico foi de bacteremia; em dois casos, H. influenzae foi identificado em líquido pleural, e dois pacientes tiveram meningite. Comorbidades foram encontradas em 37,5% dos pacientes. Com exceção da cepa de um dos pacientes (que não foi enviada ao laboratório de referência), todas eram sensíveis à ampicilina e não produtoras de betalactamase. A genotipagem identificou quatro cepas não capsulares, uma cepa tipo c e duas cepas tipo a. A tipagem molecular descartou a transmissão intra-hospitalar, já que todos os sorotipos eram distintos quanto ao genótipo. Comentários: O aumento dos casos de infecção invasiva por H. influenzae não tipo b foi real. Não houve transmissão intra-hospitalar e não foi encontrada justificativa para o aumento. Esses dados indicam a necessidade de vigilância para diagnosticar corretamente, monitorar e entender o espectro da doença causada por H. influenzae não tipo b.

Infección de pseudoquiste pancreático por Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Caso clínico / Pancreatic pseudocyst infection caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Report of one case

We report a 48-year-old male admitted to hospital due to a severe alcoholic pancreatitis. At four weeks of evolution of the acute episode, an abdominal CAT scan showed a fluid collection of 20 cm diameter located in the pancreatic tail and 2 small collections in the head. The patient received several antimicrobials and during the seventh week of evolution, while receiving vancomycin, presented fever. A fine needle aspiration of the cyst revealed the presence of Haemophilus parainfluenzae biotype VIII. The patient was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and a laparoscopic cysto-gastrostomy, with a good clinical response.

Endocardite infecciosa por Haemophilus aphrophilus: relato de caso / Infective endocarditis due to Haemophilus aphrophilus: a case report

OBJETIVO: Descrever o caso de uma criança com endocardite infecciosa causada por Haemophilus aphrophilus. DESCRIÇÃO: Menino com febre e calafrios há 20 dias. À internação, apresentava-se febril, descorado e sem sinais de instabilidade hemodinâmica; à ausculta cardíaca, tinha sopro holosistólico em foco mitral. Os exames laboratoriais identificaram anemia (hemoglobina = 9,14 g/dL), leucócitos totais de 11.920 mm³, plaquetas de 250.000 mm³, velocidade de sedimentação das hemácias e proteína C reativa elevadas. O ecocardiograma revelou imagem em válvula mitral, sugestiva de vegetação. Com a hipótese de endocardite, foi iniciada antibioticoterapia com penicilina cristalina (200.000 UI/kg/dia) associada à gentamicina (4 mg/kg/dia). No terceiro dia de tratamento, foi identificado Haemophilus aphrophilus em hemoculturas, sendo então trocado o esquema antibiótico para ceftriaxona (100 mg/kg/dia). No 20º dia de internação, encontrava-se pálido, mas sem febre e sem outras queixas. Os exames mostravam hemoglobina = 7,0 g/dL, leucócitos = 2.190 mm³, plaquetas = 98.000 mm³, razão normatizada internacional = 1,95 e R = 1,89. Foi feita hipótese de reação adversa ao ceftriaxona, que foi substituído por ciprofloxacina, 20 mg/kg/dia, até completar 6 semanas de tratamento. Após 72 horas da troca, houve normalização dos exames. Durante seguimento ambulatorial, apresentou insuficiência mitral grave, sendo submetido a troca de válvula por prótese metálica 9 meses após quadro agudo. Há 3 anos encontra-se bem, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. COMENTÁRIOS: É rara a identificação de agentes do grupo HACEK (Haemophilus ssp, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens e Kingella kingae) em crianças com endocardite infecciosa. O caso apresentado, sem fatores de risco relacionados a esses agentes, reafirma a necessidade de tentar sempre identificar o agente etiológico das endocardites para adequação do tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a child with infective endocarditis caused by Haemophilus aphrophilus. DESCRIPTION: Boy with 20 days of fever and chills. On admission, he was febrile, pale and with no signs of hemodynamic instability; on cardiac auscultation, a mitral-related holosystolic murmur was observed. Laboratory examination identified anemia (hemoglobin = 9.14 g/dL), total leukocytes of 11,920 mm³, platelets of 250,000 mm³, elevated sedimentation velocity of red cells and elevated C-reactive protein. The echocardiogram revealed image on mitral valve, resembling vegetation. Considering endocarditis, antibiotic therapy was started with crystalline penicillin (200,000 UI/kg/day) in association with gentamicin (4 mg/kg/day). On the third day of treatment, Haemophilus aphrophilus was identified in the blood cultures and the antibiotic scheme was replaced with ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day). On the 20th day of evolution, the patient was pale but with no fever or other complaints. Examinations showed hemoglobin = 7.0 g/dL, leukocytes = 2,190 mm³, platelets = 98,000 mm³, international normalized ratio = 1.95 and R = 1.89. Considering the hypothesis of adverse reaction to ceftriaxone, a 6-week replacement treatment with ciprofloxacin (20 mg/kg/day) was started. Examination results normalized after 72 hours of the replacement therapy. During ambulatory follow-up, patient presented with severe mitral regurgitation, undergoing a valve replacement with a metallic prosthetic valve 9 months after acute event. Patient has done well throughout the 3-year ambulatory follow-up. COMMENTS: Identification of agents of the HACEK group (Haemophilus ssp, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae) in children with infective endocarditis is rare. This case report, with no HACEK agent-related risk factors, reinforces the need for identification of the etiological agent of endocarditis to ensure adequate treatment.

Prosthetic joint infection due to Haemophilus aphrophilus

A case of prosthetic joint infection due to Haemophilus aphrophilus is presented. A 76-year-old woman, with a long history of pain in her left hip and raised inflammatory markers, underwent prosthetic joint excision. Six samples of pus and tissue were taken from the joint and Haemophilus aphrophilus was cultured from 3 of these specimens. We review the clinical and microbiological findings. Treatment with ciprofloxacin after removal of the prosthesis resulted in clinical improvement

Five-year study of antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production in Haemophilus influenzae.

We evaluated 582 Haemophilus influenzae isolates from patients between January 2000 and December 2004. Overall, 433 isolates were obtained from sputum and bronchial washings, 124 isolates were from pus, 19 isolates were from blood and 6 isolates form cerebrospinal fluid. H. influenzae was sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamicin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem (range 97-100%), chloramphenicol (75%), ampicillin/amoxicillin (52%), but resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. As for beta-lactamase production, 48.4% of the isolates tested were positive.

Penicillin and gentamicin therapy vs amoxicillin/clavulanate in severe hypoxemic pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of sequential injectable crystalline penicillin (C.pen) and gentamicin combination followed by oral amoxicillin with sequential IV and oral amoxicillin-clavulanate (amox-clav) in treatment of severe or very severe hypoxemic pneumonia. METHODS: Children aged 2-59 months with WHO-defined severe or very severe pneumonia with hypoxemia (SpO2 < 90%) were included in the study. Patients with fever > 10 days, bacterial meningitis, prior antibiotic therapy > 24 hours, stridor, heart disease and allergy to any of the study drugs were excluded. They were randomly allocated to two groups--Group A and Group B. Group A received C. pen and gentamicin intravenously (IV), followed by oral amoxicillin and group B got amox-clav IV, followed by oral amox-clav. Minimum duration of IV therapy was 3 days and total 7 days. Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and chest wall indrawing were monitored 6 hourly. RESULTS: 71 patients were included. There were two (5.2%) blood cultures positive in group A and three (9%) in group B. Organisms isolated were S. pneumoniae (n=3) and H. influenzae-b (n=2). There was only one treatment failure in each of the groups. One was due to penicillin resistant H. influenzae -b and the other was due to worsening of pneumonia. The mean time taken for normalization of tachypnea, hypoxia, chest wall indrawing and inability to feed was similar (P-N.S). Mean duration of IV therapy in group A was 76+/-25 hrs and group B was 75+/-24 hrs (p>0.1). CONCLUSION: In children of 2-59 months, sequential injectable C. pen and gentamicin combination, followed by oral amoxicillin or sequential IV and oral amox-clav were equally effective for the treatment of severe or very severe hypoxemic community acquired pneumonia.

Neumonía grave causada por Haemophilus influenzae no tipificable en un lactante: Reporte de un caso / Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae severe pneumonia in an infant: Case report

Previo a la introducción de la vacuna conjugada, Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) representó una de las causas importantes de neumonía en niños. Recientemente cepas no b y no tipificable (nt) han emergido como agentes importantes de enfermedad. Reportamos el caso de una lactante afectada por una neumonía consolidante extensa con empiema y bacteriémica, con el antecedente de haber recibido antes vacuna contra Hib. Los cultivos de sangre y líquido pleural revelaron la presencia de H. influenzae nt. La evolución clínica fue favorable, retirándose el drenaje pleural al segundo día. Fue tratada con cefotaxima endovenosa durante cinco días y luego 9 días de amoxicilina en forma ambulatoria. Se revisa la literatura acerca de esta inusual forma de presentación en nuestro medio y se advierte la emergencia de cepas no tipificables de H. influenzae como responsables de algunas formas graves de neumonía.

Drug resistant Haemophilus influenzae from respiratory tract infection in a tertiary care hospital in north India.

Haemophilus influenzae is an important respiratory pathogen. Emergence of resistance to various antibiotics is a major problem in patient management. A total of 90 strains of H. influenzae were characterized from specimens obtained from patients of acute respiratory tract infection; 13 (14.4%) belonged to type beta. On biotyping, 90% strains belonged to biotype II. The frequency of resistance to various antibiotics was as follows: cotrimoxazole 33.3% ampicillin 21.1%, cephalexin 7.8%, chloramphenicol 7.8%, ciprofloxacin 2.5% erythromycin and tetracycline 5% each. All the ampicillin-resistant strains produced beta-lactamase as detected by nitrocefin disc method. None of the strains exhibited resistance to cefaclor and third generation cephalosporins. The present study showed emergence of variable resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and other antibiotics. It is important for the clinical microbiology laboratory to monitor drug resistant strains for instituting appropriate antibiotic therapy of respiratory infections due to H. influenzae.

Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from Korean children in prevaccination era

Fifty-five strains of Haemophilus influenzae recovered at a children's hospital in Korea from 1992 through 1997, were analyzed for serotype and antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by broth dilution method. Among the 55 strains, 26 were from normally sterile body fluids, of which 17 were from the immunocompetent children. Spectrum in the immunocompetent included meningitis (47%), bacteremic pneumonia (18%), and bacteremia without focus (35%). Three (12%) of 26 invasive infections were caused by non-type b: one type d and two type f. Nine of 29 non-sterile body fluid isolates belonged to one of encapsulted serotypes: four a, two c, one of each of b, d and e. Thirty two (58%) strains were resistant to ampicillin, and all of which produced beta-lactamase. All of the strains were highly susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefixime, cefuroxime, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin, while 1 (2%), 7 (13%), 4 (7%) and 4 (7%) strains were intermediate to cefprozil, cefaclor, loracarbef, and clarithromycin, respectively. The serotype distribution of H. influenzae in Korean children is similar to those in developed countries before the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccine, and ampicillin resistance rate is among the highest published to date.

Uretritis por Haemophilus influenzae serotipo b. Reporte de un caso / Urethritis due to serotype B Haemophilus influenzae. Report of one case

Se presenta un caso de un paciente con antecedentes de esquistosomiasis haematobium, procedente de Mozambique, que ingresa en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kouri" por presentar molestias al orinar y secresion uretral purulenta. Se aislo Haemophilus influenzae serotipo b, biotipo IV, de la uretra. La cepa resulto ser sensible a la ampicillina, cloranfenicol, ceftriaxona y norfloxacina y resistente a la tetraciclina y eritromicina. El paciente evoluciono hacia la curacion luego de recibir tratamiento con norfloxacina. Se realiza un comentario sobre el papel de este microorganismo como patogeno de transmision sexual

Resistência de "Haemophilus influenzae" à ampicilina: uma revisäo / Resistance of \"Haemophilus influenzae\" to ampicillin: a review

Resistência de "Haemophilus influenzae" à ampicilina é um tema pouco conhecido e discutido em nosso meio. Na presente revisäo säo abordados aspectos relativos a diferentes mecanismos de resistência do microrganismo à ampicilina e os efeitos que os mesmos tem na definiçäo de resistência. A prevalência da resistência à ampicilina em diferentes países é apresentada, observando-se considerável variaçäo regional. A controvérsia sobre as alternativas para documentaçäo laboratorial da resistência é explorada, sendo discutidas as alternativas mais viáveis para laboratórios médicos. É destacada a necessidade de mais estudos que documentem resistência de "Haemophilus influenzae" à ampicilina em nosso país

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae in Thailand.

Resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae to standard antibiotics in Thailand is not on the rise when compared to previous reports. There is no need at present to change standard antibiotic therapy recommendations for pneumonia by the National ARI. The use of antibiotics for the treatment or prophylactic purposes should be judicious to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study is the main part of a National surveillance for antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. The surveillance programme should be continued to evaluate trends in order to up-date guidelines for the selection of antibiotics of the ARI programme in the future.

Resistance of haemophilus influenzae isolates from pediatric patients

This study compared the in vitro activity of various antibiotics [ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefuiroxime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole] against 658 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients attending a large general hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between May 1992 and April 1994. Patients were admitted with the diagnoses of septicaemia, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis or conjunctivitis. The activity of the antibiotics tested was evaluated by disc diffusion using Haemophilus test medium and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Beta-lactamase production was detected using cefinase discs. Ampicillin resistance was found in 18.5% of isolates, mainly [17.1%] of the beta-lactamaseproducing type. The ampicillin-resistant, beta-Iactamase-nonproducing strains were relatively resistant to all other beta-lactam antibiotics tested. Ciprofloxacin showed 99% susceptibility, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 50% and erythromycin showed 37% susceptibility mostly in the intermediate category

Estudo aberto, comparativo, entre tinidazol/tioconazol e tinidazol/miconazol no tratamento de infecçöes vaginais / Open comparative study of tinidazole/tioconazole vs. tinidazole/miconazole in the treatment of vaginal infections

No período de fevereiro de 1987 a janeiro de 1988, em estudo aberto, randomizado e comparativo, foram avaliadas 60 pacientes portadoras de vaginite sintomática. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos (A e B), cada um constituído por 10 portadoras de Trichomonas vaginalis, 10 de Gardnerella vaginalis e 10 de Candida sp. A idade variou de 20 a 45 anos. O grupo A foi tratado com a associaçäo tinidazo/tioconazol na forma de creme para aplicaçäo vaginal duas vezes ao dia, por três dias consecutivos, e o grupo B com a associaçäo tinidazol/miconazol na apresentaçäo de creme para uso vaginal diário, por 14 dias consecutivos. Todos os parceiros sexuais de ambos os grupos receberam 2 g de tinidazol em dose única oral. Os resultados revelaram que as duas associaçöes säo alternativas efetivas e bem toleradas no tratamento de vaginites por Candida sp. e Gardnerella vaginalis. Nos casos de Trichomonas vaginalis os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a associaçäo tinidazol/tioconazol. O esquema posológico a curto prazo mostrou-se mais cômodo para as pacientes deste estudo

Infecciones sistémicas por haemophilus influenzae resistentes a ampicilina y cloramfenicol: comunicación de cinco casos / Systemic infections by haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol: communication of 5 cases

Se comunican cinco casos detectados en los últimos 3 añosde infecciones sistémicas producidas por H.Influenzae resistentes a ampicilina ycloramfenicol, en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Reginal de Valdivia