Toxic effects of the synthetic food dye brilliant blue on liver, kidney and testes functions in rats

Evaluation of the toxic effects of synthetic dyes brilliant blue were tested in rats by measuring their actions on serum activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminas [AST], glutamate pyruvate transaminase [ALT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], acid phosphatase [ACP], serum total bilirubin [SBIL-T], serum creatinine [SCR], serum urea [SUR] and serum testosterone concentrations. Rats were fed synthetic brilliant blue dye supplemented diet, daily for 15, 30 and 45 days. Brilliant blue dye caused an increase of ALT, AST, ALP, SBIL-T, SUR and SCR. This increase was more pronounced in animals treated with repeated single higher doses than in those receiving the repeated single lower doses. On the contrary, serum ACP and testosterone concentrations were decreased after treatment. Histopathological examinations revealed alterations in kidneys include: congestion and hemorrhage with infiltration, thick walled blood vessels and deformation of the structure of glomeruli. Whereas alterations in liver include: focal necrosis of hepatocytes, infiltration and vacuolation. Testes showed irregular shape of seminiferous tubules, atrophy of Leydig cells and disturbance in spermatogenesis. Results indicated that the used doses of the synthetic dye brilliant blue were mostly attributable to hepatocellular damage, renal failure and decrease in spermatogenesis process

Comparative haematological and hepatorenal toxicity of IGR, lufenuron and profenofos insecticide on albino rats

The present investigation was conducted to compare the toxicity of the IGR, lufenuron and the organophosphorus insecticide, profenofos on blood content, liver and kidney functions of male albino rats. The tested compounds were orally administered to rats at 1/20 and 1/10 of their median lethal doses [LD50s] for two months [day after another], then toxicants were withdrawn for 30 days to allow recovery of toxic effects. Data indicated that 1/10 LD50 of both compounds caused significant changes on blood contents and biochemical parameters of treated rats without return to normal levels at the end of recovery period, while, the smallest dose revealed negligible changes on some tested parameters with resumed normal values. The adverse effects reached its peak at 45 and 60 days of treatment [high dose treated rats] followed by decrease during recovery intervals without returned to normal, but at 1/10 LD50, lufenuron caused sever damage on kidney; urea and creatinine showed high levels at the end of recovery periods [92.0 and 220.0% above normal level, respectively]. Data indicated that, 1/10 LD50 of lufenuron treated rats exhibited changes in leucocytes, platelets counts, transaminases activities, creatinine and urea concentrations more than the organophosphorus insecticide. On the contrary, the same dose of profenofos mostly affected on erythrocytes counts, haemoglobin levels and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity. The obtained data would suggest that the two tested compounds at high dose have an inhibitory action on haemopiesis. In addition, both compounds proved to have comparable toxicity towards animals

Hepatic and renal biochemical responses to the toxicological interaction between acetylsalicylic acid and diazinon in albino rats

The present investigation is aiming at studying the effect of administrating sublethal dose of the insecticide "Diazinon" with and without acetylsalicylic acid [Aspirin, ASA]. Sixty male albino rats were given orally 1/30 LD50 of the insecticide "Diazinon", with and without the high therapeutic dose of acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of [13.5mg/ kg b.w. daily] for 3 weeks. Biochemical indices of liver and kidney functions, namely serum proteins, alanine amino transferase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], urea and creatinine levels were determined at the end of the experiment. The present results showed significant changes in serum ALT, AST, ALP, Biliribin, Triglyceride levels. The changes in enzyme levels indicate the toxicity of the insecticide "Diazinon" alone or in combination with the high therapeutic dose of the anti inflammatory drug "acetyl salicylic acid". The treatments did not affect the level of cholesterol or renal excretory function

Influence of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus ringer lactate on renal function during acute normovolemic haemodilution in combination with controlled hypotension

The risks associated with banked homologous blood products are well known. Several techniques for management of surgical patients without homologous blood transfusion are available. Controlled hypotension and acute normovolemic haemodilution [ANH] have been proven effective in decreasing operative blood loss and the need for transfusion of allogenic blood. The combined reduction of oxygen carrying capacity and perfusion pressure during combination of ANH and controlled hypotension raises the concerns of hypoperfusion and ischaemic injury to the kidney. Forty patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were allocated to receive controlled hypotension induced by Na nitroprusside [mean arterial pressure 50 mm Hg] and acute normovolemic haemodilution [post ANH haematocrite 29%]. ANH was established by withdrawing venous blood into standard blood bags and replacing it by HES 130/0.4 [Group I] or RL [group II]. The shed blood was reinfused at the end of surgery. Subclinical alteration in renal integrity detected by sensitive markers of tubular damage has been reported in the absence of overt change in creatinine serum concentration and creatinine clearance in both groups. These markers have returned to normal values after 24 hours. Sensitive markers of kidney dysfunction have increased in both groups indicating moderate alterations in renal integrity during combination of ANH and controlled hypotension. Both volume replacement regimens did not differ with regard to kidney integrity

Evaluation of safety of Tobramycin and Piperacillin combination on rabbit kidney

Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside, and piperacillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, are widely used to treat Gram -ve infections. Their concurrent use is recommended because of their synergistic action and prevention of resistant strains against monotherapy. This experimental work was aimed to study the effects and interaction of these important drugs on rabbit kidney. Male rabbits were administered tobramycin, piperacillin, and tobramycin plus piperacillin for 21 days [n = 6 in each group]. Blood and urine samples were collected on day O, 11, and 21. Blood was analyzed for BUN, serum creatinine, serum potassium, and serum sodium while urine was analyzed for urine volume, creatinine, albumin and specific gravity. Renal creatinine clearance was calculated. Results showed some change in renal function with use of tobramycin but piperacillin neither changed the renal function nor did augment the toxic effect of tobramycin so it was concluded that combination of both drugs in safe

Autoclaved gelatin [haemagel] versus 6% hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 [Haes-steril] for plasma volume expansion in critically-ill patients

Synthetic colloids are used to optimize hemodynamics in the critically ill patients and a debate about the most suitable one is still present. The influence of short term infusion of autociaved gelatin [Haemagel] and 6% hydroxyethyi starch 200/0.5 [Haes-steril] on hemodynamic, respiratory, coagulation, renal and oncotic parameters were examined in a prospective randomized study. Thirty patients suffering from systemic hypoperfusion due to sepsis in ICU of Suez Canal University Hospital were assigned into 2 equal groups. In GEL group; 1000 ml of Haemagel was infused within an hour, while in HES group: 1000 ml of 6% Haes-steril 200/0.5 was given within an hour The hemodynamic, respiratory, hematological. coagulation, renal and colloidal osmotic pressure parameters were recorded before and after infusion of both colloids. There was a significant similar increase in hemodynamic variables [Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index and left ventricular stroke work index] in both groups. Also, a significant improvement in tissue perfusion as judged by decreased arterial lactate was found. There were no significant differences in any of the measured respiratory parameters [respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood gases and intrapulmonary shunt] in the studied groups. No significant intergroup difference in any haemodynamic or respiratory variable was demonstrated. A significant expansion in plasma volume as indicated by the significant reduction in haematocrit was detected. There were insignificant changes in coagulation profile [prothrombin time, activated partial thrombopiastin time, bleeding time and fibrinogen] in either group except the platelet count which was significantly reduced in both groups without any recorded bleeding complications. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, sodium and potassium didn't change and were comparable in the two groups Colloidal osmotic pressure and urine output increased significantly in either group. Anaphylactic reactions were not observed in any of the patients However, no significant differences between both groups in haematological. coagulation, renal and oncotic parameters were found. Both autoclaved gelatin [Haemagel] and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 [Haes-steri!] are safe and equally effective colloids for plasma volume expansion tn critically ill patients without apparent adverse effects on respiration, coagulation and renal functions