Reduced expression of semaphorin 3A in osteoclasts causes lymphatic expansion in a Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) mouse model / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a sporadic chronic disease characterized by progressive bone dissolution, absorption, and disappearance along with lymphatic vessel infiltration in bone-marrow cavities. Although the osteolytic mechanism of GSD has been widely studied, the cause of lymphatic hyperplasia in GSD is rarely investigated. In this study, by comparing the RNA expression profile of osteoclasts (OCs) with that of OC precursors (OCPs) by RNA sequencing, we identified a new factor, semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which is an osteoprotective factor involved in the lymphatic expansion of GSD. Compared to OCPs, OCs enhanced the growth, migration, and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), in which the expression of Sema3A is low compared to that in OCPs. In the presence of recombinant Sema3A, the growth, migration, and tube formation of LECs were inhibited, further confirming the inhibitory effect of Sema3A on LECs in vitro. Using an LEC-induced GSD mouse model, the effect of Sema3A was examined by injecting lentivirus-expressing Sema3A into the tibiae in vivo. We found that the overexpression of Sema3A in tibiae suppressed the expansion of LECs and alleviated bone loss, whereas the injection of lentivirus expressing Sema3A short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into the tibiae caused GSD-like phenotypes. Histological staining further demonstrated that OCs decreased and osteocalcin increased after Sema3A lentiviral treatment, compared with the control. Based on the above results, we propose that reduced Sema3A in OCs is one of the mechanisms contributing to the pathogeneses of GSD and that expressing Sema3A represents a new approach for the treatment of GSD.

Chylous Manifestations and Management of Gorham-Stout Syndrome / 대한흉부외과학회지

Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) was first described by Gorham and colleagues in 1954, but its precise mechanism and cause remain to be elucidated. In this condition, voluminous and potentially fatal chylous effusions into the thorax can occur. Herein, we describe a case of GSD in which the patient presented with massive pleural effusions and mottled osteolytic bone lesions. We performed multiple operations, including thoracic duct ligation using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomic decortication, but these procedures did not succeed in preventing recurrent pleural effusion and chest wall lymphedema. After administering sirolimus (0.8 mg/m2, twice a day) and propranolol (40 mg, twice a day), the process of GSD in this patient has been controlled for more than 2 years.

Sirolimus on Gorham-Stout disease. Case report / Sirolimus en la enfermedad de Gorham-Stout. Caso clínico

Abstract Background: Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by vascular proliferation that produces destruction of bone matrix. Case description: This case is about 43 year old woman who begins with pain in sternum, dyspnea, abdominal mass and, serous-hematic pleural effusion. Imaging tests were performed showing lesions on 6th and 10th left ribs archs. Later, a thoracotomy was performed observed absence of the end of the 6th and lung, pleural and costal biopsy was token. The histologic features described lymphatic vascular proliferation in bone tissue of chest wall. Other pathologies were excluded and in view of the findings, GSD diagnosis was made. Treatment and outcome: treatment was initiated with sirolimus achieving remission of the disease after the first month; however, because the presence of metrorrhagia the treatment was discontinued, reappearing symptoms afterwards. For that reason the treatment was restarted getting disappearance of the symptoms again, 4 weeks later. Clinical relevance: we present the first clinical cases of EGS with pleural effusion with response to sirolimus treatment that could be an alternative to the current therapy.

Resumen Antecedentes: La enfermedad de Gorham-Stout (EGS), es una enfermedad poco común, de etiología desconocida, caracterizada por la proliferación vascular que produce destrucción de la matriz ósea. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de mujer de 43 años que comienza con dolor en el esternón, disnea y tumoración abdominal junto con derrame pleural izquierdo de características serohemáticas como forma de presentación de una EGS. En pruebas de imagen que mostraron lesiones líticas en el 6º y 10º arcos costales izquierdos. Posteriormente se realizó toracotomía con biopsia pulmonar, pleural y costal observándose ausencia del extremo de la 6ª costilla. En el estudio histopatológico se describe proliferación vascular linfática en tejido óseo de pared costal. Se excluyeron otras patologías y se diagnosticó EGS. Tratamiento y resultado: Se inició tratamiento con sirolimus consiguiendo remisión completa desde el primer mes. Sin embargo, tras la suspensión del tratamiento por metrorragias, presentó reaparición de los síntomas. Se decide entonces reiniciar el tratamiento, consiguiendo nuevamente desaparición de los síntomas, tras 4 semanas de tratamiento. Relevancia clínica: Se presenta el primer caso clínico de EGS en edad adulta con derrame pleural asociado y con respuesta clínica a sirolimus, fármaco que podría ser una alternativa a la terapéutica actual.

Multicentric Disappearing Bone Disease treated with Arthroplasty

Multicentric disappearing bone disease, or Gorham disease, is a rare entity. A middle age woman, presented to us with left sided antalgic gait and severe bony deformity of her left knee. Radiograph revealed massive bone defect of the medial condyle of the left tibia with subluxation of the knee joint. She was scheduled for knee replacement in six months. However, she developed another lesion over the right hip that typically mimicked the disease progression of disappearing bone disease. The right femoral head vanished progressively within three months without significant history of infection or trauma. Subsequent bone biopsy of the right femoral head and left tibia condyle confirmed the diagnosis. Total knee replacement was carried out for her left knee. She remained pain free on her left knee. A year later, after confirming by sequential radiographs that the osteolysis had stopped, total right hip replacement was performed. Five years later, she remained pain free and both the arthroplasties were stable.

Gorham’s Disappearing Bone Disease: A Rare Cause of Extensive Bone Destruction

Osteolytic disease of the bones have a myriad range of aetiology. One rare cause is Gorham’s disease or disappearing bone disease. This disease is a diagnosis by exclusion using correlation made with clinical presentation, radiological findings and histopathological confirmation. Although many different therapies have been advocated, none have been successful in fully controlling this disease. We present a case that was detected in a Chinese lady using diagnostic imaging, confirmed with computed tomography guided biopsy and successfully treated with joint reconstruction using endoprosthesis.

A Case of Gorham-Stout Disease with Progressive Cutaneous Involvement / 대한피부과학회지

Gorham-Stout disease is a rare bone disorder that is characterized by angiomatous proliferation and results in destruction and resorption of the osseous matrix. It has variable presentations and a number of different sites may be affected, including the dermis, soft tissue, and viscera. The involved cutaneous and soft tissue lesions typically present with sponge-like, soft, brown or purple lesions. The clinical course is generally prolonged, with eventual stabilization of the affected bone; however, it is rarely fatal. There is no standard treatment defined for this disease, and variable therapies such as medical, surgical, and radiation therapy have been used. We report a case of 24-year-old man with Gorham disease who presented with progressive cutaneous lesions and severe lymphedema adjacent to the diseased bone.

Osteólisis multicéntrica no hereditaria con nefropatía: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / No hereditary multicentric osteolysis with nephropathy: report of a case and review of the literature

La osteólisis idiopática multicéntrica (OIM) se caracteriza por el compromiso de carpos y de tarsos, con inflamación y dolor; se inicia en la infancia y se autolimita en la 2a o 3a década de la vida. Según Hardegger, se describen tipos hereditarios dominantes (tipo I) o recesivos asociados a osteoporosis (tipo II), OIM esporádicas con compromiso renal (tipo III) u osteólisis masiva monocéntrica (tipo IV). El tipo V se caracteriza por clínica similar al tipo II asociada a lesiones oculares o dermatológicas y talla baja. En esta oportunidad se presenta el caso clínico de una OIM tipo III. Consulta un varón de 50 años con antecedentes de dolor, tumefacción y deformidad en ambos carpos y tarsos y compromiso funcional de inicio en la infancia. A los 34 años presenta proteinuria, edemas e hipertensión arterial, desarrolla insuficiencia renal crónica (ICR). Se realizó trasplante renal. Sin antecedentes familiares de OIM. Se comprueba: disminución en la función de ambas manos, limitación en la extensión de muñeca y deformidad en los dedos, y distrofia muscular de antebrazos y piernas. Camina con dificultad. En las radiografías se observa ausencia de huesos del carpo y tarso, osteólisis en algunas falanges. Se indica tratamiento con bifosfonatos, vitamina D y rehabilitación. El paciente presenta OIM asociada a IRC e hipertensión arterial. Por carecer de antecedentes familiares se la considera OIM del tipo III. La OIM es una enfermedad infrecuente; el diagnóstico oportuno evita tratamientos innecesarios y permite tratar la enfermedad renal y la hipertensión en estadios más tempranos.

Idiopathic Multicentric Osteolysis (IMO) is a rare disease characterizedby osteolysis of carpus and tarsus, with inflammation and painwith onset in childhood and arrest y the second or third decade. It isclassified by Hardegger in 5 Types, 1: Hereditary IMO with dominanttransmission. 2: Hereditary IMO with recessive transmission. 3: NonHereditary IMO, associated with nephropathy and hypertension. 4:Gorham´s Syndrome: massive osteolysis and replacement of bone bylymphatic or blood vessel tissue. 5: Winchester Syndrome: IMO withshort stature, contractures, thick skin, corneal opacities and osteoporosis.A 50 year old male with a history of pain, swelling and deformityin both wrists and tarsi evolving from age 4, attends the consultation.He has functional involvement of hands and feet. At age 34, he hadreferred the presence of proteinuria, edema and hypertension, anddeveloped chronic renal falilure (CRF). Dialysis and renal transplantationwere indicated. No family history of IMO. Findings: Reducedfunction of boths hands, limited range of wrist and finger deformity,muscular forearms and legs dystrophy. He walked with difficulty. It isobserved on radiographs, absence of carpal and tarsal bones, phalangescommitment. Physiotherapy rehabilitation and treatment withbisphosphonates and vitamin D was indicated. A patient with IMO associatedwith CRF and hypertension was presented. He has absenceof family history. It is considered Type III IMO. The IMO is a rare diseases,early diagnosis prevents unnecessary treatment and can treatkidney disease and hypertension at an earlier stage.

Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement of Gorham's Disease with Expression of D2-40 in Duodenum / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

We present a case of a 13-year-old boy with Gorham's disease involving the thoracic and lumbar spine, femur, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which was complicated by recurrent chylothorax and GI bleeding. The presenting symptoms were intermittent abdominal pain, back pain, and melena. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy showed no abnormal lesions, but duodenal biopsy showed marked dilation of the lymphatics in the mucosa and submucosa, which revealed positive staining with a D2-40 immunohistochemical marker. In cases of GI bleeding with osteolysis, the expression of a D2-40 marker in the lymphatic endothelium of the GI tract may help to diagnose GI involvement in Gorham's disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report to pathologically demonstrate intestinal lymphatic malformation as a cause of GI bleeding in Gorham's disease.

Analysis of a case with typical Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome with scleroderma-like skin changes and review of literature / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore clinical, radiographical and genetic characteristics of classical Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Data of a case of HGPS diagnosed at Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology was analyzed and related literature was reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>At the age of 8 months, the affected-infant presented with characteristic manifestation such as short stature, low weight, frontal bossing, alopecia, prominent scalp veins, micrognathia with a vertical midline groove in the chin, sclerodermatous skin, knee joints contracture with a horse-riding stance, and limited range of movement of ankle joints. Blood test showed blood platelet count (416-490) ×10(9)/L. Lower extremities MRI showed reduced subcutaneous fat. LMNA gene analysis showed that the affected-infant carried typical heterozygous mutation: c. 1824C>T (p. G608G), while his parents were normal. At the age of 13 months, X-rays showed short distal phalanges and clavicles with acro-osteolysis. After following up for 15 months, his appearance of progeria became more apparent. As far as we know, there are only 2 cases of classical HGPS confirmed by gene analysis in China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Classical HGPS should be considered when infants appeared with sclerodermatous skin. Genetic analysis could help to diagnose classical HGPS as early as possible and avoid unnecessary investigations. In addition, affected-infants need to be long term followed-up and provided genetic counseling.</p>

A Case of an Idiopathic Massive Osteolysis with Skip Lesions

A patient with a 2-year history of pain in the left arm, and decreased strengths unrelieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy, was being referred for repeating radiography. The radiologic examinations have demonstrated a unique pattern of non-contiguous osteolysis in the left elbow, proximal and distal radius, ulna, wrist, carpal bones, proximal and distal metacarpals and phalanges. Multi-site biopsies were being performed and confirmed the diagnosis of massive osteolysis. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which multifocal, non-contiguous osteolysis with skip lesions without associated nephropathy and without a hereditary pattern is being described in one extremity.

Doença de Gorham da escápula e clavícula: relato de caso e evolução de dois anos de uma afecção rara / Gorham's disease of scapula and clavicle: case report and two-year follow-up of a rare disorder

A doença de Gorham é uma rara desordem osteolítica, de etiologia controversa, que pode afetar qualquer osso. O substrato histopatológico é a substituição óssea por uma formação expansiva de natureza vascular agressiva, não neoplásica. Descrevemos os achados radiográficos, tomográficos e de ressonância magnética de um caso desta afecção acometendo a escápula esquerda e, dois anos depois, a clavícula ipsilateral.

Gorham's disease is a rare osteolytic disorder of still controversial etiology that may affect any bone. The histopathological substrate for such a condition is the replacement of normal bone by aggressive non-neoplastic expansile vascular tissue. The authors describe radiographic, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of this entity initially affecting the left scapula and, two years later, the ipsilateral clavicle.

Pamidronate Treatment in 9-Year-Old Boy Diagnosed with Gorham Disease / 대한소아내분비학회지

Gorham disease is a rare disorder characterized by proliferation of vascular channels resulting in destruction and resorption of osseous matrix. There is no standard treatment defined for this disease, and variable therapies such as medical, surgical, and radiation therapy have been used. Antiresorptive medication, such as bisphosphonate, is used in Gorham disease because they suppress the course of osteolysis and angiogenisis. We report a 9-year-old boy with Gorham disease, who was presented with recurrent hemothorax and treated by pamidronate. After treatment, he showed no recurrence of hemothorax for more than 2 years.

Osteólisis multicéntrica idiopática de tipo III: presentación de un caso clínico y caracterización del síndrome / Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis type III: case report and syndrome characterization

Presentamos el primer reporte de caso en Colombia de un paciente con osteólisis multicéntrica idiopática con compromiso de carpo y tarso y nefropatía. Se exponen, de manera clara y bien documentada, el cuadro clínico y paraclínico actual y la evolución del paciente, junto a una breve y completa revisión de esta enfermedad, rara, progresiva, degenerativa e incapacitante.

We report the first case in Colombia of a patient with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis with carpal-tarsal compromise and nephropathy, The current clinical and paraclinical status of the patient is clearly exposed and well documented, along with a brief and comprehensive review of this rare progressive, degenerative and disabling disease.

Síndrome de Gorham-Stout: doença do osso fantasma / Gorham-Stout syndrome: phantom bone disease

A síndrome de Gorham-Stout é uma doença que apresenta osteólise idiopática de um osso ou área contígua próxima. A etiologia é desconhecida, sendo uma condição rara, de difícil diagnóstico e tratamento controverso. Acomete pessoas sem distinção quanto à idade e ao sexo. Neste trabalho realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica da doença, dando enfoque específico no diagnóstico diferencial, e demonstramos o acompanhamento de um paciente com esta síndrome, desde o seu diagnóstico, tratamento e estado atual de evolução.

Gorham-stout syndrome is a disease that presents idiopathic osteolysis of a bone or contiguous area. The etiology is unknown. It is a rare condition, difficult to diagnose and with controversial treatment. This condition affects persons with no distinction as to age or sex. In this study, we conduct a bibliographic review of the disease, specifically focusing on differential diagnosis, and follow a patient with this syndrome from the time of its diagnosis, through treatment, to its current state of evolution.

[ report of a case with Gorham's disease]

Gorham's disease is rare and is associated with progressive bone destruction. The first case was reported in 1838 and until now 175 cases with Gorham's disease have been reported in the literature. In this article a patient with concurrent involvement of lumbar spine and trochanteric region is reported. A 32 years old woman with intensive back pain and paraplegia was admitted to our center. Radiological and laboratory studies were done. Spinal x-rays revealed L3 collapse and a potential metastatic lesion in L3 and trochanteric region. Patient underwent cord decompression and stabilization of the spine and biopsy was done. Histological studies demonstrated that the lesion is due to Gorham's disease. Gorham's disease can involve spine and cause paraplegia and in this conditions, decompression can be helpful. Also, our case portrayed that this disease can involve distant bones concurrently

Gorhams Disease: Vanishing Bone Syndrome.

Gorhams disease, also known as massive osteolysis or vanishing bone disease is an extremely rare bone disease. It is characterized by angiomatosis with adjacent bone resorption. We report an 8-years old boy with the disease who was managed successfully with alpha 2b interferon therapy.

Patología infantil en el paciente adulto / Children’s Pathology in the adult patient

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar varias patologías que generalmente se hallan en el paciente pediátrico y son clasificadas como patologías infantiles por la edad en la que se presentan; sin embargo, éstas cursaron asintomáticas durante la infancia y aparecieron por primera vez en el paciente adulto. Creemos que su conocimiento es importante para que no se pasen por alto en el contexto de la radiología de los pacientes adultos y para su adecuada valoración por los métodos de imágenes diagnósticas. Se describen sus características clínicas y los hallazgos imaginológicos y se realizó una revisión de la literatura médica.

Skeletal angiomatosis - rare cause of bone destruction: a case report with review of literature.

Classification of skeletal angiomatosis into aggressive and nonaggressive types is on the basis of their clinical behavior and pattern of skeletal involvement (regional and disseminated). Gorham's disease (massive osteolysis) is an aggressive form of skeletal angiomatosis that shows regional involvement, frequently involving the shoulder and hip areas. Cystic angiomatosis is a nonaggressive form of skeletal angiomatosis with multifocal involvement, predominantly affecting the trunk bones. The imaging modalities gave the diagnosis of cystic angiomatosis of humerus showing multicystic lytic areas. The histopathological differential diagnosis was cystic angiomatosis and Gorham's disease, as microscopically both are indistinguishable from each other. Both represent a complex network of dilated thin-walled capillaries growing in the marrow space associated with the destruction of bone and infiltration into the adjacent soft tissues. The case is presented because of its extreme rarity and due to the diagnostic dilemma, whether to label it as Gorham's disease or as cystic angiomatosis. Considering the site involved and its aggressiveness, the diagnosis is in favor of Gorham's vanishing bone disease as cystic angiomatosis is multicentric and nonaggressive, involving mostly vertebrae and skull with multicystic lytic lesions.

A case of pathological rib fractures: focal osteolysis or osteoporosis? / Un caso de fracturas patológicas de costillas: osteólisis focal u osteoporosis focal?

This paper reports on a unique, previously unreported, successful outcome in the case of a patient with focal osteolytic lesions of the ribs as a first sign of osteoporosis. The lesions were detected by chance after acute cough-induced rib fractures were seen on plain chest radiographs. The diagnosis had to be approached as a diagnosis of exclusion since known causes of the osteolytic process had to be eliminated. The authors describe multiple focal osteolytic lesions with rib fractures appearing in a pattern that could be confused with metastases. Laboratory results were normal. Final diagnosis was based on plain radiography, bone scan and bone densitometry. Pharmacomedical treatments for osteoporosis were applied. The patient was observed between the year 2000 and 2005. Five years later, radiological and bone scintigraphy revealed resolution of the lesion. We conclude that osteoporosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic focal osteolysis of the ribs with rib fractures as a complication of acute cough. The case suggests that focal osteolytic lesions of the ribs may regress over time and become scintigraphically inactive.

Este trabajo presenta la evolución clínica exitosa, única, y no reportada con anterioridad, del caso de un paciente con lesiones osteolíticas focales en las costillas, como primera señal de osteoporosis. Las lesiones fueron detectadas por casualidad, luego que en unas radiografías simples de tórax, se observaran fracturas de las costillas inducidas por tos aguda. El diagnóstico tuvo que ser abordado como diagnóstico de exclusión, ya que las causas conocidas del proceso osteolítico tenían que ser descartadas. Los autores describen las lesiones osteolíticas focales múltiples con fracturas de costilla presentes en un patrón que podría confundirse con metástasis. Los resultados de laboratorio fueron normales. El diagnóstico final se basó en la radiografía simple, escaneo óseo y densitometría ósea. Se aplicaron tratamientos fármaco-médicos para la osteoporosis. El paciente estuvo sujeto a observación entre el año 2000 y el 2005. Cinco años más tarde, la centellografía ósea y radiológica reveló la resolución de la lesión. Concluimos que la osteoporosis debía incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de la osteólisis focal asintomática de las costillas con fracturas de costillas, como complicación de la tos aguda. El caso sugiere que las lesiones osteolíticas focales de las costillas pueden experimentar una regresión con el tiempo y hacerse centellográficamente inactivas.