Atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis / 医学前沿

A long-held belief is that pituitary hormones bind to their cognate receptors in classical target glands to actuate their manifold functions. However, a number of studies have shown that multiple types of pituitary hormone receptors are widely expressed in non-classical target organs. Each pituitary gland-derived hormone exhibits a wide range of nonconventional biological effects in these non-classical target organs. Herein, the extra biological functions of pituitary hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and prolactin when they act on non-classical organs were summarized, defined by the novel concept of an "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis." This novel proposal explains the pathomechanisms of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, obesity, hypertension, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis while offering a more comprehensive and systematic insights into the coordinated regulation of environmental factors, genetic factors, and neuroendocrine hormones on human biological functions. The continued exploration of the physiology of the "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis" could enable the identification of novel therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.

Plurihormonal PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathological study / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of plurihormonal PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: Forty-eight plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors were collected between January 2018 and April 2022 from the pathological database of Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University. The related clinical and imaging data were retrieved. H&E, immunohistochemical and special stains were performed. Results: Out of the 48 plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors included, 13 cases were mature PIT1-lineage tumors and 35 cases were immature PIT1-lineage tumors. There were some obvious clinicopathological differences between the two groups. Clinically, the mature plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumor mostly had endocrine symptoms due to increased hormone production, while a small number of immature PIT1-lineage tumors had endocrine symptoms accompanied by low-level increased serum pituitary hormone; patients with the immature PIT1-lineage tumors were younger than the mature PIT1-lineage tumors; the immature PIT1-lineage tumors were larger in size and more likely invasive in imaging. Histopathologically, the mature PIT1-lineage tumors were composed of large eosinophilic cells with high proportion of growth hormone expression, while the immature PIT1-lineage tumors consisted of chromophobe cells with a relatively higher expression of prolactin; the mature PIT1-lineage tumors had consistently diffuse cytoplasmic positive staining for keratin, while the immature PIT1-lineage tumors had various expression for keratin; the immature PIT1-lineage tumors showed more mitotic figures and higher Ki-67 proliferation index; in addition, 25.0% (12/48) of PIT1-positive plurihormonal tumors showed abnormal positive staining for gonadotropin hormones. There was no significant difference in the progression-free survival between the two groups (P=0.648) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusions: Plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumor belongs to a rare type of PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, most of which are of immature lineage. Clinically increased symptoms owing to pituitary hormone secretion, histopathologically increased number of eosinophilic tumor cells with high proportion of growth hormone expression, diffusely cytoplasmic keratin staining and low proliferative activity can help differentiate the mature plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors from the immature PIT1-lineage tumors. The immature PIT1-lineage tumors have more complicated clinicopathological characteristics.

Management of hypopituitarism: a perspective from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism

ABSTRACT Hypopituitarism is a disorder characterized by insufficient secretion of one or more pituitary hormones. New etiologies of hypopituitarism have been recently described, including head trauma, cerebral hemorrhage, and drug-induced hypophysitis. The investigation of patients with these new disorders, in addition to advances in diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism, has increased the prevalence of this condition. Pituitary hormone deficiencies can induce significant clinical changes with consequent increased morbidity and mortality rates, while hormone replacement based on current guidelines protects these patients. In this review, we will first discuss the different etiologies of hypopituitarism and then address one by one the clinical aspects, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options for deficiencies of TSH, ACTH, gonadotropin, and GH. Finally, we will detail the hormonal interactions that occur during replacement of pituitary hormones.

Pan-hipopituitarismo de surgimento na infância e diagnóstico diferencial de poliúria / Childhood-onset panhypopituitarism and differential diagnosis of polyuria

RESUMO: O hipopituitarismo é a deficiência de dois ou mais hormônios hipofisários, que se expressa por sintomas dependentes do tipo e grau de déficit hormonal. A adequada condução destes pacientes é de fundamental importância para que não acarrete atraso no crescimento e desenvolvimento, óbito ou mudanças na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Objetiva-se, neste estudo, relatar caso clínico de abordagem de paciente pediátrico com pan-hipopituitarismo e descrever o manejo adotado, bem como a importância do acompanhamento pelo endocrinologista pediátrico. Trata-se de paciente do sexo masculino, 14 anos, com pan-hipopituitarismo iniciado na infância, secundário ao surgimento de germinoma e ao tratamento realizado para o mesmo. A primeira deficiência hormonal apresentada foi diabetes insipidus, seguida, após a realização de quimioterapia e radioterapia, de múltiplas deficiências. O menor segue em acompanhamento especializado, e faz uso de levotiroxina, desmopressina, somatropina, testosterona e prednisolona. A partir do presente relato, percebe-se a importância do diagnóstico oportuno e da adequada abordagem da criança com pan-hipopituitarismo e de seu seguimento a fim de se manter uma qualidade de vida satisfatória. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Hypopituitarism is the deficiency of two or more pituitary hormones. Its symptoms depend on the type and degree of hormonal deficit. Proper care of these patients is of fundamental importance to avoid delay in growth and development, death, or changes in the quality of life. The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of a pediatric patient with pan-hypopituitarism and describe the care adopted, as well as the importance of monitoring by the pediatric endocrinologist. The patient was a 14-year-old boy, with pan-hypopituitarism beginning in childhood, secondary to the appearance of germinoma and the treatment performed for it. The first hormonal deficiency presented was diabetes insipidus, followed by multiple deficiencies after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient is under specialized monitoring and takes levothyroxine, desmopressin, somatropin, testosterone, and prednisolone. From the present report, timely diagnosis and adequate approach to a child with pan-hypopituitarism and its follow-up are important to maintain a satisfactory quality of life. (AU)

Adenomas hipofisarios en pacientes añosos / Pituitary adenomas in elderly patients

Se evaluó la presentación clínica, tratamiento y sus resultados durante el seguimiento prolongado de 37 pacientes mayores de 65 años con adenomas hipofisarios, y sus causas de muerte. El estudio fue retrospectivo y transversal. La prevalencia de incidentalomas fue 43% (16), macroadenomas 70.3% (26) y adenomas gigantes 16.2% (6). El fenotipo tumoral más frecuente fue el adenoma no funcionante (76%). La prevalencia de alteraciones en el campo visual y síntomas neurológicos fue 56% y 57% respectivamente. El 54% tuvo función hipofisaria normal, deficiencia parcial el 30% y panhipopituitarismo el 16%. Fueron tratados 32, 5 se perdieron en el seguimiento sin recibir tratamiento. Indicamos cirugía en 18. De los operados por vía transesfenoidal, el 23% tuvo complicaciones postquirúrgicas y el 54% mejoría del campo visual. Por vía transcraneal el 50% sufrió complicaciones post quirúrgicas y el 33% mejoró el campo visual. Durante el seguimiento (55.1 ± 48.7 meses) no observamos recrecimiento tumoral, excepto en un adenoma gigante. Cuatro pacientes operados murieron, dos por causas al tumor. Catorce no fueron operados, 11 con adenomas no funcionantes y campo visual normal fueron controlados periódicamente y 3 con adenomas funcionantes recibieron tratamiento médico. No observamos crecimiento tumoral durante el seguimiento (43.7 ± 38.1 meses). No observamos crecimiento tumoral en adenomas no funcionantes y campo visual normal, por lo que sugerimos conducta expectante y control periódico. Cuando existe alteración del campo visual, la cirugía transesfenoidal es segura y efectiva. En los adenomas secretantes y dependiendo de las comorbilidades, sería apropiado optar por tratamiento médico.

Clinical presentation, treatment and its results were evaluated during long-term follow-up of 37 patients older than 65 years with pituitary adenoma. Causes of death were also evaluated. It was a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Prevalence of incidentalomas was 43% (16), macroadenomas 70.3% (26) and giant adenomas 16.2% (6). The most frequent tumor phenotype was the non-functioning adenoma (76%). The prevalence of visual field defects and neurological symptoms was 56% and 57% respectively. We found normal pituitary function in 54%, partial deficiency in 30% and panhypopituitarism in 16%. Thirty-two patients were treated, 5 were lost to follow-up without receiving treatment. Surgery was indicated in 18. Of those operated by trans-sphenoidal approach, 23% had postsurgical complications and 54% improved the visual field. By trans-craneal approach, 50% had post-surgical complications and 33% visual field improvement. During follow-up (55.1 ± 48.7 months) no tumor regrowth was observed, except in a giant adenoma. Four operated patients died, two due to causes related to tumor. Fourteen were not operated, 11 with non-functioning adenoma and normal visual field were periodically controlled and 3 with secreting adenomas received medical treatment. No tumor growth was observed during follow-up (43.7 ± 38.0 months). We did not observe tumor progression in elderly patients with non-functioning adenoma and normal visual field, so we suggest watchful approach and periodic control. When there are visual field defects, trans-sphenoidal surgery can be considered safe and effective. In secreting adenomas and depending on the associated comorbidities, medical treatment would be the appropriate approach.

Pituitary adenomas in elderly patients

Clinical presentation, treatment and its results were evaluated during long-term follow-up of 37 patients older than 65 years with pituitary adenomas. Causes of death were also evaluated. It was a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Prevalence of incidentalomas was 43% (16), macroadenomas 70.3% (26) and giant adenomas 16.2% (6). The most frequent tumor phenotype was the non-functioning adenoma (76%). The prevalence of visual field defects and neurological symptoms was 56% and 57%, respectively. We found normal pituitary function in 54%, partial deficiency in 30% and panhypopituitarism in 16%. Thirty-two patients were treated, 5 were lost to follow-up without receiving treatment. Surgery was indicated in 18. Of those operated by trans-sphenoidal approach, 23% had postsurgical complications and 54% improved the visual field. By trans-craneal approach, 50% had post-surgical complications and 33% visual field improvement. During follow-up (55.1 ± 48.7 months) no tumor regrowth was observed, except in a giant adenoma. Four operated patients died, two due to causes related to tumor. Fourteen were not operated, 11 with non-functioning adenomas and normal visual field were periodically controlled, and 3 with secreting adenomas received medical treatment. No tumor growth was observed during follow-up (43.7 ± 38.1 months). We did not observe tumor progression in elderly patients with non-functioning adenomas and normal visual field, so we suggest watchful approach and periodic control. When there are visual field defects, trans-sphenoidal surgery can be considered safe and effective. In secreting adenomas and depending on the associated comorbidities, medical treatment would be the appropriate approach.

Se evaluó la presentación clínica, tratamiento y sus resultados durante el seguimiento prolongado de 37 pacientes mayores de 65 años con adenomas hipofisarios, y sus causas de muerte. El estudio fue retrospecti vo y transversal. La prevalencia de incidentalomas fue 43% (16), macroadenomas 70.3% (26) y adenomas gigantes 16.2% (6). El fenotipo tumoral más frecuente fue el adenoma no funcionante (76%). La prevalencia de alteraciones en el campo visual y síntomas neurológicos fue 56% y 57% respectivamente. El 54% tuvo función hipofisaria normal, deficiencia parcial el 30% y panhipopituitarismo el 16%. Fueron tratados 32, 5 se perdieron en el seguimiento sin recibir tratamiento. Indicamos cirugía en 18. De los operados por vía transesfenoidal, el 23% tuvo complicaciones postquirúrgicas y el 54% mejoría del campo visual. Por vía transcraneal el 50% sufrió complicaciones post quirúrgicas y el 33% mejoró el campo visual. Durante el seguimiento (55.1 ± 48.7 meses) no observamos recrecimiento tumoral, excepto en un adenoma gigante. Cuatro pacientes operados murieron, dos por causas al tumor. Catorce no fueron operados, 11 con adenomas no funcionantes y campo visual normal fueron controlados periódicamente y 3 con adenomas funcionantes recibieron tratamiento médico. No observamos crecimiento tumoral durante el seguimiento (43.7 ± 38.1 meses). No observamos crecimiento tumoral en adenomas no funcionantes y campo visual normal, por lo que sugerimos conducta expectante y control periódico. Cuando existe alteración del campo visual, la cirugía transesfenoidal es segura y efectiva. En los adenomas secretantes y dependiendo de las comorbilidades, sería apropiado optar por tratamiento médico.

Two novel heterozygous missense variations within the GLI2 gene in two unrelated argentine patients / Two novel heterozygous missense variations within the GLI2 gene in two unrelated Argentine patients

Several heterozygous GLI2 gene mutations have been reported in patients with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) or multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) with or without other malformations. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the presence of GLI2 gene alterations in a cohort of patients with IGHD or MPHD and ectopic/absent posterior pituitary. The coding sequence and flanking intronic regions of GLI2 gene were amplified and directly sequenced from gDNA of 18 affected subjects and relatives. In silico tools were applied to identify the functional impact of newly found variants (Polyphen2, SIFT, Mutation Taster). We identified two novel heterozygous missense variations in two unrelated patients, p.Arg231Gln and p.Arg226Leu, located in the repressor domain of the protein. Both variations affect highly conserved amino acids of the Gli2 protein and were not found in the available databases. In silico tools suggest that these variations might be disease causing. Our study suggests that the GLI2 gene may be one of the candidate genes to analyze when an association of pituitary hormone deficiency and developmental defects in posterior pituitary gland. The highly variable phenotype found suggests the presence of additional unknown factors that could contribute to the phenotype observed in these patients.

Mutaciones heterocigotas en el gen GLI2 fueron previamente comunicadas como causa de déficit aislado de hormona de crecimiento (IGHD) o déficit múltiple de hormonas hipofisarias (MPHD), con o sin otras malformaciones. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la presencia de alteraciones en el gen GLI2 en un grupo de pacientes con IGHD o MPHD acompañado de neurohipófisis ectópica o ausente. La secuencia codificante y las regiones intrónicas flanqueantes del gen GLI2 fueron amplificadas y secuenciadas de manera directa a partir de ADN genómico extraído de sangre periférica proveniente de 18 sujetos afectados y sus familiares. Se utilizaron herramientas informáticas para predecir el impacto funcional de las nuevas variantes encontradas (Polyphen2, SIFT, Mutation Taster). Identificamos dos nuevas variantes heterocigotas con pérdida de sentido en dos pacientes no relacionados, p.Arg231Gln y p.Arg226Leu, localizadas en el dominio represor de la proteína. Estas variantes afectan aminoácidos altamente conservados en la secuencia proteica de GLI2 y no se encuentran informadas en las bases de datos disponibles. Las herramientas informáticas utilizadas sugieren que estas variantes pueden ser la causa del desarrollo de la enfermedad. Nuestro resultados indican que el gen GLI2 es uno de los genes candidatos a estudiar cuando existe una asociación entre déficit de hormonas hipofisarias y alteraciones en el desarrollo de la neurohipófisis. Se sugiere la existencia de otros factores adicionales que podrían contribuir a la variabilidad del fenotipo observado.

Clinical, hormonal and radiological features of partial Sheehan's syndrome: an Indian experience

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to describe clinical presentation, hormonal profile and imaging characteristics of 21 patients with partial Sheehan’s syndrome. Subjects and methods This prospective study was carried out over a period of six years (2008-2013). The evaluation of patients included clinical assessment, hormone estimations and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary. Results We documented preservation of gonadotroph, corticotroph and lactotroph function in 71.4, 61.9, and 9.5% of patients respectively. Conclusion To conclude some of the pituitary functions can be preserved in Sheehan’s syndrome and this has important implications from the treatment and long term morbidity point of view.

Male sexual dysfunction, leptin, pituitary and gonadal hormones in Nigerian males with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Pituitary and gonadal dysfunctions resulting from increased adiposity leading to disturbances of sexual and reproductive functions have been reported in males with metabolic syndrome [MS] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [DM2]. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dysfunction, leptin, and reproductive hormones in Nigerian males with MS and DM2

Methods: Participants were 104 men [34 males with DM2, 17 men with MS and 53 men with normal body mass index [18.5-24.9 Kg/m[2]] without MS [controls]]. The International Diabetes Federation [2005] criteria were used for MS diagnosis. Reproductive history, anthropometry, blood pressure [BP] and 10 ml fasting blood samples were obtained by standard methods. Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined by enzymatic methods while low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated. Leptin, follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinising hormone [LH], prolactin, testosterone and oestrogen were determined by enzyme immunoassay [leptin by Diagnostic Automation, Inc.; others by Immunometrics [UK] Ltd.] while oestrogen-testosterone ratio was calculated. Data analyzed using ANOVA, Chi square and multiple regression were statistically significant at p<0.05

Results: Testosterone was significantly lower in MS than controls while oestradiol and ETR were significantly higher in MS compared with controls and DM2 group [p<0.05]. ETR significantly predicted testosterone in all groups [p<0.05]. Significantly lower libido was observed in men in MS than controls and DM2 groups [p<0.05]

Conclusion: Sexual and reproductive dysfunction may be related to increased conversion of testosterone to oestrogen in increased adipose mass in men with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Effects of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Bone Metabolism

Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing life-long remodeling, a process of bone resorption by osteoclast and bone formation by osteoblast, regulated by diverse hormones including estrogen. Recently, several pituitary hormones have been identified as a modulator of this process. Here, we reviewed the role of thyroid stimulating hormone signaling per se in bone metabolism.

Effects of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Bone Metabolism

Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing life-long remodeling, a process of bone resorption by osteoclast and bone formation by osteoblast, regulated by diverse hormones including estrogen. Recently, several pituitary hormones have been identified as a modulator of this process. Here, we reviewed the role of thyroid stimulating hormone signaling per se in bone metabolism.

Hypopituitarism Presenting as Osteoporotic Fracture after Cured Tuberculous Meningitis

Tuberculous meningitis is a well-known cause of hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction. However, deficiencies of anterior pituitary hormones may only become evident years after recovery because symptoms are of insidious-onset and nonspecific. Pituitary hormones are essential for normal growth and sexual development in childhood, and for maintenance of healthy body composition. In addition, pituitary hormones and vitamin D are important for cardiovascular and bone health. Although evidence of the relationship between hypovitaminosis D and hypopituitarism is limited, some studies suggested that the incidence of vitamin D deficiency increased in hypopituitarism. We describe herein an unusual case of hypopituitarism and severe hypovitaminosis D presenting as osteoporotic fracture after cured tuberculous meningitis.

Macrodenoma hipofisario productor de TSH y GH tratado con dosis mensuales del análogo de somatostatina lanreotide. Caso clínico / Pituitary macroadenoma cosecreting thyrotropin and somatotropin treated with monthly doses of the somatostatin analog lanreotide. A case report

Los tirotropinomas son una causa rara de hipertiroidismo, con una prevalencia de un caso por millón de habitantes. Representanmenos del 2% de todos los adenomas pituitarios. Se caracterizan por la secreción autónoma de tirotrofina (TSH) y la refractariedada la retroalimentación negativa de las hormonas tiroideas. Los adenomas mixtos se diferencian por la hipersecreción concomitantede otra hormona de la hipófisis anterior, y se encuentran hasta un 25% de los pacientes, siendo el 15% productoresde somatotrofina (GH).Debido a su infrecuencia, presentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años, con antecedente de enfermedad de Graves diagnosticadaa los 28 años de edad, tratada con dos dosis de iodo radioactivo. Es derivada a nuestro servicio a la edad de 62 años conel siguiente laboratorio: TSH 38 µUI/ml (0,3-4,2), T4 12.8 µg/ml (4,5-12,5) e IGF-1 445 ng/ml (81-230) y una resonanciamagnética nuclear (RMI) que informaba un macroadenoma hipofisario invasivo. Tras la actualización de los estudios y laconfirmación diagnóstica se inició tratamiento médico con lanreotide intramuscular, 120 mg cada 28 días, obteniendo buenarespuesta bioquímica.

Thyrotropin secreting pituitary adenomas (TSH-omas) are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism with a prevalence of about one case permillion. They account for less than 2% of all pituitary adenomas. TSH secretion is autonomous and refractory to the negative feedbackof thyroid hormones. Mixed adenomas are characterized by concomitant hypersecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones, and arefound in about 25% of patients; approximately 15% secrete somatotropin (GH).Because of their rarity, we report the case of a 62 year old women with a history of Graves’ disease diagnosed at 28 years of age,treated with two doses of I-131, and referred to our service with the following laboratory: TSH 38 µIU/ml (0.3-4.2), T4 12.8 µg/ml(4.5-12.5) and IGF-1 445 ng/ml (81-230). RMI showed an invasive pituitary macroadenoma. After updating and confirming thecomplementary studies, medical treatment was started with the somatostatin analog lanreotide, 120 mg i.m. every 28 days; there wasgood biochemical response.

Efeitos decorrentes do preparo para radioiodoterapia do câncer de tireoide no ritmo de filtração glomerular renal: estudo randomizado comparando suspensão hormonal tireoidiana com o uso do hormônio estimulador da tireoide recombinante humano (TSHrh) / Effects due radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer in renal glomerular filtration rate: randomized study comparing thyroid hormone withdrawal with the use of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH)

Foi estudado o ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) de pacientes com câncer bem diferenciado da tireoide submetidos à radioiodoterapia (RIT). O estudo avaliou o RFG durante estímulo do hormônio estimulador da tireoide (TSH) por suspensão da reposição hormonal tireoidiana (RHT) ou no uso do hormônio estimulador da tireoide recombinante humano (TSHrh), correlacionou o RFG com o perfil hormonal tireoidiano, avaliou o RFG durante e na semana após a RIT, avaliou o RFG e a dose efetiva de radiação para corpo inteiro e correlacionou métodos de estimativa de RFG. Vinte e oito pacientes incluídos em estudo clínico randomizado não cego foram divididos em dois grupos de 14 pacientes, sendo o grupo A (GA) submetido à suspensão da RHT e o grupo B (GB) ao uso do TSHrh. Os pacientes tiveram antes e após o estímulo do TSH a determinação do RFG por 51Cr-EDTA e coletas séricas do perfil hormonal tireoidiano e creatinina, albumina e ureia, e, após a RIT, colheram exames séricos de creatinina, albumina e ureia, e tiveram estimadas suas doses efetivas de corpo inteiro. Os exames de creatinina, albumina e ureia foram utilizados para estimar o RFG pelas equações de creatinina sérica, Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), e Cockcroft-Gault. O GA apresentou, pelo 51Cr-EDTA, variação de -18,5% do RFG de 94,4±18,6 mL/min antes da suspensão da RHT para 76,2±15,7 mL/min (p=0,0002) e o GB apresentou pelo 51Cr-EDTA variação de 4% do RFG de 90,8±18,4 mL/min antes do TSHrh para 92,6±15,2 mL/min (p=0,64). O RFG variou significativamente só no GA, sem apresentar proporcionalidade entre as variações do hormônio tireoidiano e do RFG. Não houve correlação do RFG com elevação do TSH. Por equações baseadas em creatinina, houve, no GA, queda do RFG durante toda a suspensão da RHT e estabilidade após o retorno da RHT, e, no GB, houve estabilidade do RFG durante todo o estudo. A dose efetiva de corpo inteiro não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p=0,76). Na comparação entre...

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was studied in well differentiated thyroid cancer patients referred for radioiodine therapy (RIT). The study evaluated GFR during thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation after thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) or after recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH), correlated GFR with thyroid hormone profile, evaluated GFR during and in the week after RIT, evaluated GFR and whole body radiation effective dose, and correlated different methods for GFR determination. 28 patients were included in a non-blinded randomized clinical trial and divided in two groups of 14 patients, being group A (GA) stimulated by THW and group B (GB) stimulated by rhTSH. Patients had GFR determined by 51Cr-EDTA, as well as serum thyroid hormone profile, creatinine, albumin and urea before and after TSH stimulation, and after RIT had determined their serum creatinine, albumin and urea and whole body radiation effective dose. Creatinine, albumin and urea were used to estimate GFR by serum creatinine, Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), and Cockcroft-Gault equations. GA presented a -18,5% GFR variation by 51CrEDTA varying from 94,4 ± 18,6 mL/min before THW to 76,2±15,7 mL/min after THW (p=0,0002) while GB presented a 4% GFR variation by 51Cr-EDTA varying from 90,8 ± 18,4 mL/min before TSHrh to 92,6 ± 15,2 mL/min after rhTSH (p=0,64). GFR significantly varied only in GA without presenting proportionality with thyroid hormone variation. There was no correlation between rise in TSH levels and GFR. Creatinine equations demonstrated a sustained reduction in GFR during THW and GFR stability after thyroid hormone reposition, while GB presented stable GFR during the whole study. Whole body radiation effective dose didn't present significant differences between the two groups (p=0,76). Comparing 51Cr-EDTA and GFR estimative equations presented Pearson correlation score of 0,78 for serum creatinine, 0,79 for MDRD and 0,66 for Cockcroft-Gault,...

Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone or Thyrotropin Deficiency Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Three Cases with Long-Term Follow-Up / 대한신경손상학회지

Few studies have examined the clinical features and long-term outcomes of isolated pituitary hormone deficiencies after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Such deficiencies typically present at time intervals after TBI, especially after mild injuries such as concussions, which makes their diagnosis difficult without careful history taking. It is necessary to improve diagnosis and prevent life threatening or morbid conditions such as those that may occur in deficiencies of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (as known as thyrotropin, TSH), the two most important pituitary hormones in hypopituitarism treatment. Here, we report two cases of isolated ACTH deficiency and one case of isolated TSH deficiency. These patients presented at different time points after concussion and underwent long-term follow-ups.

Preservation of the pituitary stalk and the gland in transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenomas / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To improve the surgical outcome of pituitary adenomas by identifying and preserving the pituitary stalk and the gland during surgery.@*METHODS@#From October 2010 to September 2012, the author from the Department of Neurosurgery of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University operated on 51 patients with pituitary adenoma. During the operations, we carefully identified the normal adenohypophysis, pituitary stalk, neurohypophysis and the abnormal tissues either by direct observation or by medical images, aiming to excise the tumor thoroughly, protect the pituitary function and reduce the postoperative complications.@*RESULTS@#Totally 37 patients (72.5%, 37/51) had total resection of the tumor, 12 (23.5%, 12/51) had subtotal tumor resection and the other 2 had major removal. The gland and the pituitary stalk were well identified and reserved. Detection of hormone content proved that the operation had little effect on the free triiodothyronine (FT3) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), while for free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and postoperative followup significant alleviation was found. There was no significant fluctuation for the testosterone in the men preoperatively and postoperatively (all the above results were obtained without hormone replacement therapy). The main postoperative complications were as follows: temporary diabetes insipidus in 5 patients (9.8%, 5/51); electrolyte disorder (the appearance of hyponatremia) in 17 (33.3%, 17/51); and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and postoperative intracranial infection in 1 (2%, 1/51). No one died during the perioperation period.@*CONCLUSION@#Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is effective for pituitary adenomas including tumors violating the cavernous sinus. Accurate identification of the pituitary stalk, the gland and the abnormal tissue during the microscopic transsphenoidal operation plays a critical role in preserving the pituitary function and promoting postoperative rehabilitation.

Clinical and radiological features of pituitary stalk lesions in children and adolescents

PURPOSE: The diagnosis of pituitary stalk lesion has been based on clinical feature, radiologic assessment for its critical location and role. This study aimed to investigate clinical symptoms, endocrine disturbance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of pituitary stalk lesions in children and adolescents and to evaluate differences between neoplastic lesions with the others. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients under 18 years old with pituitary stalk lesions diagnosed at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital between 2000 and 2013, by a text search for head MRI reports by using 'pituitary stalk', 'infundibulum', and 'infundibular stalk', as keywords. RESULTS: For the 76 patients, sixteen patients (21.1%) had congenital lesions, and 52 (68.4%) had neoplasms. No inflammatory lesions were found. Diabetes insipidus (DI) was the most common endocrine defect, diagnosed in 38 patients (50%). There was male predominance especially in neoplastic group. Thickened pituitary stalk was, but enhancement of lesion was not, associated with neoplasm. DI was more prevalent in neoplastic stalk lesions. Anterior pituitary dysfunction such as growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiencies were less prevalent in neoplastic lesions of pituitary stalk. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the etiology of pituitary stalk lesions in children and adolescents is diverse and different from that in adults. Neoplastic pituitary stalk lesions can be differentiated from nonneoplastic lesions by systemic evaluation of clinical, hormonal, radiological findings.

An intrasellar germinoma with normal tumor marker concentrations mimicking primary lymphocytic hypophysitis / Germinoma intrasselar com marcadores tumorais normais mimetizando hipofisite linfocítica primária

Intracranial germinomas (GE) are malignant neoplasms most commonly found in the suprasellar region, which may cause anterior and particularly posterior pituitary hormone deficits with central diabetes insipidus (DI). Differential diagnosis of pituitary stalk thickening includes granulomatous, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic lesions. Although careful analysis of clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings may facilitate the diagnosis, transsphenoidal biopsy is indicated to confirm the disease, as the correct diagnosis directs the appropriate treatment.

Germinomas intracranianos (GE) são neoplasias malignas comumente na região suprasselar, podendo causar deficiência hormonal da hipófise anterior, em particular da hipófise posterior, com diabetes insípido central (DI). Entre os diagnósticos diferenciais do espessamento de haste hipofisária, incluem-se doenças granulomatosas, inflamatórias, infecciosas e neoplásicas. Embora as avaliações clínica, laboratorial e a ressonância magnética selar sugiram o diagnóstico, a biópsia transesfenoidal está indicada para confirmação, visto que o diagnóstico correto direciona o tratamento.

Pituitary deficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage puts patients at high risk for the development of pituitary insufficiency. We evaluated the incidence of pituitary dysfunction in these patients and its correlation with clinical outcome. METHODS: Pituitary function was tested in 66 consecutive patients in the first 15 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The following were measured in all patients: thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total testosterone (in males), estradiol (in females), prolactin, serum cortisol, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone and insulin growth factor. RESULTS: The endocrine assessment was made at a mean of 7.4 days (standard deviation ±6.6) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Forty-four (66.7%) female and 22 (33.3%) male patients were evaluated. Thirty-nine patients (59.1%) had some type of pituitary dysfunction. Follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone deficiency was the most frequent disorder (34.8%), followed by growth hormone/insulin growth factor (28.7%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (18.1%) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (9%). Seventeen (25.7%) patients showed deficiencies in more than one axis. A greater incidence of hormone deficiency was observed in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤13 (t test, p = 0.008), Hunt-Hess grade ≥4 (t test, p<0.001), or Fisher grade 4 (t test, p = 0.039). Hormone deficiency was not significantly associated (p>0.05) with increased hospitalization or clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Pituitary dysfunction was identified in a substantial portion of patients with previous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, but no association was found between this dysfunction and poor clinical outcome. .

The Molecular Pathogenesis of Pituitary Adenomas: An Update

Pituitary tumors represent the most common intracranial neoplasms accompanying serious morbidity through mass effects and inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Understanding the etiology of pituitary tumorigenesis will facilitate the development of satisfactory treatment for pituitary adenomas. Although the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is largely unknown, considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary tumorigenesis is a complex process involving multiple factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes. This review summarized the recent progress in the study of pituitary tumorigenesis, focusing on the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and microRNAs.