Parotid gland adenocarcinoma in a cow: case report / Adenocarcinoma de glândula parótida em vaca: relato de caso

A 9-year-old Girolando dairy cow, weighing 400kg, with a history of increased volume in the right parotid region, which extended to the submandibular region, was assisted. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, and the cytological findings were consistent with malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (carcinoma). Because of the unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and submitted to an anatomopathological examination. Samples of the increased parotid and affected lymph nodes were collected for histopathological evaluation. The microscopic changes were accentuated features of anaplasia, moderate cell proliferation, atypical mitotic figures, and necrosis. Stroma ranged from delicate to scirrhous, and the tumor boundaries were not distinct. These findings substantiated the preliminary histomorphological diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma with metastasis in lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical tests were performed with anti-CK Pan (clone AE1AE3), anti-CK HMW (clone 34ßE12), anti-CK19 (clone RCK108), anti-vimentin (clone V9), anti-S100 (polyclonal), and anti-androgen (polyclonal) antibodies. The immunophenotype favored the diagnosis of salivary gland adenocarcinoma. Despite the rareness in cattle, salivary gland adenocarcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases that occur with increased volume in the head, lymphadenopathy, drooling, dysphagia, and progressive weight loss.(AU)

Foi atendida uma vaca da raça Girolando, de nove anos de idade, de aptidão leiteira, pesando aproximadamente 400kg e com histórico de aumento de volume na região parotídea e submandibular direita. Diante do prognóstico desfavorável, o animal foi submetido à eutanásia e encaminhado para exame anatomopatológico. Fragmentos da glândula parótida e dos linfonodos alterados foram colhidos e encaminhados para exame histopatológico. À avaliação microscópica, observaram-se acentuada anaplasia, moderada proliferação celular, figuras de mitose atípicas e focos de necrose. O estroma variava de delicado a esquirroso e os limites do tumor eram imprecisos. Esses achados fundamentaram o diagnóstico de carcinoma indiferenciado com metástase em linfonodos. No exame imuno-histoquímico, foram utilizados anticorpos primários monoclonais anti-CK Pan (clone AE1AE3), anti-CK alto peso molecular (clone 34ßE12), anti-CK19 (clone RCK108), antivimentina (clone V9), anti-S100 (policlonal) e antirreceptor de andrógenos (policlonal). As células neoplásicas apresentaram imunomarcação para todos os anticorpos testados, resultado que favorece o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de glândula salivar. Embora raro em bovinos, o adenocarcinoma de glândula salivar deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças que cursam com aumento de volume na cabeça, linfadenopatia salivação, disfagia e emagrecimento progressivo.(AU)

Reviving the Salivary Cells – Pathway to New Horizon.

The ability to speak, swallow, masticate, taste food, and maintain a healthy oral cavity is heavily reliant on the presence of saliva. Hyposalivation underlying xerostomia after radiotherapyis still a major problem in the treatment of head and neck cancer. As saliva possesses self-cleansing and antibacterial capability, hyposalivation is known to deteriorate periodontal status and increases dental disease. Furthermore, hyposalivation causes mastication and swallowing problems, burning sensation of the mouth and dysgeusia. Currently available treatments for dry mouth are prescription for artificial saliva, moisturizers, and medications which induce salivation from the residual tissue.2 Such management techniques do not address the source of the problem that is a lack of functional saliva-producing acinar cells. This review focuses the restoration of functional salivary glands with advancing modalities such as gene therapy, tissue engineering, and stem cells.

Role of LPA and the Hippo pathway on apoptosis in salivary gland epithelial cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid involved in numerous physiological responses. However, the expression of LPA receptors and the role of the Hippo signaling pathway in epithelial cells have remained elusive. In this experiment, we studied the functional expression of LPA receptors and the associated signaling pathway using reverse transcriptase-PCR, microspectrofluorimetry, western blotting and immunocytochemistry in salivary gland epithelial cells. We found that LPA receptors are functionally expressed and involved in activating the Hippo pathway mediated by YAP/TAZ through Lats/Mob1 and RhoA/ROCK. Upregulation of YAP/TAZ-dependent target genes, including CTGF, ANKRD1 and CYR61, has also been observed in LPA-treated cells. In addition, based on data suggesting that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induces cell apoptosis, LPA upregulates TNF-induced caspase-3 and cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). However, small interfering RNA treatment to Yes-associated protein (YAP) or transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) significantly decreased TNF-alpha- and LPA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that YAP and TAZ modulate the apoptotic pathway in salivary epithelial cells.

Human salivary gland stem cells ameliorate hyposalivation of radiation-damaged rat salivary glands

Salivary function in mammals may be defective for various reasons, such as aging, Sjogren's syndrome or radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. Recently, tissue-specific stem cell therapy has attracted public attention as a next-generation therapeutic reagent. In the present study, we isolated tissue-specific stem cells from the human submandibular salivary gland (hSGSCs). To efficiently isolate and amplify hSGSCs in large amounts, we developed a culture system (lasting 4-5 weeks) without any selection. After five passages, we obtained adherent cells that expressed mesenchymal stem cell surface antigen markers, such as CD44, CD49f, CD90 and CD105, but not the hematopoietic stem cell markers, CD34 and CD45, and that were able to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, hSGSCs were differentiated into amylase-expressing cells by using a two-step differentiation method. Transplantation of hSGSCs to radiation-damaged rat salivary glands rescued hyposalivation and body weight loss, restored acinar and duct cell structure, and decreased the amount of apoptotic cells. These data suggest that the isolated hSGSCs, which may have characteristics of mesenchymal-like stem cells, could be used as a cell therapy agent for the damaged salivary gland.

Primary culture of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland cells

In the present paper, we developed a primary culture of Rhodnius prolixus salivary gland and main salivary canal cells. Cells remained viable in culture for 30 days. Three types of cells were indentified in the salivary gland cultures, with binuclear cells being the most abundant. The supernatants of salivary cultures contained mainly 16-24 kDa proteins and presented anticoagulant and apyrase activities. Secretion vesicles were observed budding from the cellular monolayer of the main salivary canal cells. These results indicate that R. prolixus salivary proteins may be produced in vitro and suggest that the main salivary canal may have a possible secretory role.

Programmed cell death in salivary glands of Drosophila arizonae and Drosophila mulleri

Programmed cell death (PCD) in insect metamorphosis assumes a great diversity of morphology and controlling processes that are still not well understood. With the objective of obtaining information about the PCD process, salivary glands of Drosophila arizonae and D. mulleri were studied during larval-pupal development. From the results, it can be concluded that the type of the PCD that occurs in these organs is morphologically typical of apoptosis (formation of apoptotic nuclei, followed by fragmentation into apoptotic bodies). Histolysis happens in both species, between 22 and 23 h after pupation. There were no significant differences between the species studied. Apoptosis does not occur simultaneously in all cells. Cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity gradually increases during development, suggesting the existence of acid phosphatases that are only expressed during the apoptotic stage. Twenty hours after pupation, salivary glands already show biochemical alterations relative to nuclear permeability such as acidification, possibly due to the fusion of lysosomes with the nucleus a few hours before apoptosis. Autophagy seems to act together with apoptosis and has a secondary role in cell death.

Acid phosphatase activity distribution in salivary glands of triatomines (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Acid phosphatase activity (Gömori technique) in salivary gland cells was investigated in adult insects (males and females) of four species of triatomines: Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius neglectus, and Rhodnius prolixus. Binucleated cells with bulky and polyploidy nuclei were detected, with acid phosphatase activity in the heterochromatin and nucleolus, which showed the most intense response. Thus, the activity of these phosphatases during rRNA molecule transcription, possibly in the nucleolar fibrillar center, is suggested. The difference in reactivity found among salivary glands is associated with the cellular metabolism of these regions and, probably, with the biosynthesis of their different secretions. This must be essential in maintaining the hematophagy of triatomines

Efeito do licor de absinto e do seu princípio ativo (thujone) proveniente da losna (arthemisia absinthium) nas glândulas salivares de ratos / Effect of the absinthe and its active component (thujone) of the Arthemisia absinthium on the salivary glands of the rats

Introdução - O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar , através do microscópio de luz , as glândulas salivares de ratos tratados com álcool, absinto ou seu princípio ativo, thujone (extraído da Arthemisia absinthium ). Material e Métodos - Vinte ratos machos (Wistar) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, tratados com álcool, absinto, e thujone. A administração das drogas foi feita por via oral, controlada diariamente através do volume ingerido. Os animais do grupo controle sofreram os mesmos procedimentos com água comum. Após 13 dias do início do experimento, os ratos foram sacrificados, sendo suas glândulas salivares removidas e submetidas às técnicas laboratoriais e de coloração, para a análise em microscópio comum. Resultados - Foram observadas alterações morfológicas nos ratos que receberam álcool, thujone e absinto. As glândulas salivares dos ratos tratados com absinto apresentaram alterações mais acentuadas, ilustradas pela presença de células dismórficas, atrofia e fibrose. Conclusão - Pelos resultados encontrados, o absinto exacerba as lesões celulares induzidas pelo álcool nas glândulas salivares de ratos.

Introduction - The aim of this study was to evaluate on light microscopy the glands salivary of rats treated with ethanol, absinthe and its active principle, thujone (removed from Arthemisia absinthium). Material and Methods - Twenty male rats (Wistar) were used that were equally divided in 4 groups: control, treated with absinthe, treated with ethanol and, the last, treated with thujone. The drugs administration was done in oral way, daily checked trough the control of ingested volume. The animals of the control group had the same procedure, with common water. After 13 days of the start of the experiment, the rats were killed with anesthetic overdose and their glands salivary were removed a submitted to the laboratorial routine process to the embedding on paraffin. The cuts were stained using H&E and analysed on light microscopy. Results - Morphological changes were observed on the glands salivary of the rats treated with absinthe, thujone and ethanol. The glands salivary of the rats treated with absinthe showed more accentuated alterations, comparing with the animals treated with ethanol or thujone, showed by dimorphism cell, atrophy and fibrosis. Conclusion - The results indicated that absinthe exacerbate the cellular lesions induced by ethanol that occur on the salivary glands in rats.

Evaluación de la citología por punción-aspiración con aguja fina en lesiones de las glándulas salivales mayores / Evaluation of the cytology with fine needle aspiration in lession of the mayor salivary glands

La citología por punción-aspiración con aguja fina ha surgido como una técnica mínimamente invasiva de diagnóstico en las lesiones tumorales de cabeza y cuello, sin embargo, es controvertido su papel en la toma de decisiones en pacientes con tumores de glándulas salivales mayores, por tanto, nos hemos propuesto establecer su validez como método diagnóstico. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo correlacionando los resultados de la citología por punción-aspiración con aguja fina y los resultados anatomopatológicos definitivos, en el Servicio de Cabeza y Cuello del Hospital Oncológico "Padre Machado" entre los años 1991 y 2001. Se evaluaron 127 pacientes (54 masculinos y 73 femeninos) con edad promedio de 45,5 ± 17,3 años a quienes se les había realizado citología por punción-aspiración con aguja fina diagnóstica preoperatoria. De ellas, 80 (69 por ciento) fueron diagnósticas mientras que 47 (31 por ciento) fueron diagnósticas. Se encontró una sensibilidad general de 67 por ciento, especificidad 95 por ciento, valor predictivo positivo 67 por ciento, valor predictivo negativo 95 por ciento y precisión 91 por ciento. La sensibilidad fue menor en los pacientes con tumores en el lóbulo profundo de la parótida y en la glándula submaxilar; sin embargo, no se demostro diferencias estadísticamente significativas. No se presentaron complicaciones. La citología por punción-aspiración con aguja fina es un método sencillo, de bajo costo, sensible, confiable, de mínima morbilidad y una alta especificidad en nuestro medio; bien tolerado por el paciente para el diagnóstico de tumores de glándulas salivales mayores

Hepatitis crónica C, VIH y síndrome de Sjögren: informe de un caso / Chronic C-hepatitis, AIDS and Sjögren syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Sjögren es una linfoexocrinopatía autoinmune de etiología desconocida, que se presenta como 1) forma primaria o 2) asociada a diversas enfermedades autoinmunes. Diversos virus intervienen en su origen (Epptein-Barr, citomegalovirus, herpes simple, retrovirus). En fechas recientes se ha relacionado con el virus C de la hepatitis; también se ha descrito asociado a hepatitis crónica, cirrosis biliar primaria y a trombocitopenias autoinmunes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con hepatitis crónica C, seropositivo al VIH que desarrolló síndrome de Sjögren

Prenatal development of human palatine glands: a structural and cytochemical study

La histogénesis de las glándulas palatinas fue estudiada desde el punto de vista estructural y citoquímico en embriones y fetos humanos de 8 a 32 semanas de desarrollo. Los primordios glandulares aparecían a las 12 semanas de vida intrauterina. Los extremos distales redondeados de los cordones epiteliales y el mesénquima circundante mostraban abundantes gránulos PAS positivos y alcianofílicos. A las 14 semanas las piezas secretorias terminales y el sistema ductal presentaban diferentes estadios de diferenciación estructural. Predominaban los acinos mucosos con escasos acinos mixtos, en tanto que los acinos serosos aparecían ocasionalmente. Entre las 20 y 24 semanas los acinos mucosos coloreados con azul de toluidina presentaban diferentes grados de metacromasia aún dentro de células de un mismo acino. En los conductos se identificaban células metacromáticas intercaladas con células basófilas en la cubierta epitelial. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las glándulas palatinas presentan un material histofisiológico típico entre las 14 y 20 semanas. La presencia de sustancias secretorias PAS positivas, alcianofílicas y metacromáticas en la luz acinar y contenido luminal de los conductos nos sugiere que la secreción de mucinas se inicia en la vida intrauterina

Sensitivity and specificity of fine-needle aspiration of salivary glands

Foram estudados 101 casos de punçäo aspirativa de glândulas salivares efetuadas no hospital A. C. Camargo, de 1983 a 1989, em pacientes: 52 mulheres e 47 homens. A idade variou de dois a 86 anos. Foi obtida correlaçäo cito-histológica em 85 casos. O diagnóstico citológico revelou nove (9,1//) casos inconcludentes, 41 (41,4//) negativos para malignidade, 25 (25,3//) adenomas, um (1//) suspeito e 23 (23,2//) positivos. Três dos 41 casos diagnosticados citologicamente como negativos mostraram malignidades em cortes histológicos. Nenhum caso falso-positivo foi relatado. A sensibilidade da citologia foi 88//, a especificidade 100//, a eficiência 96//e os valores preditivos negativos foram 94 e 100//, respectivamente

Diagnostic approach in parotid swellings

This work is based on the analysis of data obtained from 30 patients with unilateral parotid swellings in the period between January, 1987 and December, 1990 in the Ain Shams University Hospital. The advantages of ultrasonography, CT scanning and fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC] over clinical diagnosis have been evaluated. The patients were subjected to superficial conservative or total parotidectomy according to the site and nature of the lesion. Ultrasonography served in the detection of cystic lesions not evident in clinical examination in two patients, while it failed to localize the lesion in relation to parotid gland. CT scanning detected involvement of the deep lobe in four patients and localized the lesions precisely in all other patients. Fine needle aspiration cytology gave a correct pathological diagnosis in 24 patients. The results obtained from the work encourages the use of these investigatory tools more oftenly