Isolation of flavonoids from Tagetes patula (French Marigold) flowers: Cytotoxic and oxidant activity in human cervical carcinoma cells / Aislación de flavonoides de las flores de Tagetes patula (cempasúchil francés): Actividad citotóxica y oxidante en células de carcinoma cervical humano

T agetes patula , known as French Marigold, belongs to the family Asteraceae. Human papillomavirus infection is considered one of the causes of cervical cancer. This study assessed the cytotoxic activity and intracellular oxidative capacity of compounds isolated from extract of T. patula flowers as anti - cancer cervical agents. Fraction F6 of n - butanol extract was subjected to column chromatography and HPLC - ESI - MS. The isolated compo unds of T. patula were used to examine cytotoxic activity and the production of total reactive oxygen species in SiHa and HeLa cells; the cells were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Patulitrin was cytotoxic to SiHa and HeLa cells. An increase in ROS production was observed at different times of treatment of cells with patuletin and patulitrin. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological changes in SiHa and HeLa cells. Thus, compounds isolated from T. patula have great treatment p otential against cervical cancer.

Tagetes patula , conocida como cempasúchil francés, pertenece a la familia Asteraceae. La infección por el virus del papiloma humano se considera una de las causas del cáncer cervical. En este estudio, se evaluó la actividad citotóxica y la capacidad oxidativa intracelular de los compuestos aislados del extracto de las flores de T. patula como agentes anticancerígenos cervicales. La fracción F6 del ext racto de n - butanol se sometió a cromatografía en columna y HPLC - ESI - MS. Los compuestos aislados de T. patula se utilizaron para examinar la actividad citotóxica y la producción total de especies reactivas de oxígeno en las células SiHa y HeLa; las células también se caracterizaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Patulitrina resultó citotóxica para las células SiHa y HeLa. Se observó un aumento en la producción de ROS en diferentes momentos del tratamiento de las células con patuletina y patulit rina. La microscopía electrónica de barrido mostró cambios morfológicos en las células SiHa y HeLa. Por lo tanto, los compuestos aislados de T. patula tienen un gran potencial de tratamiento contra el cáncer cervical.

Compuestos fenólicos de Tagetes lucida Cav. con efecto antibacteriano por daños a la membrana / Phenolic compounds of Tagetes lucida Cav. with antibacterial effect due to membrane damage

Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae = Compositae) se usa para tratar infecciones estomacales. El estudio se centró en evaluar la composición y el efecto antimicrobiano de un extracto de T. lucida Cav. La planta se extrajo con etanol al 10% p/v, y la composición del extracto se analizó por Rp-HPLC-MS. El efecto antibacteriano se evaluó contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Salmonella choleraesuis utilizando métodos de difusión por disco, microdilución y bioautografía. Los ensayos de sytox y cometa fueron utilizados para evaluar el mecanismo de acción. De esta forma, se detectaron nueve compuestos fenólicos en el extracto de T. lucida. El extracto exhibió actividad solo en S. aureus (MIC de 4.000 mg/ml). La bioautografía reveló que los compuestos fenólicos podrían actuar sinérgicamente. Las pruebas de sytox y cometa mostraron una acción antibacteriana del extracto sobre la membrana bacteriana y el ADN de esta cepa bacteriana.

Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae=Compositae) is used for treating stomach infections. The study focused on evaluating the composition and antimicrobial effect of an extract of T. lucida Cav. The plant extracted with ethanol at 10% w/v, and the extract composition analyzed by Rp-HPLC-MS. The antibacterial effect was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella choleraesuis using disk diffusion, microdilution and bioautography methods. The sytox and comet assays were used to evaluate the mechanism of action. In this way, nine phenolic compounds were detected in the extract of T. lucida. The extract exhibited activity only on S. aureus (MIC of 4.000 mg/ml). The bioautography revealed that the phenolic compounds could act synergistically. The sytox and comet tests showed an antibacterial action of the extract on the bacterial membrane and DNA of this bacterial strain.

Parasitoids diversity in organic Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) associated with Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Marigold (Tagetes erecta ) / Diversidade de parasitoides em Pimentão Orgânico (Capsicum annuum) associado com Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum ) e Cravo Amarelo (Tagetes erecta)

Abstract The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important crops in Brazilian farming. Many insect are related to this crop, compromising the quantity and quality of the fruit, representing a production problem. Vegetable diversification is one of the main elements that can be managed for suppressing undesirable insect populations in organic production, once that supports the presence of natural enemies. The basil Ocimum basilicum L. and the marigold Tagetes erecta L. are attractive and nutritious plants for parasitoids, being important candidates for diversified crops. This study evaluated the parasitoids attracted by the association of basil and marigold to organic sweet pepper crop. The experiment comprised three treatments: a) sweet pepper monoculture; b) sweet pepper and basil intercropping; c) sweet pepper and marigold intercropping. Hymenopteran parasitoids were collected over 14 weeks. 268 individuals from 12 families and 41 taxa were collected. Sweet pepper monoculture, sweet pepper-basil intercropping, and sweet pepper-marigold intercropping hosted 40, 98, and 130 individuals and richness of 24, 24, and 23, respectively. Furthermore, the insects of greater abundance in the basil and marigold were different to those collected in the monoculture. The number of parasitoids increased in the associations of sweet pepper with basil and marigold, providing advantages in the use of vegetable diversification for the organic pepper crops management.

Resumo O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) é um dos vegetais mais importantes dentre os cultivados no Brasil. Muitos insetos pragas estão relacionados a esta cultura, comprometendo a quantidade e a qualidade do pimentão, tornando-se um grande problema para a produção. A diversificação vegetal é um dos principais componentes a serem manejados para suprimir as populações de pragas na produção orgânica, devido ao apoio a inimigos naturais das pragas. O manjericão ( Ocimum basilicum L.) e cravo amarelo (Tagetes erecta L.) são plantas atrativas e nutritivas para parasitoides, importantes candidatas em cultivos diversificados. Este trabalho avaliou os parasitoides atraídos pela associação de manjericão e cravo amarelo em cultivo de pimentão orgânico. O experimento foi composto por três tratamentos: a) monocultura de pimentão; B) pimentão consorciado com manjericão; C) pimentão consorciado com cravo amarelo. Foram coletadas amostras de parasitoides himenópteros durante 14 semanas. Os espécimes foram identificados até o menor nível de taxonomia possível. Foram coletados 268 indivíduos ao longo de 12 famílias e 41 táxons. Os tratamentos de monocultura, pimentão consorciado com manjericão e pimentão consorciado com cravo amarelo resultaram em 40, 98 e 130 indivíduos e riqueza de espécies de 24, 24 e 23, respectivamente. Além disso, os insetos de maior abundância coletados no manjericão e cravo amarelo, foram diferentes daqueles coletados na monocultura. Houve um aumento na abundância de parasitoides nas associações de pimentão com manjericão e cravo amarelo, proporcionando vantagens no uso da diversificação vegetal, podendo ser usada no manejo do pimentão orgânico.

Atividade antimicrobiana e citotoxicidade in vitro do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L. visando à aplicação no controle da mastite bovina / In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil towards bovine mastitis treatment

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L. contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli e a citotoxicidade sobre células epiteliais da glândula mamária bovina (MAC-T), visando a seu uso no tratamento da mastite bovina. A análise qualitativa do óleo revelou cis-tagetona (24,24%), di-hidrotagetona (16,65%), 1,3,6-octatrieno-3,7-dimetil-E (13,61%), trans-ocimenona (13,52%) e cis-ocimenona (10,06%) como compostos majoritários. Nos ensaios da atividade antimicrobiana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) verificada foi de 1 mg/mL para a cepa padrão (ATCC 25923), cinco isolados de S. aureus provenientes de leite de vacas com mastite e a cepa padrão resistente à meticilina (MRSA) (ATCC 33592). Para a cepa padrão de E. coli (ATCC 8739) e dois isolados de leite de vacas com mastite, a CIM foi de 3 mg/mL. Elevado efeito citóxico do óleo sobre as células da linhagem MAC-T foi constatado. Concentrações superiores a 10 (g/mL do óleo resultaram em mais de 90% de morte celular. Tais resultados sugerem que, apesar da atividade antimicrobiana contra agentes causadores da mastite bovina, a utilização intramamária do óleo de T. minuta não seria recomendada. É importante destacar a sensibilidade da cepa MRSA ao óleo essencial, o que evidencia seu potencial como antisséptico e sanitizante.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and its cytotoxicity to bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T line), aiming at its use for bovine mastitis treatment. The qualitative analysis of the oil by GC-MS identified cis-tagetone (24.24%), dihydrotagetone (16.65%), 1,3,6-Octatriene 3,7-Dimethyl-E (13.61%); trans-ocimenone (13.52%) and cis-ocimenone (10.06%) as major compounds. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution technique and revealed the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1mg/mL for the standard strain of S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and five bacterias isolated from mastitic milk, including a multiresistant strain (ATCC 33592); and 3mg/ml for the standard strain of E. coli (ATCC 8739) and two bacterias isolated from mastitic milk. However, a strong citotoxic effect on MAC-T cells was found. Oil concentrations from 10(g/mL resulted in over 90% of cell death. The results suggest that although the antimicrobial activity was identified against the main agents of bovine mastitis, the intramammary use of T. minuta oil may not be recommended. On the other hand, it is important to highlight the sensibility of the MSRA strain to the essential oil, which evidences its potential as an antiseptic or sanitizer.(AU)

Tagetones A and B, new cytotoxic monocyclic diterpenoids from flowers of Tagetes minuta / 中国天然药物

Tagetones A (1) and B (2), two new monocyclic diterpenoids were isolated from the n-hexane fraction of fresh flowers of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae). Their structures were established by multiple spectroscopic methods (IR, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D-, and 2D-NMR), in addition to comparison with literature data. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activity towards MCF7 and A549 cancer cells with IC values being 4.68 and 4.24 µmol·L, respectively, compared to doxorubicin (IC 0.13 and 1.12 µmol·L, respectively). Compound 2 also exhibited significant activity against HCT116 cancer cells (IC, 6.30 µmol·L).

Actividad antioxidante y marcha fitoquímica de los capítulos de Tagetes filifolia Lag. "pacha anís" / Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of capitula of Tagetes filifolia Lag. or "pacha anís"

Objetivo: Estudiar la actividad antioxidante y marcha fitoquímica de los capítulos de Tagetes filifolia Lag. "pacha anís".Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo experimental en el cual se empleó 5 kg de los capítulos de la planta medicinal Tagetes filifolia lag., provenientes de Junín. Se usó el método de cribado fitoquímico de Olga Lock para la marcha fitoquímica y el método DPPH para la determinación de la actividad antioxidante. Se dividió la muestra en 3 grupos: etéreo, alcohol etílico y agua destilada a concentraciones de 100, 50 y 5 µg/ml.Resultados: Se encontró fenoles en cantidades abundantes tanto en el extracto en agua destilada como en el extracto en alcohol etílico, además este último tuvo cantidades moderadas de quinonas. Por otro lado, el extracto en alcohol etílico fue el que presentó el mayor porcentaje de captación de radicales libres (91.26%) a una concentración de 100 µg/ml, similares resultados se encontró con el extracto etéreo (88.94%) y el extracto en agua destilada (75.58%).Conclusiones: Los principales componentes químicos fueron fenoles y quinonas. El mayor efecto antioxidante se obtuvo del extracto etanólico de la planta Tagetes filifolia a una concentración de 100 µg/ml.

Biofilm inhibition activity of traditional medicinal plants from Northwestern Argentina against native pathogen and environmental microorganisms

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Plants have been commonly used in popular medicine of most cultures for the treatment of disease. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of certain Argentine plants used in traditional medicine has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-cell adherence activities of native plants (Larrea divaricata, Tagetes minuta, Tessaria absinthioides, Lycium chilense, and Schinus fasciculatus) collected in northwestern Argentina. METHODS: The activities of the five plant species were evaluated in Bacillus strains and clinical strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from northwestern Argentina and identified by 16S rDNA. RESULT: Lycium chilense and Schinus fasciculatus were the most effective antimicrobial plant extracts (15.62µg/ml and 62.50µg/ml for Staphylococcus sp. Mcr1 and Bacillus sp. Mcn4, respectively). The highest (66%) anti-biofilm activity against Bacillus sp. Mcn4 was observed with T. absinthioides and L. divaricate extracts. The highest (68%) anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus sp. Mcr1 was observed with L. chilense extract. T. minuta, T. absinthioides, and L. divaricata showed percentages of anti-biofilm activity of between 55% and 62%. The anti-adherence effects of T. minuta and L. chilense observed in Bacillus sp. Mcn4 reflected a difference of only 22% and 10%, respectively, between anti-adherence and biofilm inhibition. Thus, the inhibition of biofilm could be related to cell adherence. In Staphylococcus sp. Mcr1, all plant extracts produced low anti-adherence percentages. CONCLUSION: These five species may represent a source of alternative drugs derived from plant extracts, based on ethnobotanical knowledge from northwest Argentina.

Efecto antibacteriano de extractos etanólicos de plantas utilizadas en la tradiciones culinarias andinas sobre microorganismos de la cavidad bucal / Antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts from plants utilized in the Andes culinary traditions against microorganisms of the oral cavity

Determinar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) y del Tagetes minuta (huacatay) comparado con Clorhexidina al 0.12% y Colgate Plax frente a cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 y Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. Material y métodos: Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de Difusión en Agar, Mínima Concentración Inhibitoria y Técnica Pour Plate (Técnica de Vertido en Placa). El diseño del estudio fue de tipo experimental in vitro de corte transversal. El análisis estadístico univariado y bivariado se hizo en el programa SPSS 17.0. Resultados: Se determinó que la actividad antibacteriana de las sustancias experimentales para la cepa Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 fue el extracto etanólico del orégano al 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 18,43 ± 3,96 mm, el extracto etanólico del chincho al 100% de 20,5 ± 2,99 mm, clorhexidina al 0,12% de 21,3 ± 0,38 m y Colgate Plax 14,93 ± 0,84 mm. Frente a la cepa Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277:el extracto etanólico de chincho 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 16.27 ± 2,67, el extracto etanólico de orégano 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 25,86 ± 1,18 mm, el extracto etanólico del huacatay 100% de 24,49 ± 3,21 mm, con clorhexidina al 0,12% de 19,59 ± 0,48 mm y con Colgate Plax 14,29 ± 0,3 mm. La MIC del extracto etanólico del chincho frente a la cepa Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 fue de 125 mg/mL, encontrando la medida de los halos de inhibición de 10,33 mm. Conclusiones: Existe actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) comparado con Clorhexidina al 0,12% y Colgate Plax frente a cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 y Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277; asimismo el Tagetes minuta (huacatay) tiene efectividad con esta última cepa bacteriana...

To determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) and Tagetes minuta (huacatay) compared with clorhexidine 0.12% and Colgate Plax against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pour plate technique. The study design was experimental in vitro cross sectional. The univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were done in SPSS 17.0. Results: it was found that the antibacterial activity of experimental substances against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 was: the 100% oregano ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 18.43 ±3.96mm, the 100% chincho ethanolic extract of 20.5 +- 2.99mm, clorhexidine 0.12% 21.3 +- 0.38mm and Colgate Plax 14.93 +- 0.84mm. For Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277: the 100% chincho ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 16.27 ±2.67mm, the 100% oregano ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 25.86 +-1.18mm, the 100% huacatay ethanolic extract of 24.49 +- 3.21mm, clorhexidine 0.12% of 19.59 +- 0.48mm and Colgate Plax 14.29 +- 0.3mm. The MIC of the chincho ethanolic extract against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 was 125 mg/mL, finding inhibition zones of 10.33mm. Conclusions: there is an effective in vitro antibacterial activity of the Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Tagetes elliptica (chincho) ethanolic extracts compared to clorhexidine 0.12% and Colgate Plax against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, however, the Tagetes minuta (huacatay) is effective only against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277...

Callus culture development of two varieties of Tagetes erecta and carotenoid production

Background The properties of natural pigments, such as antioxidants, functional, medical, and nutraceutical, have demonstrated the advantages of these natural compounds over synthetic ones. Some products are accepted only when they are pigmented with natural, food-quality colorants: for example poultry products (manly marigold flower extracts). Carotenoids such as β-carotene, β-criptoxanthin and lutein are very attractive as natural food colorants due to their antioxidant and pro-vitamin activities which provide additional value to the target products. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is an Asteraceous ornamental plant native to Mexico, and it is also important as a carotenoid source for industrial and medicinal purposes but nowadays its production is destined mainly for ornamental purposes. Results Friable callus of T. erecta yellow flower (YF) and white flower (WF) varieties was induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 9.0 µM 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.8 µM benzyladenine (BA). Calluses developed from both varieties were different in pigmentation. Extract characterization from callus cultures was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical process detected several carotenoids; the main pigments in extracts from YF callus were lutein and zeaxanthin, whereas in the extracts of the WF callus the main pigments were lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. Callus cultures of T. erecta accumulated pigments even after several rounds of subculture. Conclusions WF callus appeared to be a suitable candidate as a source of different carotenoids, and tested varieties could represent an alternative for further studies about in vitro pigment production.

Immune enhancement activities of silk lutein extract from Bombyx mori cocoons

BACKGROUND: Declining immune function poses an important clinical challenge worldwide and supplementation with natural products that possessing immune enhancing properties is a promising approach for preventing or delaying immune function decline. Cocoons from yellow silkworms are a significant source of lutein, and this unexplored silk extract could be a viable alternative source for dietary lutein. This study assessed immunomodulatory activities of the silk lutein extract. Female BALB/c mice orally received lutein, either as silk or marigold extracts (10 or 20 mg/kg daily), or vehicle only (1% tween 80 in PBS pH 7.4) for 4 weeks. Natural killer (NK) cell activity, specific antibody production, lymphocyte subpopulations, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine production were examined. RESULTS: Silk lutein extract increased NK cell activity, and the effect was dose-related whereas marigold lutein extract was ineffective. Silk lutein extract dose-dependently enhanced antibody production in pre-immunized mice but marigold lutein extract had no effect. Feeding with silk lutein extract increased the populations of CD3+ and CD4 + CD3 + cells. Silk lutein extract also stimulated concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferations of T and B lymphocytes, respectively. Moreover, silk lutein extract increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production while the effect of marigold lutein extract was undetectable. CONCLUSIONS: Together, silk lutein extract enhanced both innate and adaptive immune functions. This preparation may prove to be an effective supplement for strengthened immunity.

In vitro effects of Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta, Alpinia zerumbet and Lantana camara essential oils on Haemonchus contortus / Efeitos in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta, Alpinia zerumbet e Lantana camara sobre Haemonchus contortus

Phytotherapy can be an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. This study evaluated the efficacy of Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta and Lantana camara essential oils by two in vitro assays on Haemonchus contortus, an egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT). No effect was observed for L. camara in the EHT. A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the EHT, inhibiting 81.2, 99 and 98.1% of H. contortus larvae hatching, respectively, at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL-¹. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching was 0.94, 0.63 and 0.53 mg mL-¹ for A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils, respectively. In LDT, L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta at concentration of 10 mg mL-¹ inhibited 54.9, 94.2, 97.8 and 99.5% of H. contortus larval development, presenting EC50 values of 6.32, 3.88, 2.89 and 1.67 mg mL-¹, respectively. Based on the promising results presented in this in vitro model, it may be possible use of these essential oils to control gastrointestinal nematodes. However, their anthelmintic activity should be confirmed in vivo.

Fitoterapia pode ser uma alternativa para o controle de parasitas gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia dos óleos essenciais de Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta e Lantana camara sobre Haemonchus contortus através de dois testes in vitro, teste de eclosão dos ovos (TEO) e teste de desenvolvimento larval (TDL). Nenhum efeito foi observado para L. camara no TEO. Os óleos essenciais de A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta exibiram um efeito dose dependente no TEO inibindo a eclosão das larvas de H. contortus em 81,2, 99 e 98,1%, respectivamente, na concentração de 2,5 mg mL-¹. A concentração efetiva para inibir 50% (CE50) da eclosão dos ovos foi de 0,94, 0,63 e 0,53 mg mL-¹ para os óleos essenciais de A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta, respectivamente. No TDL, 10 mg mL-¹ de L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta inibiram em 54,9, 94,2, 97,8 e 99,5% do desenvolvimento larvar, apresentando valores de CE50 de 6,32, 3,88, 2,89 e 1,67 mg mL-¹, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados promissores apresentados neste modelo in vitro, pode ser possível a utilização destes óleos essenciais para controlar os nematoides gastrintestinais. No entanto, a sua atividade anti-helmíntica deve ser confirmada in vivo.

Determination of volatile organic compounds of Tagetes filifolia Lag. (Asteraceae) from Córdoba (Argentina) using HS-SPME analysis / Determinación de compuestos orgánicos volátiles de Tagetes filifolia Lag. (Asteraceae) proveniente de Córdoba (Argentina) utilizando análisis por HS-SPME

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC–FID) are described for the analysis of volatile compounds in Tagetes filifolia Lag. The composition of the total aerial parts of the plant (whole plant) and the inflorescences, leaves and stems were studied separately using HS-SPME. As a result, 54 compounds were determined, of which 47 were identified. The major components observed in this analysis were trans-anethole and estragole. The HS-SPME method used for the analysis of volatile compounds of T. filifolia is simple, fast, effective, free from the use of solvents, and permits by an analysis of small amounts of samples to achieve better results in terms of the determination of the composition than those reported in the literature for the analysis of essential oil.

Se realizó el análisis de los componentes volátiles de Tagetes filifolia Lag. utilizando el método de microextracción en fase sólida del espacio de cabeza con análisis posterior por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y por cromatografía de gases con detección por ionización de llama. Se estudio la composición de la planta entera así como también la de las inflorescencias, hojas y tallos por separado empleando el método de HS-SPME. Como resultado, se determinaron 54 compuestos de los cuales 47 fueron identificados. Los componentes mayoritarios observados en este análisis fueron: trans-anetol y estragol. El método de HS-SPME utilizado para el análisis de los compuestos volátiles de T. filifolia es simple, rápido, efectivo, libre de la utilización de solventes, y permitió mediante el análisis de pequeñas cantidades de muestra alcanzar mejores resultados en cuanto a la determinación de la composición, que los reportados en literatura para el análisis del aceite esencial.

Caracteres micrográficos analíticos de hojas, tallos, inflorescencias-flores de Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae ­ Helenieae) / Micrographic analytical characters of leaves, stems, inflorescences-flowers of Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae - Helenieae)

Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae) es una especie nativa de América tropical, comúnmente usada en medicina vernácula y también como medicamento fitoterápico. La infusión se emplea como tónico para combatir la tos, dolores de cabeza, fiebre, cólicos, dolores abdominales, enfermedades gastrointestinales, dolor corporal y como emenagoga. Los extractos etanólicos de hojas de T. lucida presentan actividad bactericida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la micrográfica analítica de las partes usadas de esta especie a los fines de la estandarización de la droga cruda. Para ello, se estudió la morfología foliar, la epidermis de la hoja, los estomas, la arquitectura foliar, la estructura interna de hojas, tallos, inflorescencias y flores. En los tallos se han determinado dos tipos de estructuras secretoras coexistentes, conductos y cavidades secretoras de origen esquizógeno; mientras que en las hojas y brácteas involucrales solo encontramos cavidades. Los conductos secretores se caracterizan por presentar escaso diámetro, epitelio secretor uniestratificado y vaina parenquimática. En tanto, las cavidades secretoras son de diámetro conspicuo y epitelio secretor pluriestratificado sin la vaina parenquimática. Esta información es requerida no solo para los procedimientos de identificación que garanticen la utilización de la droga vegetal, sino para el control de calidad exigido en la producción de medicamentos fitoterápicos. (AU)

Chemical identification of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks / Caracterização química e efeito acaricida do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae) em carrapatos

The control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. This study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of Tagetes minuta against several Brazilian tick species, including Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma cajennense and Argas miniatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which revealed the presence of monoterpenes. The adult immersion test (AIT) and the larval packet test (LPT) were used to evaluate the efficacy of T. minuta essential oil in tick management at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40%. The results demonstrated that the T. minuta essential oil had over 95% efficacy against four species of ticks at a concentration of 20%. These results suggest that the essential oil of T. minuta could be used as an environmentally friendly acaricide.(AU)

O controle de carrapatos que causa impacto na produção de bovinos possui importância econômica para a cadeia produtiva. Neste trabalho objetivou-se testar a atividade acaricida do óleo essencial das folhas e caules de Tagetes minuta contra várias espécies de carrapatos brasileiros, incluindo Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma cajennense e Argas miniatus. A composição química do óleo foi determinada por GC-MS e análises de espectroscopia de RMN, que revelaram a presença de monoterpenos. Na avaliação destas substâncias no controle do carrapato foram empregados os testes de imersão de adulto (TIA) e o de pacote de larvas (TPL) para o extrato de óleo de T. minuta nas concentrações de 2,5%; 5%; 10%; 20% e 40%. Os resultados do TPL e TIA demonstraram que o óleo essencial na concentração de 20% de T. minuta apresenta eficácia superior a 95% nas quatro espécies de carrapato. Estes resultados sugerem que o óleo essencial de T. minuta pode ser usado como um acaricida eficaz e com baixo impacto ambiental.(AU)

Control de calidad de drogas vegetales: lavado y desinfección de Artemisia annua L y Tagetes lucida Cav / Quality control of vegetable drugs: washing and disinfection of Artemisia annua L and Tagetes lucida Cav

Introducción: utilizar el lavado y desinfección química como método que permita disminuir la contaminación microbiana en el material vegetal cosechado de Artemisia annua L y Tagetes lucida Cav. Objetivos: garantizar la calidad microbiológica de las drogas vegetales obtenidas de estas 2 especies medicinales. Métodos: se utilizó material vegetal procedente de las parcelas establecidas en la Estación Experimental de Plantas Medicinales Dr Juan Tomás Roig, en suelo ferralítico rojo hidratado (ferralsols). Se emplearon 2 testigos, uno sin tratar y otro tratado con agua potable; para las pruebas a nivel de laboratorio las muestras de 300 g en A. annua y de 250 g de T lucida fueron lavadas con agua potable y después sometidas a un proceso de desinfección en una solución de hipoclorito de sodio 0,5 por ciento y 1,0 por ciento, sumergidas durante 5 y 10 min en ambos casos; para las pruebas de escalado se seleccionó el tratamiento químico que a nivel de laboratorio resultó más efectivo, se emplearon 3 réplicas de la droga cruda de 10 kg en el caso de A annua y de 6 kg en T lucida, con posterioridad las muestras se escurren sobre bastidores y después pasan a un proceso de secado en estufa de 35 a 40 ºC durante 2 d Luego de secadas se realizan los correspondientes análisis microbiológico y físico-químico. En el primer caso se determinó el conteo total de bacterias, conteo total de hongos y otras enterobacterias, además de microorganismos aislados. En el control físico- químico, los porcentajes de materia orgánica extraña; materia inorgánica extraña y hojas ennegrecidas; los índices numéricos como humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua, sustancias solubles en etanol 30 por ciento, sustancias solubles en etanol 70 por ciento, así como mediante tamizaje fitoquímico, la presencia de metabolitos secundarios...

Introduction: the use of washing and chemical disinfection as a method allows reducing microbial pollution in the harvested vegetal material of Artemisia annua L. and Tagetes lucida Cav Objectives: to assure the microbiological quality of vegetal drugs from these two medicinal species. Methods: there was used some vegetal material from lots on red hydrated ferralitic soils (ferrasols) located in Dr Juan Tomás Roig Experimental Center of Medicinal Plants. Two controls, one treated with drinking water and the other untreated, were used. For lab tests, the 300g A. annua and 250g T lucida samples were washed with drinking water and then were subjected to disinfection process using 0,5 and 1,0 percent sodium hypochloride in which both samples were submerged for 5 and 10 minutes. The most effective chemical treatment at lab was selected for the scaling test of three replicas of the crude drug from 10 kg of A annua and from 6 kg T lucida respectively. The samples were placed upon frames to be dried later at 35 to 40 ºC for 2 hours. After drying, the corresponding microbiological and physical-chemical analyses were performed. The microbiological analysis determined the total count of bacteria, of fungi and other enterobacteria in addition to isolated microorganisms. The physical and chemical analysis estimated the percentages of foreign organic matter, foreign inorganic matter and blackened leaves; and the indexes of humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water, soluble substances in 30 percent etanol and soluble substances in 70 percent etanol...

New tannin-related compounds from Tagetes erecta / 中国中药杂志

A mixture of two new anomers: 3,4-di-O-[syringate]-alpha-D-glucopyranose (1) and 3,4-di-O-[syringate]-beta-D-glucopyranose (2), together with syringic acid (3), were isolated from the alcohol extract of Tagetes erecta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods, including intensive 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS studies. The structural assignment was further supported by HPLC-ESI-MS with compound 1 at t(R) = 3.22 min (m/z 538.9 [M-H](-)) and compound 2 at 3.25 min (m/z 538.9 [M-H](-)) in the mixture.

Efficacy of indigenous plant extracts on the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae).

Background & objectives: Mosquito control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of plant origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The purpose of the present study was to assess the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta prostrata and Tagetes erecta leaves tested for oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal and repellent activities against malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Methods: The dried leaves of the three plants were powdered mechanically and extracted with ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. One gram of crude extract was first dissolved in 100 ml of acetone (stock solution). From the stock solution, test solution concentrations of 31.21- 499.42 mg/l for oviposition- deterrence assay and repellency and 15.60 - 998.85 mg/l were used in ovicidal assay. The percentage oviposition- deterrence, hatching rate of eggs and protection time were calculated. One-way analysis of variance was used for the multiple concentration tests and for per cent mortality to determine significant treatment differences. Results: The percentage of effective oviposition repellency was highest at 499.42 mg/l and the lowest at 31.21 mg/l in ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta. The oviposition activity index (OAI) value of ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta at 499.42 mg/l were -0.91, -0.93, -0.84, -0.84, -0.87, -0.82, -0.87, -0.89 and -0.87, respectively. Mortality (no egg hatchability) was 100 per cent with ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta at 998.85 mg/l. The maximum adult repellent activity was observed at 499.42 mg/l in ethyl acetate extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and methanol extracts of T. erecta, and the mean complete protection time ranged from 120 to 150 min with the different extracts tested. Interpretation & conclusions: The acetone extract of A. paniculata, methanol extract of E. prostrata and T. erecta showed good oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal and repellent activities respectively. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta may have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the An. subpictus.

Determination of volatile organic compounds of tagetes Argentina Cabrera (Asteraceae) using HS-SPME analysis / Determinación de compuestos orgánicos volátiles de tagetes Argentina Cabrera (Asteraceae) utilizando análisis por HS-SPME

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) is described for the analysis of volatile compounds in Tagetes argentina Cabrera. The composition of the totality of the aerial parts of the plant (whole plant) and the inflorescences, leaves and stems was studied separately using HS-SPME. As a result, 53 compounds were determined, of which 39 were identified. The major components were: cis-tagetenone, trans-tagetenone, trans-tagetone and cis-tagetone.Using a much smaller amount of samples, a shorter extraction time and a very simple procedure, the HS-SPME method can achieve similar or better results than those obtained by EO analysis. In conclusion, the HS-SPME method is simple, rapid, effective and free of solvent, and can be used for the analysis of volatile compounds in samples of different populations of T. Argentina.

Se realizó el análisis de los componentes volátiles de T. argentina Cabrera utilizando el método de micro-extracción en fase sólida del espacio de cabeza con análisis posterior por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y por cromatografía de gases con detección por ionización de llama. Se estudio la composición de la totalidad de las partes aéreas de la planta (planta entera) como así también de las inflorescencias, hojas y tallos por separado empleando el método de HS-SPME. Como resultado, se determinaron 53 compuestos de los cuales 39 fueron identificados. Los componentes mayoritarios fueron: cis-tagetenona, trans-tagetenona, trans-tagetona and cis-tagetona. Utilizando una muy pequeña cantidad de muestra, un corto periodo de tiempo y un procedimiento muy simple se lograron similares o mejores resultados a aquellos reportados mediante el análisis del aceite esencial. En conclusión, el método de HS-SPME es simple, rápido, efectivo, libre de la utilización de solventes y puede ser fácilmente implementado para el análisis de componentes volátiles provenientes de muestras de diferentes poblaciones de T. Argentina.

Antioxidant activity of Blechnum chilense (Kaulf.) Mett., Curcuma domestica Valeton and Tagetes verticillata Lag. & Rodriguez / Actividad antioxidante de Blechnum chilense (Kaulf.) Mett., Curcuma domestica Valeton y Tagetes verticillata Lag. & Rodríguez

Because of the increasing interest in improving human health worldwide, phytochemical antioxidants from medicinal and food plants are of great interest. The search for new sources of antioxidants is important for the best use of biodiversity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic compounds with DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays for extracts and fractions of Blechnum chilense, Curcuma domestica and Tagetes verticillata. B. chilense water-methanolic and EtOAc fractions, follows of C. domestica EtOAc extract showed an important quantity of total phenolic compounds. Compared with Aristotelia chilensis MeOH extract, T. verticillata extract showed good activity, follows by EtOAc fraction from B. chilense and by EtOAc extract from C. domestica, with very similar results with n-hexane fraction from B. chilense and petroleum ether extract from C. domestica. All of these results were greater than alpha-tocopherol DPPH scavenging activity. The results suggest that all plants studied could be are new sources of antioxidants and the work are following with the identification of these compounds.

Debido al creciente interés mundial en el mejoramiento de la salud humana los antioxidantes provenientes de plantas medicinales y alimenticias se han convertido en compuestos de gran interés. La búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de antioxidantes es importante para el mejor uso de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de fenoles totales usando el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y la actividad inhibitoria del radical DPPH de fracciones y extractos de Blechnum chilense (Kaulf.) Mett, Curcuma domestica Valeton y Tagetes verticillata Lag. & Rodr. Las fracciones acuosa-metanólica y EtOAc de B. chilense, seguida del extracto EtOAc de C. domestica, mostraron una cantidad importante de compuestos fenólicos. La prueba con DPPH mostró que la actividad secuestrante más importante, comparada con la del extracto metanólico de Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz, fue la del extracto de T. verticillata, seguido de la fracción EtOAc de B. chilense y el extracto EtOAc de C. domestica, con resultados similares a la fracción hexánica de B. chilense y el extracto obtenido con éter de petróleo de C. domestica, superando todas la actividad secuestrante de DPPH del alfa-tocoferol. Los resultados sugieren que todas las plantas estudiadas podrían ser nuevas fuentes de antioxidantes y se está trabajando para la identificación de los compuestos responsables de la actividad.

Phytochemistry of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) from Córdoba, Argentina: comparative study between essential oil and HS-SPME analyses / Fitoquímica de Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) originario de Córdoba, Argentina: estudio comparativo entre análisis del aceite esencial y análisis por HS-SPME

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC–FID) is described for the analysis of volatile compounds in Tagetes minuta L. Five types of SPME commercial fibers including PA, PDMS, CAR-PDMS, PDMS–DVB and DVB–CAR–PDMS were investigated and the best extraction was achieved with the mixed fiber DVB–CAR–PDMS. Parameters for HS-SPME in terms of equilibrium time of HS, fiber exposition time and extraction temperature were also investigated. Additionally, the composition of inflorescences, leaves and stems was also studied separately by HS-SPME. As a result, 68 compounds were determined and 53 were identified. A comparison was made between results obtained by HS-SPME–GC–MS and steam distillation of essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant. In both analyses, the major components were: cis-tagetenone and trans-tagetenone. Using much smaller samples, a shorter extraction time and a simpler procedure, the HS-SPME method can achieve similar results to those obtained by EO analysis. In conclusion, the HS-SPME method is simple, rapid, effective and free of solvent, and can be used for the analysis of volatile compounds in samples of different populations of T. minuta.

Se realizó el análisis de los componentes volátiles de T. minuta L. utilizando el método de micro-extracción en fase sólida del espacio de cabeza con análisis posterior por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y por cromatografía de gases con detección por ionización de llama. Se estudiaron cinco tipos de fibras comerciales que incluyeron a PA, PDMS, CAR-PDMS, PDMS–DVB y DVB–CAR–PDMS y se estableció que la fibra de DVB–CAR–PDMS es la que posee mejor comportamiento en el proceso de extracción. Se determinó el efecto del tiempo de equilibrio del espacio de cabeza, de la temperatura de extracción y del tiempo de exposición de la fibra sobre el proceso de HS-SPME. Adicionalmente, también se estudio por separado la composición de inflorescencias, hojas y tallos empleando el método de HS-SPME. Como resultado de este estudio se determinaron 68 componentes de los cuales 53 fueron identificados. Por otra parte se realizó una comparación de los resultados HS-SPME con el análisis del aceite esencial obtenido de las partes aéreas de la planta. En ambos casos, los componentes mayoritarios fueron: cis-tagetenona y trans-tagetenona. Utilizando una muy pequeña cantidad de muestra, un corto periodo de tiempo y un procedimiento más simple se lograron similares resultados a los obtenidos mediante el análisis del aceite esencial. En conclusión, el método de HS-SPME desarrollado es simple, rápido, efectivo y libre de la utilización de solventes, puede ser fácilmente implementado para el análisis de componentes volátiles provenientes de muestras de diferentes poblaciones de T. minuta.