Analysis of the association between bladder carcinoma and arsenic concentration in soil and water in southeast Brazil

ABSTRACT In approximately 50% of cases of bladder carcinoma, an associated predisposing factor can be established. The main factors are exposure to tobacco, arsenic (As) ore and aromatic compounds. Arsenic is a metalloid with a low average concentration in the earth's crust, and one of the most dangerous substances for human health. The present study aims to evaluate the incidence of hospitalization and mortality from bladder neoplasia and its possible association with As concentration in water and soil in two of the most critical regions of Brazil: the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. We have investigated bladder cancer hospitalization and mortality in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais during 2010-2014. Water and soil samples were analyzed and As concentrations were established. Data were obtained through the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Correlation was made with water samples from São Paulo and with data on soil analysis from Minas Gerais. The results revealed no direct association in the distinctive municipalities. Areas with high environmental As concentration had a low bladder cancer rate, while areas with normal as levels had similar cancer rates. The quantitative variables did not present a normal distribution (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we did not observe a correlation between as concentration in water or soil and bladder cancer's hospitalization and mortality rates in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

Chemoprevention with green propolis green propolis extracted in L-lysine versus carcinogenesis promotion with L-lysine in N-Butyl-N-[4-hydroxybutyl] nitrosamine (BBN) induced rat bladder cancer / Quimioprevenção com própolis verde extraído em L-Lisina versus promoção da carcinogênese como L-Lisina em ratos induzidos ao câncer de bexiga pelo N-Butyl-N-[4-hydroxybutyl] nitrosamine (BBN)

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of green propolis extracted in L-lysine (WSDP) and of L- lysine for 40 weeks on induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. METHODS: The animals (groups I, II, III, IV, V and VI) received BBN during 14 weeks. Group I was treated with propolis 30 days prior received BBN, and then these animals were treated daily with propolis; Groups II and III was treated with subcutaneous and oral propolis (respectively) concurrently with BBN. The animals of Group IV were treated L-lysine; Group V received water subcutaneous; and Group VI received only to BBN. Among the animals not submitted to carcinogenesis induction, Group VII received propolis, Group VIII received L-lysine and Group IX received water. RESULTS: The carcinoma incidence in Group I was lower than that of control (Group VI). The carcinoma multiplicity in Group IV was greater than in Group VI. All animals treated with L-lysine developed carcinomas, and they were also more invasive in Group IV than in controls. On the other hand, Group VIII showed no bladder lesions. CONCLUSION: The WSDP is chemopreventive against rat bladder carcinogenesis, if administered 30 days prior to BBN , and that L-lysine causes promotion of bladder carcinogenesis.

OBJETIVO: Determinar os efeitos da própolis verde extraída em L - Lisina (WSDP) e da L-Lisina por 40 semanas em ratos induzidos a carcinogênese de bexiga. MÉTODOS: Os animais (grupos I, II, III, IV, V e VI) receberam BBN por 14 semanas. O grupo I foi tratado com própolis 30 dias antes de receber BBN e em seguida estes animais foram tratados diariamente com própolis; Os grupos II e III foram tratados com própolis subcutânea e oral (respectivamente) e concorretemente com BBN. Os animais do grupo IV foram tratados com L- Lisina; o grupo V recebeu água subcutânea; o grupo VI recebeu apenas BBN. Entre os animais não submetidos a indução de carcinogênese, Grupo VII, receberam própolis, Grupo VIII, receberam L-Lisina e Grupo IX receberam água. RESULTADOS: A incidência de carcinoma no grupo I foi menor que no grupo controle (grupo IV) A multiplicidade de carcinoma no grupo IV foi maior que no grupo VI. Todos os animais tratados com L - Lisina desenvolveram carcinomas e estes foram mais invasivos no grupo IV que no grupo controle. Por outro lado o grupo VIII não apresentou lesões. CONCLUSÃO: WSDP é quimiopreventiva contra a carcinogese de bexiga se administrada 30 dias antes do início do BBN, e a L - Lisina causa promoção da carcinogênese de bexiga.

Tabaquismo, Glutation S-Transferasa, N-Acetiltransferasa 2 y riesgo de cáncer de vejiga / Tabaquism, S-Transferase Glutation, N-Acetiltrasferase 2 and bladder cancer risk

El hábito tabáquico es el factor de riesgo más conocido para cáncer de vejiga. Ciertas arilaminas presentes en el cigarrillo han sido identificadas como carcinógenos para la vejiga en humanos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es establecer el riesgo de padecer de cáncer de vejiga en individuos fumadores, acetiladores lentos para NAT2 y genotipos nulos de GSTM1 y GSTT1. Materiales y métodos: Se reunieron en total 150 pacientes, 75 pertenecientes al grupo de carcinoma urotelial de vejiga y 75 del grupo control, en este último no se incluyeron pacientes con enfermedad neoplásica de ninguna índole. El ADN se aisló de la muestra de sangre a partir de linfocitos utilizando un kit disponible comercialmente (QIAmp DNA Blood Mini and Maxi Kit, QIAGen GMBH). Mediante el uso de técnicas de reacción en cadena de polimerasa y de restricción/ fragmentación se determinaron los polimorfismos de las enzimas: NAT2, GSTT1 y GSTM1.Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 150 pacientes, de los cuales 75 pertenecían al grupo controly 75 al grupo de cáncer de vejiga, la media de edad del grupo de cáncer de vejiga fue 60,5 +/-11,4 y del grupo control fue 51,3 +/- 11,4. En cuanto al género en grupo de cáncer de vejiga 64 por ciento pertenecían al sexo masculino. En el grupo control 41 por ciento pertenecían al sexo masculino. Al estudiar el hábito tabáquico se halló que 51 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo de cáncer de vejiga continuaban siendo fumadores, mientras que sólo 21 por ciento fumaba en el grupo control. En el análisis de los genotipos de la enzima NAT2 en el grupo de los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga 52 por ciento resultaron acetiladores lentos, y 4 por ciento acetiladores rápidos. En el grupo control 45 por ciento de los pacientes eran acetiladores lentos y 12 por ciento acetiladores rápidos. En cuanto a la determinación de GSTT1 19 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo de cáncer de vejiga y 24 por ciento del grupo control exhibieron el genotipo nulo...

Introduction: Smoking is the most studied risk factor for bladder cancer. Certain arilamines present in cigarettes have been identified as carcinogenic for the bladder in humans. The purpose of this study is to establish the risk of bladder cancer in smokers, slow acetilators for NAT2 and none active genotypes for GSTM1 and GSTT1. Material and methods: 150 patients were studied, 75 in the group of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and 75 in the control group. The DNA was isolated from lymphocytes of blood samples using commercially available kit (QIAmp DNA Blood Mini and Maxi Kit, QIAG en GMBH). Enzyme polymorphisms of NAT2, GSTT1 and GSTM1 were determined using techniques of polymerase chain reaction and restriction/fragmentation. Results: 150 patients were included, of who 75 belonged to the control group and 75 had bladder cancer, the average of age of the bladder cancer group was 60.5 +/- 11.4 and of the control group 51.3 +/- 11.4. Regarding gender, in the bladder cancer group 64 percent were males. In the control group 41percent were males. 51 percent of the patients in the bladder cancer group continued being smokers, whereas only 21 percent smoked in control group. In NAT2 enzyme genotype analysis the bladder cancer group 52 percent were slow acetilators, and 4 percent fast acetilators. In the control group 45 percent were slow acetilators and 12 percent fast acetilators. Regarding GSTT1 determination, 19 percent of the bladder cancer group and 24 percent of the control group showed the non-active genotype. GSTM1 showed its non-active form in 44 percent of the bladder cancer group and 48 percent of the control group. Discussion: Bladder cancer is clearly related with smoking habit. We observed a very significant relationship when evaluating smoking habit, slow acetilators for NAT2, and none-active genotypes of GSTM1 and bladder cancer...

Occupational Reproductive Function Abnormalities and Bladder Cancer in Korea

The purpose of this study was to review occupational reproductive abnormalities and occupational bladder cancer in Korea and to discuss their toxicological implications. Reproductive dysfunction as a result of 2-bromopropane poisoning was first reported in Korean workers. In 1995, 23 of the 33 workers (25 female and 8 male workers) who were exposed to 2-bromopropane during the assembly of tactile switch parts developed reproductive and/or hematopoietic disorders. A total of 17 (68%) workers were diagnosed with ovarian failure. Two of the eight male workers experienced azoospermia and four workers experienced some degree of oligospermia or reduced sperm motility. In summary, 2-bromopropane poisoning caused severe reproductive effects in Korean workers. The prognosis was poor for reproductive dysfunction. A few cases of occupational bladder cancer have been reported in Korea, whereas other cancers of the urinary tract have not been reported after occupational exposure. A few cases of benzidine-induced cancer have been reported in Korea and 592 workers in Japan have received compensation for benzidine and beta-naphthylamine-induced cancer. In conclusion, a few cases of benzidine-induced occupational bladder cancer have been reported in Korea. However, benzidine-induced bladder cancer will likely be an important occupational health issue in Korea in the coming years.

Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder in a 16-year-old girl with a history of cyclophosphamide therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma during infancy

A 16-year-old female with bladder leiomyosarcoma had a history of bilateral retinoblastoma at 6 months of life. She received cyclophosphamide chemotherapy after surgical enucleation. In this report, we discussed the possible role of retinoblastoma or cyclophosphamide as a target for the development of bladder leiomyosarcoma

Acetylator status, drug metabolism and disease.

Acetylation polymorphism, although discovered 40 years ago, still holds interest not only because many drugs and carcinogens are metabolized by acetylation in the liver but also because advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular genetics of acetylation. It is this genetic variation of drug metabolism that is one of the causes of inter-individual variation of the effect of a drug. Acetylation polymorphism relates to the metabolism of a number of arylamine and hydrazine drugs and carcinogens by cytosolic N-acetyltransferase--NAT2. In humans, 2 genes--NAT1 and NAT2--are responsible for the N-acetyltransferase activity. Studies have revealed several allelic variants of both NAT1 and NAT2. It has been suggested that some of these variants modify the individual susceptibility to disease.

Different modifying responses of capsaicin in a wide-spectrum initiation model of F344 rat

The modifying potential of capsaicin (CAP) on lesion development was examined in a rat multiorgan carcinogenesis model. Groups 1 and 2 were treated sequentially with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (100 mg/kg, ip, single dose at commencement), N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) (20 mg/kg, ip, 4 doses at days 2, 5, 8, and 11), and N,N-dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) (0.05% in drinking water during weeks 3 and 4). Group 3 received vehicles without carcinogens during the initiation period. Group 4 served as the untreated control. After this initiating procedure, Groups 2 and 3 were administered a diet containing 0.01% CAP. All surviving animals were killed 20 weeks after the beginning of the experiment and the target organs examined histopathologically. The induction of GST-P+ hepatic foci in rats treated with carcinogens was significantly inhibited by treatment with CAP. CAP treatment significantly decreased the incidence of adenoma of the lung but increased the incidence of papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia of the urinary bladder. The tumor incidence of other organs, such as the kidney and thyroid, was not significantly different from the corresponding controls. These results demonstrated that concurrent treatment with CAP not only can inhibit carcinogenesis but can also enhance it depending on the organ. Thus, this wide-spectrum initiation model could be used to confirm organ-specific modification potential and, in addition, demonstrate different modifying effects of CAP on liver, lung, and bladder carcinogenesis.

Câncer de bexiga / Bladder cancer

Doença que tem sua maior incidência na 6ª e 7ª décadas de vida, o câncer de bexiga é considerado doença profissional em alguns países, devido ao contato do paciente com certas substâncias no ambiente de trabalho. A variaçäo da incidência em áreas geográficas diferentes tem sido atribuída a vários carcinógenos industriais e ambientais. E é sobre esses agentes e substâncias químicas que o presente trabalho discorre, elucidando ainda os leitores sobre o diagnóstico e forma de tratamento