ABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre eventos traumáticos (ET) na infância e a ocorrência de comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (QUESI) e o Inventário de Autolesão Deliberada - reduzido (IAD-r). Participaram 494 estudantes do ensino médio de ambos os sexos e idade entre 15 e 18 anos (M = 16,4). Destes, 58,5% afirmaram ter sofrido abuso emocional de forma recorrente e 19,0% e 59,5% assumiram já ter sofrido abuso sexual e físico, respectivamente. Quanto à prática de autolesão, 65,0% revelaram já ter se engajado em comportamentos autolesivos. De acordo com a análise de Regressão Logística Binomial, todos os tipos de ET exibiram associação significativa com a prática de comportamentos autolesivos. A análise de moderação a respeito da interação entre a ocorrência de ET infantis e a prática de autolesão revelou ausência de moderação pelo sexo e pela idade. Porém, quanto ao abuso físico, o efeito de moderação da idade apresentou significância estatística limítrofe e indicou que os adolescentes mais novos, de 15 e 16 anos, que sofreram este tipo de abuso na infância, foram mais susceptíveis à prática autolesiva. Portanto, as altas taxas de ET e de autolesão encontradas nesta pesquisa revelam a gravidade do problema. Espera-se que esta investigação possa contribuir para a elaboração de intervenções para prevenção e controle dos fatores de risco que acometem a população infanto-juvenil.(AU)
This research aimed to verify the relationship between traumatic events (TE) in childhood and the occurrence of self-injurious behavior in adolescents. The instruments used were the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (QUESI) and the Deliberate Self-Injury Inventory - reduced (IAD-r). The sample was composed of 494 high school students of both genders and aged between 15 and 18 years old (M = 16.4). Of those, 58.5% declared to have suffered recurring emotional abuse and 19.0% declared to have suffered sexual abuse and 59.5% physical abuse. Regarding the practice of self-harm, 65.0% reported having already engaged in self-injurious behaviors. According to the Binomial Logistic Regression analysis, all types of TE were associated with the practice of self-injurious behaviors. The moderation analysis between the occurrence of childhood TE and self-injury showed no moderation by sex or age. However, regarding physical abuse, the moderating effect of age showed borderline statistical significance and indicated that younger adolescents, 15 and 16 years old, who suffered this type of abuse in childhood, were more susceptible to self-injurious behavior. Therefore, the high rates of TE and self-injury found in this research reveal the seriousness of the problem. It is hoped for this investigation to contribute to the development of interventions to prevent and control risk factors that affect children and adolescents.(AU)
Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación entre eventos traumáticos (ET) en la infancia y la ocurrencia de conductas autolesivas en adolescentes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil (QUESI) y el Inventario de Autolesiones Deliberadas -reducido (IAD-r). Participaron 494 estudiantes de la secundaria, de ambos sexos y con edades entre 15 y 18 años (M = 16,4). De estos, el 58,5% afirmaron haber sufrido maltrato emocional de forma recurrente, el 19,0% dijeron haber sufrido maltrato sexual y el 59,5%, maltrato físico. En cuanto a la práctica de la autolesión, el 65,0% informaron haber realizado conductas autolesivas. El análisis de Regresión Logística Binomial mostró que todos los tipos de ET tuvieron una asociación significativa con la práctica de conductas autolesivas. El análisis de la moderación respecto a la interacción entre la ocurrencia de ET infantil y la práctica de la autolesión reveló una ausencia de moderación por sexo o edad. En cuanto al maltrato físico, el efecto moderador de la edad mostró una significación estadística marginal e indicó que los adolescentes más jóvenes, de 15 y 16 años, que sufrieron este tipo de maltrato en la infancia, son más susceptibles a la práctica de autolesiones. Por lo tanto, las altas tasas de ET y autolesiones encontradas en esta investigación revelan la gravedad del problema. Se espera que esta investigación contribuya con el desarrollo de intervenciones para la prevención y control de los factores de riesgo que afectan a niños y adolescentes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Psychology , Child , Health , Adolescent , Self-Injurious Behavior , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Personality Development , Phobic Disorders , Sex Work , Rape , Self Mutilation , Sex Offenses , Shame , Sleep Wake Disorders , Social Justice , Social Problems , Child Labor , Emergency Feeding , Bipolar Disorder , Neurosciences , Child, Abandoned , Child Advocacy , Hygiene , Civil Rights , Clothing , Domestic Violence , Adult , Dysthymic Disorder , Mood Disorders , Substance-Related Disorders , Crime , Hazards , Disaster Vulnerability , Death , Defense Mechanisms , Aggression , Depression , Growth and Development , Education , Educational Status , Drug Users , Emotional Intelligence , Bullying , Physical Abuse , Survivorship , Embarrassment , Psychological Distress , Emotional Abuse , Food Insecurity , Guilt , Housing , Identification, Psychological , Malpractice , Memory , MotivationABSTRACT
RESUMO Talvez, o homem seja o único dos entes a ter e a estabelecer relações com certos 'objetos' que ultrapassam a sua realidade material transcendendo-a para designar outra realidade para além da física. Dentre eles, poderíamos caracterizar como sendo 'Objetos Transcendentes' (e. g. Deus, por excelência, assim como o Demônio e outras entidades deste universo, quer passíveis de aceitação, aversão ou rejeição) aqueles que constituem a base para o desenvolvimento de sentimentos e de ideias religiosas e podem, também, ser entendidos (na sua origem, sentido e função) sob perspectiva da psicanálise. Nesse sentido, delimitando nossa proposta de análise, este artigo se propõe a analisar estes objetos a partir do ponto de vista de Sigmund Freud almejando e, com isto, analisar sua origem nos processos de sublimação da sexualidade e nos processos projetivos e identificatórios que caracterizam o desenvolvimento emocional do ser humano. Tal compreensão pode auxiliar na compreensão e intervenção clínica com aqueles que se relacionam com esses objetos ocupam um lugar central em seus modos de ser e estar no mundo, bem como com área da psicologia da religião em suas investigações.
RESUMEN Quizás, el Hombre es la única de las entidades que tiene y establece relaciones con ciertos 'objetos' que van más allá de su realidad material, trascendiéndola para designar otra realidad además de la física. Entre ellos, podríamos caracterizar como 'Objetos Trascendentes' (ej. Dios, por excelencia, así como el Demonio y otras entidades de este universo, ya sean sujetos a aceptación, aversión o rechazo) a aquellos que constituyen la base para el desarrollo de los sentimientos y ideas religiosas y también pueden ser entendidas (en su origen, significado y función) por el psicoanálisis. En este sentido, delimitando nuestra propuesta de análisis, este artículo propone analizar estos objetos desde el punto de vista de Sigmund Freud apuntando y, con ello, analizar su origen en los procesos de sublimación de la sexualidad y en los procesos proyectivos e identificativos que caracterizan el desarrollo emocional de los seres humanos. Tal comprensión puede ayudar en la comprensión e intervención clínica con quienes se relacionan con estos objetos que ocupan un lugar central en sus formas de ser y estar en el mundo, así como con el área de Psicología de la Religión en sus investigaciones.
ABSTRACT Perhaps, man is the unique entity to have and establish relationships with certain 'objects' that go beyond their material reality, transcending it to designate another reality beyond the physical. Among them, we could characterize as 'Transcendent Objects' (e.g. God, par excellence, such as the Devil and other entities belonging to this universe, whether subject to acceptance, aversion or rejection) those responsible for constituting the basis for developing feelings and religious ideas, and they can also be understood (in their origin, sense and function) from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Therefore, delimiting our proposal of analysis, this article aimed to analyze such objects from the point of view of Sigmund Freud, thus, analyzing their origin in the processes of sublimation of sexuality and in the projective and identification processes that characterize the emotional development of the human being. Such understanding can assist in clinical intervention of cases where there is a personal relationship or a centrality of these objects in personal experiences, as well as with the area of psychology of religion in its investigations.
Subject(s)
Religion , Knowledge , Freudian Theory , Psychoanalysis , Sexuality/psychology , Culture , Defense Mechanisms , Comprehension , Father-Child Relations , MoraleABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi refletir sobre os efeitos da não adesão ao tratamento para a equipe de saúde e sobre as ações/reações da equipe que podem causar a não adesão ao tratamento. A amostra foi composta por 10 profissionais de saúde. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada. O material coletado foi submetido à análise temática, e discussão foi baseada na psicanálise. Como resultado, verificou-se que os profissionais relacionaram a não adesão às carências percebidas nos pacientes. Também foi identificada a presença de um ciclo de encaminhamentos, o qual, por vezes, significava uma tentativa de eliminar um incômodo (a não adesão), mas, em contrapartida, o causava. Verificou-se também a presença de confusão entre cuidado e controle, produzindo relações permeadas por desconfiança, verificação e correção. Percebeu-se, ainda, relação entre não adesão e frustração, seja porque o tratamento é insuficiente para evitar o sofrimento do paciente, seja pelo desconforto advindo da não cooperação do paciente. Ao final, como efeitos para a equipe, evidenciou-se a presença de profissionais envolvidos por um discurso de frustração, desvalorização e impotência. Como efeitos da equipe, verificou-se que profissionais também podem produzir aquilo de que se queixam, pelos lugares subjetivos que delineiam e cristalizam. A partir disso, problematiza-se o sentido que a não adesão pode assumir, e é importante considerá-la como um sinal que pode revelar os percalços (e as possíveis resoluções) do contrato relacional entre paciente e equipe.(AU)
The objective of this study was to reflect about the effects of non-adherence to the treatment for the health team and about the actions/reactions of the team that may can cause the non-adherence to the treatment. The sample consisted of 10 health professionals. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview. The material collected was submitted to thematic analysis, and the discussion was based on psychoanalysis. As a result, it was verified that the professionals related non-adherence to needs perceived on patients. The presence of a referral cycle was also identified, which, sometimes, meant an attempt to eliminate a nuisance (the non-adherence) but, instead, caused it. It was also verified the presence of confusion between care and control, producing relations permeated by distrust, verification, and correction. The link between non-adherence and frustration was also observed, either due to the treatment being insufficient to avoid the suffering of the patient; or by the discomfort from the non-cooperation of the patient. At the end, as effects for the team, professionals involved by a discourse of frustration, devaluation, and impotence were evidenced. As effects of the team, it has been found that professionals can also produce what they complain about, by the subjective places that were delineate and crystallize. Thus, we problematize the meaning non-adherence may assume, and considering it a signal that can reveal the mishaps (and possible resolutions) of the relational contract between patient and team is important.(AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue reflexionar sobre los efectos de la no adherencia al tratamiento para el equipo de salud y sobre las acciones/reacciones del equipo que pueden causar la no adherencia al tratamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez profesionales de la salud. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue una entrevista semiestructurada. El material recolectado fue sometido a análisis temático, y se utilizó el psicoanálisis para discutir el material. El resultado constató que los profesionales entendieron la no adherencia como una carencia/necesidad de los pacientes. También se identificó la presencia de un ciclo de derivación, que a veces significó un intento de eliminar una molestia (falta de adherencia), pero que puede generar el problema. También se verificó la presencia de confusión entre cuidado y control, produciendo relaciones permeadas de desconfianza, verificación y corrección. También se observó el vínculo entre la no adherencia y la frustración, ya sea porque el tratamiento es insuficiente para evitar el sufrimiento del paciente o por la incomodidad que produce la falta de cooperación del paciente. Al final, como efectos para el equipo, se evidenciaron profesionales envueltos por la frustración, la devaluación y la impotencia. Como efectos del equipo, se constató que los profesionales también pueden producir lo que quejan desde los lugares subjetivos que fueron delineados y cristalizados. Así se discute el sentido que puede asumir la no adherencia, y es importante considerarla como señal de los percances (y posibles resoluciones) del contrato relacional entre paciente y equipo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Patient Care Team , Health Personnel , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Orientation , Pain , Pathology , Patients , Pharmacology , Poverty , Psychoanalysis , Psychology , Psychotherapy , Social Isolation , Behavior , Burnout, Professional , Family , Nursing , Physical Therapy Modalities , Domestic Violence , Disease Progression , Life , Cultural Deprivation , Death , Defense Mechanisms , Diabetes Mellitus , Diagnosis , Diet , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Economics , Education , Nutritional Sciences , Medication Adherence , Sadness , Respect , Psychosocial Intervention , Hospitalization , Anemia, Sickle Cell , Life Style , Negativism , ObesityABSTRACT
Background: Scorpions are arachnids that have a generalist diet, which use venom to subdue their prey. The study of their trophic ecology and capture behavior is still limited compared to other organisms, and aspects such as trophic specialization in this group have been little explored. Methods: In order to determine the relationship between feeding behavior and venom toxicity in the scorpion species Tityus fuhrmanni, 33 specimens were offered prey with different morphologies and defense mechanisms: spiders, cockroaches and crickets. In each of the experiments we recorded the following aspects: acceptance rate, immobilization time and the number of capture attempts. The median lethal dose of T. fuhrmanni venom against the three different types of prey was also evaluated. Results: We found that this species does not have a marked difference in acceptance for any of the evaluated prey, but the number of capture attempts of spiders is higher when compared to the other types of prey. The immobilization time is shorter in spiders compared to other prey and the LD50 was higher for cockroaches. Conclusions: These results indicate that T. fuhrmanni is a scorpion with a generalist diet, has a venom with a different potency among prey and is capable of discriminating between prey types and employing distinct strategies to subdue them.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Predatory Behavior , Scorpions , Toxicity , Feeding Behavior , Food Chain , Defense Mechanisms , Lethal Dose 50ABSTRACT
Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender, a partir da psicanálise, as moções afetivas tramadas no interior de nosso corpo social que tornaram possível a adesão massiva ao discurso conservador no pleito presidencial de 2018. Apoiando-nos em estudos sobre a psicologia de massas, em autores do pensamento social brasileiro e em pesquisas sobre os recentes acontecimentos do país, concluímos que a instabilidade política, econômica e moral ocorrida sobretudo a partir de 2013 e 2014, provocou um significativo solapamento das representações que garantiam uma mínima estabilidade à coletividade. Rondado pelo desamparo, mecanismos defensivos mais regressivos passaram a ser adotados no interior deste corpo social, dividindo-o internamente em dois extremos antagônicos, processo que lhe conferiu uma configuração polarizada. Esse cenário de cisão interna propiciou a emergência de discursos paranoides que seduziram grande parcela da população ao oferecer respostas assentadas em elementos persecutórios que circulavam no interior da massa, sustentando um discurso assentado no ódio direcionado ao polo inimigo.(AU)
This study aims to understand, from a psychoanalytic point of view, the affective motions established in our social body that made possible a massive adherence to conservative speech in the 2018 presidential elections. Based on group psychology studies, on Brazilian social though authors, and research on recent events in the country, we concluded that political, moral, and economic instability ocurred mainly from the years 2013 and 2014 significantly undermined the representations that guaranteed minimal stability to the community. Facing helplessness, more regressive defense mechanisms acted within our social body, splitting it into two antagonistic extremes, that polarized it. This context of internal rupture was propitious for the emergence of paranoid discourses that seduced a large portion of the population by offering answers based on persecutory elements already considered among the masses, sustaining a hate speech directed at the enemy side.(AU)
Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender, desde un punto de vista psicoanalítico, las mociones afectivas tramadas en el interior de nuestro cuerpo social que hicieron posible la adhesión masiva al discurso conservador en las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 en Brasil. Con base en estudios sobre la psicología de grupos, en autores del pensamiento social brasileño y en investigaciones sobre los recientes acontecimientos del país, se concluye que la inestabilidad política, económica y moral que había ocurrido, sobre todo, a partir de los años 2013 y 2014, provocó un importante solapamiento de las representaciones que le garantizaban a la comunidad una mínima estabilidad. Con el desamparo, los mecanismos defensivos más regresivos pasaron a ser adoptados en el interior de este cuerpo social, dividiéndolo internamente en dos extremos antagónicos, proceso que le confirió una configuración polarizada. Este contexto de cisión interna propició el surgimiento de discursos paranoides que sedujeron gran parte de la población brasileña al ofrecerle respuestas basadas en elementos persecutorios que circulaban en su interior, sosteniendo un discurso de odio dirigido hacia el polo enemigo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Politics , Psychoanalysis , Brazil , Culture , Population , Psychology , Defense Mechanisms , Hate , MoraleABSTRACT
As estratégias de mediação, para a psicodinâmica do trabalho, compreendem as estratégias de defesa e as de enfrentamento empregadas pelo trabalhador para mediar o sofrimento laboral. Este estudo visa compreender essas estratégias utilizadas por trabalhadores que executam as políticas públicas sobre drogas no eixo cuidado, em uma cidade do sul do Rio Grande do Sul. De abordagem qualitativa, este estudo é transversal e descritivo, e contou com duas etapas: entrevista individual e questionário sociodemográfico com 20 trabalhadores; e grupo focal com sete participantes no primeiro encontro e outros quatro no segundo. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. A priori, foram definidas as categorias estratégias de defesa e estratégias de enfrentamento. Na primeira, as subcategorias encontradas foram: racionalização; negação; desinvestimento afetivo e cognitivo; e isolamento. Na segunda, destacaram-se a transgressão, revoluções moleculares, busca por capacitação e busca por diálogo. Identificou-se a necessidade de espaços de trocas entre o coletivo de trabalhadores. Espera-se subsidiar discussões sobre o funcionamento dos serviços e seu impacto na vida dos trabalhadores, visando promover a saúde mental
Mediation strategies for the psychodynamics of work include not the defense strategies but also confrontation ones, which workers use to mediate labor suffering. This research aims to understand the strategies employed by workers who implement public drug policies on care services in a southern municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This cross-sectional and descriptive study adopted a qualitative approach in two stages: individual interviews and sociodemographic questionnaire with 20 workers; and focal group sessions with seven participants in our first meeting and four, in the second one. To analyze the data, we resorted to Bardin's analysis of content. We defined categories as a priori defense and confrontation strategies. In the first category, we found subcategories such as rationalization, nonacceptance, lack of emotional and cognitive investment, and isolation. In the second category, we highlight the following subcategories: transgression, molecular revolutions, search for training, and quest for dialogue. We also found the need for exchange spaces between workers. We expect to subside discussions about the functioning of services and their impact on workers' lives, aiming to promote mental health
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Burnout, Professional , Adaptation, Psychological , Defense Mechanisms , Drug Users , Occupational Groups , Qualitative Research , Health PolicyABSTRACT
Introdução: A capacidade de enfrentamento de situações adversas, que é definida como resiliência, auxilia o paciente a superar as dificuldades do tratamento. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que avaliam a resiliência em pacientes com câncer que realizam quimioterapia ambulatorial. Objetivo: Avaliar a resiliência de pacientes com câncer em tratamento quimioterápico ambulatorial e verificar a correlação com os mecanismos de defesa, sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade. Método: Estudo observacional, de correlação e prospectivo, com pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer, de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, alfabetizados e em início de tratamento com quimioterapia ambulatorial. Os seguintes instrumentos foram aplicados no primeiro dia de tratamento quimioterápico e após 30 a 45 dias: Escala de Resiliência, Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck. Resultados: Um total de 55 participantes foi incluído, sendo 32 (58%) do sexo feminino, com média e desvio-padrão (DP) de idade de 54,1 (DP=12,2) anos. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram câncer colorretal, 15 (27%) e câncer de mama, 12 (22%). Observou-se correlação negativa significativa entre sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade com os níveis de resiliência tanto na primeira (p<0,001) como na segunda avaliação (p<0,05). Os mecanismos de defesa maduros (humor e racionalização) apresentaram correlação positiva significativa e os imaturos (atuação e cisão) demonstraram correlação negativa. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmaram que a maior capacidade de resiliência se correlaciona com o uso de mecanismos de defesa adaptativos e com menores níveis de sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade em pacientes durante a quimioterapia ambulatorial
Introduction: The ability to cope with adverse situations, defined as resilience, helps patients to overcome difficulties in their treatment. However, there are still few studies assessing resilience in cancer patients undergoing outpatient chemotherapy. Objective: To assess resilience in cancer patients undergoing outpatient chemotherapy and to verify its correlation with defense mechanisms, as well as with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Method: Observational, correlational and prospective study with patients of both sexes, diagnosed with cancer, over 18 years old, literate and beginning treatment with outpatient chemotherapy. The following instruments were applied on the first day of chemotherapy treatment and then again after 30 to 45 days: Resilience Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), Beck's Depression Inventory and Beck's Anxiety Inventory. Results: A total of 55 participants were included in the study, 32 (58%) of which were female, with an average age and standard deviation (SD) of 54.1 (SD=12.2) years. The most frequent diagnoses were colorectal cancer, 15 (27%) and breast cancer, 12 (22%). There was a significant negative correlation between symptoms of depression or anxiety and resilience levels both in the first (p<0.001) and in the second evaluation (p<0.05). Mature defense mechanisms (mood and rationalization) showed a significant positive correlation with resilience, while immature ones (performance and split) showed a negative correlation. Conclusion: The results confirmed that a greater capacity for resilience correlates with the use of adaptive defense mechanisms and with lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients while receiving outpatient chemotherapy
Introducción: La capacidad de afrontar situaciones adversas, que se define como resiliencia, ayuda al paciente a superar las dificultades del tratamiento. Sin embargo, todavía hay pocos estudios que evalúen la resiliencia en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia ambulatoria. Objetivo: Evaluar la resiliencia de los pacientes oncológicos sometidos a quimioterapia ambulatoria y verificar la correlación con los mecanismos de defensa y con síntomas depresivos o de ansiedad. Método: Estudio observacional, correlacional y prospectivo con pacientes de ambos sexos, diagnosticados con cáncer, mayores de 18 años, alfabetizados e iniciando tratamiento con quimioterapia ambulatoria. Los siguientes instrumentos se aplicaron el primer día de tratamiento de quimioterapia y otra vez después de 30 a 45 días: Escala de resiliencia, Cuestionario de estilo de defensa (DSQ-40), Inventario de depresión de Beck e Inventario de ansiedad de Beck. Resultados:Se incluyeron 55 participantes en la investigación, 32 (58%) de los cuales eran mujeres, con una edad promedio y desviación estándar (DE) de 54,1 (DE=12,2) años. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron cáncer colorrectal, 15 (27%) y cáncer de mama, 12 (22%). Se encontró una correlación negativa significativa entre síntomas depresivos o de ansiedad y los niveles de resiliencia tanto en la primera (p<0,001) como en la segunda evaluación (p<0,05). Los mecanismos de defensa maduros (estado de ánimo y racionalización) mostraron una correlación positiva significativa y los inmaduros (rendimiento y división) mostraron una correlación negativa. Conclusión: Los resultados confirmaron que una mayor capacidad de resiliencia se correlaciona con el uso de mecanismos de defensa adaptativos y con menores niveles de síntomas depresivos y ansiedad en pacientes durante la quimioterapia ambulatoria
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Defense Mechanisms , Drug Therapy , Resilience, Psychological , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
RESUMO: Introdução: O gênero Candida possui alta taxa de incidência no ser humano, sendo a espécie Candida albicans a mais isolada em infecções invasivas e superficiais. Porém, tem sido relatado um aumento considerável de espécies de Candidanão-albicans em infecções fúngicas. Os óleos essenciais, por serem voláteis, podem agir como sinais de comunicação química e arma de defesa. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia, in vitro, dos óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum e Eu-calyptus globulus na inibição do crescimento de espécies de Candida não-albicans. Métodos: Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica de S. aromaticum e de E. globulus e do efeito dos seus óleos essenciais sobre a micromorfologia das espécies Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis e Candida glabrata, foram empregadas, nesta ordem, a técnica de difusão em ágar e de microcultivo para leveduras. Resultados: Na técnica de difusão, o óleo essencial de S. aromaticum apresentou for-mação de halo de inibição para Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis e Candida glabrata. O óleo de E. globulus, por sua vez, não apresentou crescimento de halos de inibição em nenhuma das concentrações testadas frente às três espécies de Candida não-albicans. Todavia, com o microcultivo, ambos os óleos essenciais se provaram, in vitro, eficazes antimi-crobianos tendo apresentado estruturas indicativas de atividade antifúngica na maior concentração dos óleos e diferentes graus de destruição celular nas demais concentrações. Conclusão: Nas condições deste estudo, concluiu-se que os pro-dutos avaliados exerceram atividade antifúngica contra cepas de Candida não-albicans, destacando-se o óleo essencial de S. aromaticum que apresentou atividade antimicrobiana em ambas as metodologias. (AU)
ABSTRACT: Introduction: The genus Candida possesses a high incidence of infection in humans, with the Candida albicans species being the most isolated in invasive and superficial infections. However, a considerable increase in non-albicans Candidaspecies has been reported in fungal infections. Essential oils, for being volatile, can act as chemical communication sig-nals and defense mechanisms. Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness, in vitro, of the essential oils of Syzygium aromati-cum and Eucalyptus globulus in inhibiting the growth of non-albicans Candida species. Methods: To evaluate the antifun-gal activity of S. aromaticum and E. globulus and the effect of their essential oils on the micromorphology of the species Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata, in this order, the agar diffusion technique and microculture for yeasts. Results: In the diffusion technique, the essential oil of S. aromaticum presented an inhibition halo for Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata. E. globulus oil, on the other hand, did not show inhibition halo growth in any of the concentrations tested against the three non-albicans Candida species. However, in the microculture, both essential oils have proven to be effective antimicrobials having shown structures indicative of antifungal activity in the highest concentration and different degrees of cell destruction in the other concentrations. Conclusion: In the conditions of this study, it was concluded that the products evaluated exerted antifungal activity against non-albicans Candidastrains, highlighting the essential oil of S. aromaticum that showed antimicrobial activity in both methodologies. (AU)
Subject(s)
Candida , Syzygium , Candida glabrata , Defense Mechanisms , Eucalyptus , Mycoses , Antifungal AgentsABSTRACT
Introducción. La COVID-19 es la enfermedad causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes presentan síntomas leves o moderados, un 5 por ciento desarrolla un síndrome respiratorio severo. Conocer la dinámica de la respuesta inmune en la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es esencial para el manejo adecuado de los pacientes. Objetivo. Describir los elementos esenciales de la dinámica de la respuesta inmune a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura actualizada en bases de datos bibliográficas. Se consultaron 40 publicaciones. Se analizó la calidad y fiabilidad de los artículos seleccionados. Análisis e integración de la información: Durante los momentos iniciales de la respuesta inmune al SARS-CoV-2 predominan mecanismos innatos de defensa encaminados a eliminar el virus e impedir el avance de la enfermedad hacia la severidad. Si el sistema inmune no logra erradicar el virus ocurre una desregulación inmune que produce un daño importante por inflamación tisular. La inmunoterapia debe enfocarse en estimular la primera etapa (protectora) y suprimir la segunda. Una respuesta inmune adecuada es vital en el enfrentamiento a las infecciones por coronavirus. Conclusiones. La dinámica de la respuesta antiviral en los infectados por SARS-CoV-2 es uno de los elementos esenciales que condicionan la severidad de la enfermedad. La aparición de la tormenta de citocinas, producto de una desregulación inmune, se ha presentado como causa primaria del síndrome respiratorio severo observado en estos pacientes. Un mayor conocimiento de los mecanismos inmunopatogénicos es imprescindible para el desarrollo de medicamentos con alta eficacia.(AU)
Introduction: COVID-19 is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Though most patients present mild or moderate symptoms, 5 percent develop severe respiratory syndrome. Awareness of the dynamics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for the appropriate management of patients. Objective: Describe the essential elements of the dynamics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A review was conducted of updated literature contained in bibliographic databases. A total 40 publications were consulted. An analysis was performed of the quality and reliability of the papers selected. Data analysis and integration: In the initial stage of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 there is a predominance of innate defense mechanisms aimed at eliminating the virus and preventing the progress of the disease toward severity. If the immune system fails to eradicate the virus, immune dysregulation will occur and considerable damage will result from tissue inflammation. Immunotherapy should focus on stimulating the first (protective) stage and delete the second. An appropriate immune response is vital in the combat against coronavirus infections. Conclusions: The dynamics of the antiviral response in SARS-CoV-2 patients are essential elements conditioning the severity of the disease. Occurrence of the cytokine storm resulting from immune dysregulation has been cited as the primary cause of the severe respiratory syndrome developing in these patients. Better knowledge about the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved is indispensable to develop highly efficient drugs(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Antiviral Agents , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Coronavirus Infections , Defense Mechanisms , Cytokine Release Syndrome , Immune SystemABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: contemporary psychodynamic therapy research supports combining clinical judgment with empirical evidences. Recent studies suggest that systematically analyzing single cases may contribute to such efforts. Also, current criteria for evidence-based case studies recommend different perspectives on therapeutic process and outcome, such as therapist's and external judges' ratings. Finally, client's dropout conforms a challenge for psychotherapy research. AIMS & METHODS: as part of a SPR Small Research Grant, this study analyzed and compared the psychodynamic profile proposed both by therapist and two external judges, for the same case of early dropout from focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, consisting of two diagnostic interviews and five subsequent sessions, in a patient with an emotional disorder. Being blind to the rating process of the counterpart, Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2) was used by therapist and judges to generate a psychodynamic profile including five therapeutic foci. External judges rating was achieved through consensus, following CQR's guidelines. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: similarities and differences among therapist's and judges' psychodynamic profiles were found. Result's contributions to the understanding of case's early dropout are discussed, along with OPD-2's usefulness for psychodynamic practice-oriented research.(AU)
Subject(s)
Refusal to Treat , Defense Mechanisms , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Judgment , MethodsABSTRACT
Este estudo analisou as vivências de prazer-sofrimento dos policiais militares de um batalhão da região Norte e como estas influem na execução de suas atividades. Os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos procederam da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Foram realizados seis encontros em grupo com a participação de 17 policiais, sendo 14 homens e três mulheres. As temáticas investigadas foram divididas em cinco eixos: condições precárias de trabalho; perfil do policial; reconhecimento dos pares, superiores e sociedade; prazer-sofrimento no trabalho; e defesas contra o sofrimento, interpretados a partir da análise temática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade. Percebeu-se que a organização de trabalho desempenha papel importante nas vivências de prazer-sofrimento e que cooperação, reconhecimento, precarização, burocracia e os paradoxos da atividade policial interferem diretamente nesta dinâmica. O uso de estratégias defensivas, como a ironia e o humor, é responsável pela dicotomia entre ter que suportar o real no trabalho e não verbalizar o sofrimento, evidenciando alguns dos importantes paradigmas presentes na atividade militar estudada.
This study analyzed the experiences of pleasure-suffering of a Military Police Battalion from the Northern Region and how they influence the execution of their activities. The theoretical-methodological assumptions adopted were the Psychodynamics of Work. Six group meetings were held with the participation of seventeen policemen: fourteen men and three women. The investigated thematics were divided into five axes, namely: precarious working conditions; profiles of the police officers; acknowledgment among peers, superiors and society; pleasure-suffering at work; and defenses against suffering, according to thematic analysis. This project was approved by the university's Research Ethics Committee. The work organization played an important role in the pleasure-suffering experiences, and cooperation, recognition, precariousness, bureaucracy and paradoxes of the police activity directly interfere in this dynamic. The use of defensive mechanisms such as irony and humor is responsible for the dichotomy between having to endure reality at work and as a means to not verbalize suffering, showing some of the important paradigms present in the military activity studied.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Police/psychology , Occupational Risks , Defense Mechanisms , Pleasure , Psychological DistressABSTRACT
Se describe la situación global de las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 y los cuadros clínicos de COVID-19. Se presentan datos epidemiológicos de Centro América y de Guatemala, para ejemplificar algunos factores de riesgo de infección y morbilidad. Se revisa la función y estructura del sistema respiratorio, sus mecanismos de defensa innata -captura y remoción de agentes extraños, reconocimiento e inactivación de agentes potencialmente nocivos, reparación del daño y prevención de futuras incursiones por agentes identificados-, los de defensa adaptativa en las vías respiratorias y el microbioma. Se describen los tejidos linfoides nasal y bronquio-alveolar y la contribución de citoquinas, células especializadas y anticuerpos del tipo IgA secretoria a la protección antiviral, a la respuesta inflamatoria asociada a la infección y a la reparación del daño tisular. Se discuten las interacciones de SARS-CoV-2 con los mecanismos de defensa. Se presentan consideraciones para las medidas preventivas de infecciones, incluyendo la aplicación de vacunas, y para evitar enfermedad severa.
The global situation of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the clinical picture of COVID-19 are described. Epidemiological data from Central America and Guatemala are presented to exemplify some risk factors for infection and morbidity. The function and structure of the respiratory system and its innate defense mechanisms - capture and removal of foreign agents, recognition and inactivation of potentially harmful agents, repair of damage, and prevention of future incursions by identified agents are reviewed, as are those of the adaptive defense in the airways and of the respiratory microbiome. The nasal and bronchioalveolar lymphoid tissues are described. The contributions of cytokines, of specialized cells and of secretory IgA-type antibodies to antiviral protection, to the inflammatory response associated with infection, and to the repair of tissue damage are explained. SARS-CoV-2 interactions with defense mechanisms are discussed. Considerations are presented for the preventive measures of infections, including the application of vaccines, and those designed to avoid severe disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory System , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/prevention & control , Antiviral Agents , Morbidity , Defense Mechanisms , Adenovirus Vaccines , AntibodiesABSTRACT
O presente trabalho objetiva analisar a etiologia das neuroses em Freud e Winnicott. Para tanto, parte das principais considerações sobre os mecanismos de defesa, o recalque, a sexualidade, o complexo edípico e o conflito psíquico na psicanálise clássica freudiana, para depois propor uma nova etiologia a partir da teoria das relações objetais em Donald W. Winnicott. Os autores não consideram apenas o conflito vivido em termos da dinâmica psíquica, mas aquele vivido na dinâmica mãe-bebê, principalmente a partir dos polos opostos entre o amor e o ódio na travessia do concernimento (posição depressiva). Os autores defendem um manejo clínico de pacientes com sofrimento psíquico neurótico a partir da psicanálise transmatricial, propondo, concomitantemente à associação livre, o uso da regressão à dependência a fases primitivas de falhas ambientais (AU)
This paper aims to analyze the etiology of the neuroses in Freud and Winnicott. In order to do so, the authors build upon the main considerations on defense mechanisms, repression, sexuality, the oedipal complex, and the psychic conflict in Freudian psychoanalysis. Then they propose a new etiology based on Donald W. Winnicott's object relations theory. The authors do not only consider the conflict experienced in terms of psychic dynamics, but also the conflict experienced in the mother-baby dynamics, particularly in regards to the opposition between love and hate in the development of concern (depressive position). The authors stand for the clinical management of patients with neurotic psychic suffering based on transmatricial psychoanalysis, proposing, along with free association, the use of regression to dependence on primitive phases of environmental failures (AU)
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la etiología de las neurosis en Freud y Winnicott. Para ello, parte de las principales consideraciones sobre los mecanismos de defensa, la represión, la sexualidad, el complejo edípico y el conflicto psíquico en el psicoanálisis freudiano, para proponer una nueva etiología a partir de la teoría de las relaciones objetivas en Donald W. Winnicott. Los autores no sólo consideran el conflicto vivido en términos de la dinámica psíquica, sino el conflicto vivido en la dinámica madre-bebé, principalmente a partir de los polos opuestos entre el amor y el odio en la travesía de la concernimiento (posición depresiva). Los autores defienden un manejo clínico de pacientes con sufrimiento psíquico neurótico a partir del psicoanálisis transmatricial, proponiendo junto a la asociación libre, el uso de la regresión a la dependencia a fases primitivas de fallas ambientales (AU)
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/psychology , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Sexuality/psychology , Defense MechanismsABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives To compare health-related quality of life (QoL) of medical students in initial and final phases of the program, and to evaluate the association between ego defense mechanisms and specific health-related QoL domains within each group. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional study. Quality of life was assessed according to the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument - Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-Bref); anxiety and depression symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) Results A total of 139 medical students were evaluated. Students in the initial semesters of the program (1st and 3rd) presented more depressive symptoms and worse quality of life in the psychological domain of WHOQOL-Bref when compared to those in the final semesters (8th and 12th). In a later analysis, conducted to identify the variables associated with the psychological domain of the WHOQOL-Bref for each group, both depressive symptoms and defense mechanisms were independently associated with the outcome for medical students in the beginning and in the end of the graduation program. Conclusions Students in the initial phases of medical school may need more specific attention from educational managers. Understanding the role of ego defense mechanisms in the quality of life of medical students may help identify effective psychopedagogical interventions for this population. In addition, the results reinforce the impact of depressive symptoms on quality of life, an association already well evidenced in the literature.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Quality of Life/psychology , Students, Medical/psychology , Defense Mechanisms , Depression/psychology , Time Factors , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a challenging disease in terms of remission rates and treatment approaches. All theoretical approaches are needed for a better understanding. Compared to other theories, it has not been examined sufficiently from the perspective of gestalt theory in the literature. Objective To examine and compare the Gestalt Contact Styles of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the Control Group and to examine the relationship between Gestalt Contact Styles and OCD symptoms. Methods 50 OCD patients were compared with the healthy control group. All patients were evaluated with the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Padua Inventory (PI), and the Gestalt Contact Styles Scale-Revised Form (GCSS-RF). For the control group, GCSS-RF was applied. Results The scores of the OCD patients for GCSS-RF "Retroflection" and "Deflection" subscales were significantly higher than the Control Group. Statistically significant high scores were found between the subscales of Padua Inventory "contamination obsessions and washing compulsions", "obsessional thoughts", "obsessional impulses" and "checking compulsions" subtypes and Gestalt contact styles in the Patient Group in a symptomatological examined manner. With these findings, in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles, it is seen that the difference between Patient and Control Groups is significantly different. There was no significant relationship between the Yale-Brown total score of the Patient Group and the GCSS-RF subscales. Discussion In conclusion, the findings of the study showed significant differences in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles (Retroflection, Contact, Deflection, Desensitization, Confluence) in Patient and Control Groups and OCD symptoms. These results are important to Gestalt Therapists in terms of shedding light on the therapeutic intervention to be done for an OCD patient and contributing to the literature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Communication , Gestalt Theory , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Personality Inventory , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Statistics, Nonparametric , Defense Mechanisms , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/therapyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between defence mechanisms and pathological personality traits. Material and methods: We analysed 320 participants aged from 18 to 64 years (70.6% women, 87.5% university students) who completed the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP) and the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). We conducted comparisons and correlations and a regression analysis. Results: The results showed expressive differences (d>1.0) between mature, neurotic and immature defence mechanism groups, and it was observed that pathological personality traits are more typical in people who use less mature defence mechanisms (i.e., neurotic and immature), which comprises marked personality profiles for each group, according to the IDCP. We also found correlations between some of the 40 specific mechanisms of the DSQ-40 and the 12 dimensions of pathological personality traits from the IDCP (r ≥ 0.30 to r ≤ 0.43), partially supported by the literature. In addition, we used regression analysis to verify the potential of the IDCP dimension clusters (related to personality disorders) to predict defence mechanisms, revealing some minimally expressive predictive values (between 20% and 35%). Discussion: The results indicate that those who tend to use immature defence mechanisms are also those most likely to present pathological personality traits. Conclusions: The findings indicate the importance of investigating these correlations as a possible improvement to clinical assessment and intervention.
RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación entre los mecanismos de defensa y los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad. Material y métodos: Se analizó a 320 participantes de 18 a 64 años (el 70,6% mujeres y el 87,5% Autoevaluación estudiantes universitarios) que respondieron al Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad (IDCP) y el Cuestionario de Estilo Defensivo (DSQ-40). Se hicieron comparaciones, correlaciones y análisis de regresión. Resultados: Aparecieron diferencias expresivas (d > 1,0) entre grupos de mecanismos de defensa maduros, neuróticos e inmaduros, y se observó que los rasgos de personalidad patológicos son más típicos de personas que usan mecanismos de defensa menos maduros (es decir, neuróticos e inmaduros), lo cual comprende perfiles de personalidad marcados para estos grupos, según el IDCP. También se hallaron correlaciones entre algunos de los 40 mecanismos específicos del DSQ-40 y las 12 dimensiones de los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad del IDCP (r ≥ 0,30 a r ≤ 0,43), parcialmente respaldados en la literatura. Además, se usó el análisis de regresión para buscar el potencial de los clusters de las dimensiones del IDCP (relacionados con los trastornos de personalidad) para predecir los mecanismos de defensa, lo cual reveló algunos valores predictivos mínimamente expresivos (entre el 20 y el 35%). Discusión: Los resultados indican que quienes tienden a utilizar mecanismos de defensa inmaduros son también los que tienen más probabilidades de presentar rasgos de personalidad patológicos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos señalan la relevancia de investigar estas relaciones como una posible mejora en la evaluación y la intervención clínica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Personality , Personality Disorders , Defense Mechanisms , Personality Inventory , Self-Assessment , Surveys and Questionnaires , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
El presente artículo toma como objeto al olvido y su retorno. Para mayores precisiones: al olvido que fracasa, filtra, deja pasar por alguna hendija un residuo del material que se intenta desterrar. En las siguientes páginas daremos cuenta de esa dialéctica, así como del valor de señuelo de aquel material que insiste sin ser exactamente lo buscado. Se expondrá de qué manera dicha dialéctica, paradójicamente, esconde e indica un texto, y provoca en el soñante una profunda sensación de intriga que da surgimiento al deseo del saber posibilitando, en ocasiones, el inicio del trabajo analítico. Para concluir distinguiremos este deseo nacido bajo transferencia de la manifestación del deseo de saber, que desafía el afecto característico de las neurosis: el horror al saber
The present article takes as an object the oblivion and its return. For more precisions: to the oblivion that fails, the one that filters, the one that lets pass through some cleft a residue of the material that is trying to banish. In the following pages we will talk about that dialectic, as well as the decoy value of that material that insists without being exactly what is searched. It will be explained how that dialectic, paradoxically, hides and indicates a text, and provokes in the dreamer a deep sense of intrigue that gives rise to the desire for knowledge, making possible, at times, the beginning of analytical work. To conclude, we will distinguish this desire born under the transfer of the manifestation of the desire to know, which challenges the characteristic affection of neuroses: the horror of knowledge
Subject(s)
Humans , Signs and Symptoms , Neurotic Disorders , Mental Recall , Defense Mechanisms , DreamsABSTRACT
O artigo tem como objetivo identificar por que, de acordo com Freud, a transferência de pacientes psicóticos é inadequada para a clínica analítica. Descobrimos que essa afirmativa tem relação com o mecanismo de defesa empregado pelo psicótico que, diante de uma frustração, ao invés de recalcar, rechaça uma representação da consciência, e retorna a libido dessa representação de volta ao próprio ego, em pontos de fixação autoeróticos ou narcísicos. Depositada no Eu, a libido que se direciona para o mundo externo se tornou escassa, diminuindo a capacidade transferencial com o analista. Na esquizofrenia, Freud percebeu uma transferência insuficiente; na paranoia, de manejo impossível. Por conta disso, Freud não recomenda a psicanálise para tratar psicóticos, porque a análise se encerra precocemente, ou não apresenta ganhos terapêuticos. Não obstante, o autor deixa um grande alicerce teórico sobre as psicoses, e delega à posterioridade a responsabilidade de elaborar uma forma de tratamento
Cet article a le but d' identifier la raison pour laquelle, selon Freud, le transfert des patients psychotiques est inapproprié pour la clinique analytique. Nous découvrons que cette affirmation est liée au mécanisme de défense employé par le psychotique qui, face à la frustration, au lieu de la réprimer, il rejette une représentation de la conscience et renvoie la libido de cette représentation au moi, aux points d'attachement auto-érotiques ou narcissiques. Déposée sur le Je, la libido dirigée vers le monde extérieur se raréfie, diminuant la capacité de transférer avec l'analyste. Dansla schizophrénie, Freud a remarqué un transfert insuffisant; dans la paranoïa, sa gestion est impossible. Par conséquent, Freud ne recommande pas la psychanalyse pour traiter les psychotiques, parce que l'analyse se termine trop tôt ou sans gains thérapeutiques. Cependant, l'auteur laisse une grande base théorique sur la psychose et il donne aux successeurs la responsabilité de développer une forme de traitement
The article aims to identify why, according to Freud, the transfer in psychotic patients is inappropriate for the analytical clinic. We found that this affirmation is related to the defense mechanism employed by the psychotic who, in the face of frustration, instead of repressing, rejects a representation in consciousness, and returns the libido of that representation back to the ego itself, in autoerotic or narcissistic fixation points. Deposited in the Self, the libido that is directed to the external world becomes scarce, decreasing the transference capacity with the analyst. In schizophrenia, Freud noticed an insufficient transfer; in paranoia, it is impossible to manage. Thus, Freud does not recommend psychoanalysis to treat psychotics, because the analysis ends early, or there are no therapeutic gains. Nevertheless, the author leaves a great theoretical foundation on psychoses, and delegates to his successors the responsibility of elaborating a form of treatment
Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders , Psychoanalysis , Psychotic Disorders , Schizophrenia , Therapeutics , Defense Mechanisms , Freudian TheoryABSTRACT
Analisamos, mediante revisão bibliográfica, o posicionamento de Sándor Ferenczi acerca da defesa, destacando o recalque, na teoria e na técnica psicanalítica, estabelecendo um contraponto com a obra freudiana. Evidenciamos que há estreita relação entre as tentativas clínicas - destacando a técnica ativa e a neocatarse - de contornar as limitações ao tratamento relativas aos mecanismos defensivos propostas pelo autor e sua forma de compreender o recalcamento. Por fim, formulamos uma crítica considerando as consequências das mudanças técnicas para o processo analítico: uma desvalorização da fala, o excesso de agressividade na relação transferencial e a localização do saber do lado do analista.
Partimos del análisis, mediante revisión bibliográfica, de la defensa en la obra de Ferenczi y sus implicaciones técnicas, estableciendo un contrapunto con la obra freudiana. Hay estrecha relación entre sus propuestas clínicas - con destaque para la técnica activa y la neocatarsis - en el intento de eludir las limitaciones al tratamiento relativas a los mecanismos defensivos y su forma de comprender el recalcamiento. Por último, formulamos una crítica considerando las consecuencias de los cambios técnicos para el proceso analítico: una desvalorización del discurso, el exceso de agresividad en la relación transferencial y la localización del saber del lado del analista.
We made an bibliographic review of Sándor Ferenczi's work to analyse his position about the notion of defence, with emphasis in the repression and its technical implications, establishing a counterpoint with Freud's work. We noticed that there is a strong relation between his clinical proposals - among them the active technique and the neocatarse are the most rewardable - and his understanding of repression. Finally, we reviewed the consequences of the technical changes promoted by Ferenczi: an excess of aggressiveness in the transferential relation, a devaluation of the patient's speech and overvaluation of the analyst's knowledge.