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Introduction : la transfusion sanguine est un acte thérapeutique capital dans la pratique médicale et constitue une préoccupation majeure de santé publique Objectif : identifier les facteurs associés au décès chez les patients transfusés Patients et méthode : il s'est agi d'une étude transversale descriptive et analytique à collecte de données rétrospective, menée du 1 er Janvier 2018 au 31 Juillet 2023. Etaient inclus les patients hospitalisés et ayant bénéficié d'une transfusion sanguine. Résultats : 645 patients étaient inclus sur 3639 patients hospitalisés, correspondant à un taux transfusionnel de 17,7%. L'âge moyen des patients était de 49 ± 16 ans et 66,1% étaient de sexe masculin (sex-ratio = 1,95). La transfusion sanguine était indiquée pour une hémorragie digestive dans 65,6% des cas. Les produits sanguins les plus utilisés étaient le concentré de culot globulaire et le plasma frais congelé respectivement dans 93,6% et 6,5% des cas. Le délai entre la prescription des produits sanguins et la transfusion sanguine était supérieur à 24 heures dans 46,5% des cas. Sur les 645 patients transfusés, 150 (23,2%) étaient décédés. Un délai de transfusion supérieur à 24 heures était associé au décès chez les patients transfusés.

Introduction: blood transfusion is an important therapeutic procedure in medical practice and a major public health concern Objective: identify factors associated with death in transfuses patients Patients and method: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection, conducted from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2023. Patients who were hospitalized and received a blood transfusion were included. Results: 645 patients were included out of 3639 hospitalized, corresponding to a transfusion rate of 17.7%. The mean age of the patients was 49 ± 16 years, and 66.1% were male (sex ratio = 1.95). Blood transfusion was indicated for gastro-intestinal bleeding in 65.6% of cases. The blood products most frequently used were packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma in 93.6% and 6.5% of cases respectively. The time between blood product prescription and blood transfusion was greater than 24 hours in 46.5% of cases. Of the 645 patients transfused, 150 (23.2%) died. A transfusion delay of more than 24 hours was associated with death in patients transfused. Conclusion: Blood transfusion is a frequent therapeutic procedure of vital importance in the management of gastroenterology emergencies

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Background: Moringa peregrina Forssk is a well-known plant in ethnomedicine due to its widespread uses in various diseases like cough, wound healing, rhinitis, fever, and detoxification. The plant seeds contain compounds that are cytotoxic to many cancer cells. During the therapeutic use of plants via the oral route, some compounds present in the plants may be cytotoxic to normal cell lines and red blood cells. Objective: This study was the first report of investigation of the cytotoxic profile on oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line, and hemolytic activities on human erythrocytes of Moringa peregrina seeds ethanolic extract (MPSE). Methods: MPSE was screened for its cytotoxic effect against oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The toxicity of MPSE on human erythrocytes was determined by in vitro hemolytic assay. Results: MPSE showed significant anti-proliferative activity against oral cancer, CAL 27 cell line at lower concentrations with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.03 µg/mL. At 1,000 µg/ml of MPSE, the maximum hemolysis was found to be 14.3% which is within safer limit. Conclusions: This study revealed a potential anti-oral cancer of MPSE and provided a baseline for its potential use in oral cancer treatment with minimum hemolytic effect on human RBCs.

La Moringa peregrina Forssk es una planta muy conocida en etnomedicina debido a sus usos generalizados en diversas enfermedades como la tos, la cicatrización de heridas, la rinitis, la fiebre y la desintoxicación. Las semillas de la planta contienen compuestos citotóxicos para muchas células cancerosas. Durante el uso terapéutico de las plantas por vía oral, algunos compuestos presentes en ellas pueden ser citotóxicos para las líneas celulares normales y los glóbulos rojos. Objetivo: Este estudio fue el primer informe de investigación del perfil citotóxico sobre el cáncer oral, CAL 27, línea celular, y las actividades hemolíticas en eritrocitos humanos del extracto etanólico de semillas de Moringa peregrina (MPSE). Métodos: Se examinó el efecto citotóxico del MPSE contra la línea celular de cáncer oral CAL 27 mediante el ensayo con bromuro de 3-(4, 5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2, 5,-difeniltetrazolio (MTT). La toxicidad del MPSE sobre los eritrocitos humanos se determinó mediante un ensayo hemolítico in vitro. Resultados: MPSE mostró una actividad antiproliferativa significativa contra el cáncer oral, línea celular CAL 27 a concentraciones más bajas con un valor de concentración inhibitoria media máxima (IC50) de 21,03 µg/mL. A 1.000 µg/ml de MPSE, la hemólisis máxima fue del 14,3%, lo que está dentro del límite de seguridad. Conclusiones: Este estudio reveló un potencial anticancerígeno oral de MPSE y proporcionó una base para su uso potencial en el tratamiento del cáncer oral con un efecto hemolítico mínimo en los glóbulos rojos humanos.

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A aloimunização é caracterizada pela produção de anticorpos na vigência de ex- posição a antígenos não próprios, estando mais relacionada ao sistema ABO/Rh. Contudo, infrequentemente, a doença pode surgir por meio da exposição por antí- genos de outros sistemas sanguíneos, como o sistema MNSs. O caso deste estudo relata o acompanhamento do pré-natal de uma paciente com tipagem sanguínea O+ e Coombs indireto reagente com variação de titulação ao longo das consultas, sendo evidenciada a presença de anti-M IgM por pesquisa de anticorpos antieri- trocitários irregulares, entretanto sem repercussões fetais. Com isso, no decorrer das análises bibliográficas, notou-se que o Coombs indireto (antiglobulina hu- mana anti-IgG) é capaz de reagir com as imunoglobulinas A e M, sendo, portanto, teoricamente capaz de ser positivado pelo anti-M IgM. Com isso, e devido ao fato de o fator IgM não atravessar a barreira transplacentária, não houve complicações fetais no presente caso clínico.

Alloimmunization is characterized by the production of antibodies in the presence of exposure to non-self antigens, most commonly associated with the ABO/Rh system. However, infrequently, the condition can arise from exposure to antigens from other blood systems, such as the MNSs system. This study reports the prenatal monitoring of a patient with blood type O+ and a reactive indirect Coombs test with titration variations during consultations. The presence of anti-M IgM was evidenced through irregular anti-erythrocyte antibody screening; however, no fetal repercussions were observed. Throughout the bibliographic analyses, it was observed that the indirect Coombs test (human anti-IgG globulin) is capable of reacting with immunoglobulins A and M. Therefore, it is theoretically possible to be positive due to anti-M IgM. Con- sequently, as the IgM factor does not cross the transplacental barrier, there were no fetal complications in the present clinical case.

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Thalassemia trait is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is a hemolytic anemia caused by disturbance of erythrocyte hemoglobin production caused by gene mutation or deletion. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body due to an imbalance between the demand and supply of iron. The laboratory manifestations of both are microcytic hypochromic anemia, but the treatment schemes are completely different, and it is difficult to distinguish them from the results of blood count. Erythrocyte parameters can be used to establish a formula or model to differentiate them, which can achieve the purpose of early screening, early diagnosis and early treatment,preventing the occurrence of severe anemia and providing a scientific basis for the thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia prevention. This article will review the research progress of using erythrocyte parameters to distinguish thalassemia trait with iron deficiency anemia.

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Thalassemia trait is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is a hemolytic anemia caused by disturbance of erythrocyte hemoglobin production caused by gene mutation or deletion. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body due to an imbalance between the demand and supply of iron. The laboratory manifestations of both are microcytic hypochromic anemia, but the treatment schemes are completely different, and it is difficult to distinguish them from the results of blood count. Erythrocyte parameters can be used to establish a formula or model to differentiate them, which can achieve the purpose of early screening, early diagnosis and early treatment,preventing the occurrence of severe anemia and providing a scientific basis for the thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia prevention. This article will review the research progress of using erythrocyte parameters to distinguish thalassemia trait with iron deficiency anemia.

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Abstract Hibernation is a natural condition of animals that lives in the temperate zone, although some tropical lizards also experience hibernation annually, such as the lizard native from South America, Salvator merianae, or "tegu" lizard. Even though physiological and metabolic characteristic associated with hibernation have been extensively studied, possible alterations in the red blood cells (RBC) integrity during this period remains unclear. Dehydration and fasting are natural consequences of hibernating for several months and it could be related to some cellular modifications. In this study, we investigated if the osmotic tolerance of RBCs of tegu lizard under hibernation is different from the cells obtained from animals while normal activity. Additionally, we indirectly investigated if the RBCs membrane of hibernating tegus could be associated with oxidation by quantifying oxidized biomolecules and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings suggest that RBCs are more fragile during the hibernation period, although we did not find evidence of an oxidative stress scenario associated with the accentuated fragility. Even though we did not exclude the possibility of oxidative damage during hibernation, we suggested that an increased RBCs volume as a consequence of hypoosmotic blood during hibernation could also affect RBCs integrity as noted.

Resumo A hibernação é uma condição natural dos animais que vivem na zona temperada, embora alguns lagartos tropicais também experenciem hibernação anualmente, como é o caso do lagarto nativo da América do Sul, Salvator merianae ou "teiú". Embora as características fisiológicas e metabólicas associadas à hibernação tenham sido amplamente estudadas, possíveis alterações na integridade das hemácias durante esse período ainda permanecem obscuras. A desidratação e o jejum são consequências naturais da hibernação por vários meses e podem estar relacionadas a algumas modificações celulares. Neste estudo, investigamos se a tolerância osmótica de hemácias do lagarto teiú sob hibernação são diferentes das células obtidas de animais em atividade normal. Além disso, investigamos indiretamente por meio da quantificação de biomoléculas oxidadas e da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes se a membrana das hemácias dos teiús em hibernação poderia estar associada à oxidação. Nossos resultados sugerem que as hemácias possuem maior fragilidade durante o período de hibernação, embora não tenhamos encontrado evidências de um cenário de estresse oxidativo associado à essa fragilidade acentuada. Embora não tenhamos excluído a possibilidade de dano oxidativo durante a hibernação, sugerimos que um aumento no volume das hemácias como consequência de sangue hipoosmótico durante a hibernação também poderia afetar a integridade de hemácias, tal como foi observado.

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Abstract The present research was made to determine the micronuclei and cytotoxic capacity of the antidepressant venlafaxine in an in vivo acute and subchronic assays in mouse. In the first study, we administered once 5, 50, and 250 mg/kg of the drug, and included a negative and a daunorubicin treated group. Observations were daily made during four days. The subchronic assay lasted 5 weeks with daily administration of venlafaxine (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) plus a negative and an imipramine administered groups. Observations were made each week. In the first assay results showed no micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) increase, except with the high dose at 72 h. The strongest cytotoxic effect was found with 250 mg/kg at 72 h (a 51% cytotoxic effect in comparison with the mean control level). In the subchronic assay no MNPE increase was found; however, with the highest dose a significant increase of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in the last three weeks (a mean of 51% respect to the mean control value). A cytotoxic effect with the two high doses in the last two weeks was observed (a polychromatic erythrocyte mean decrease of 52% respect to the mean control value). Results suggest caution with venlafaxine.

Resumo A presente pesquisa foi feita para determinar a capacidade micronuclei e citotóxica do antidepressivo venlafaxina em ensaios agudos e subcrônicos in vivo em camundongos. No primeiro estudo, administramos uma vez 5, 50 e 250 mg/kg do medicamento e incluímos um grupo negativo e um grupo tratado com daunorubicina. As observações foram feitas diariamente durante quatro dias. O ensaio subcrônico durou cinco semanas com administração diária de venlafaxina (1, 5, e 10 mg/kg) mais um grupo negativo e um grupo administrado de imipramina. As observações foram feitas a cada semana. No primeiro ensaio, os resultados não mostraram aumento de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (MNPE), exceto com a dose elevada a 72 h. O efeito citotóxico mais forte foi encontrado com 250 mg/kg a 72 h (um efeito citotóxico de 51% em comparação com o nível médio de controle). No ensaio subcrônico não foi encontrado aumento de MNPE; entretanto, com a dose mais alta, um aumento significativo de eritrócitos normocromáticos micronucleados foi observado nas últimas três semanas (média de 51% em relação ao valor médio de controle). Foi observado um efeito citotóxico com as duas altas doses nas últimas duas semanas (uma diminuição média de 52% em relação ao valor médio de controle dos eritrócitos policromáticos). Os resultados sugerem cautela com a venlafaxina.

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Introduction: External quality assessment is a crucial component in ensuring the quality of blood transfusion testing laboratories. Objectives: To develop a procedure for generating external quality assessment items for blood transfusion testing to evaluate participants' performance. Methods: Experimental research was conducted at Quality Control Center for Medical laboratory- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Three items, including red blood cell, serum, and atypical antibody serum samples, were assessed for homogeneity and stability; 5 assessment areas, including ABO grouping, Rh grouping, compatible cross matches, Coombs test, and screening of atypical antibodies, were utilized to evaluate the performance of 38 participants in the 2020-2021 period. Results: Red blood cell and serum samples maintained quality for a specific period at controlled temperatures, while serum samples with atypical antibodies showed stability at different temperatures. The participants demonstrated high satisfactory performance in ABO grouping, Rh grouping, Coombs test, and screening for atypical antibodies. However, the most unsatisfactory performance was reported in crossmatching, with 15 percent of participants unsatisfactory results. Conclusion: The procedure of production of proficiency testing items has been successfully developed, and its application at the national level is suggested to improve the quality of blood transfusion laboratories(AU)

Introducción: La evaluación externa de calidad es esencial para asegurar la calidad de los laboratorios de pruebas de transfusión sanguínea. Objetivos: Desarrollar un procedimiento para generar elementos de evaluación externa de calidad y evaluar el rendimiento de los participantes en pruebas de transfusión sanguínea. Métodos: Estudio experimental realizado en el Centro de Control de Calidad para Laboratorios Médicos de la Universidad de Medicina y Farmacia en la Ciudad de Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Se evaluaron muestras de glóbulos rojos, suero y suero con anticuerpos atípicos para homogeneidad y estabilidad. Se utilizaron 5 áreas de evaluación, incluida la agrupación ABO, la agrupación Rh, las coincidencias cruzadas compatibles, la prueba de Coombs y la detección de anticuerpos atípicos, para evaluar el desempeño de 38 participantes, en el período 2020-2021. Resultados: Las muestras de glóbulos rojos y suero mantuvieron la calidad durante un período específico a temperaturas controladas, mientras que las muestras de suero con anticuerpos atípicos mostraron estabilidad a diferentes temperaturas. Los participantes obtuvieron un alto rendimiento en algunas áreas, como la agrupación ABO y Rh, la prueba de Coombs y la detección de anticuerpos atípicos. Sin embargo, las pruebas de compatibilidad reportaron un rendimiento insatisfactorio en un 15 por cientode los participantes. Conclusión: El procedimiento desarrollado cumple con los criterios de calidad, y se sugiere su aplicación a nivel nacional para mejorar la calidad de los laboratorios de transfusión sanguínea(AU)

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La enfermedad de células falciformes (ECF) o anemia drepanocítica, es el trastorno hereditario más frecuente en los glóbulos rojos, y la enfermedad con más complicaciones en diferentes órganos, lo que provoca múltiples presentaciones de una misma enfermedad., se hace revisión literatura sobre ECF y colestasis intrahepática drepanocítica, y se describe un caso presentado en el Hospital General y de Especialidades Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia de Higüey Republica Dominicana en el año 2022. Es un varón de 24 años, con diagnóstico de ECF, que se complicó con una colestasis intrahepática drepanocítica muy severa que se manejó con hemodiálisis. El objetivo de publicar este caso es revisar la información respecto a la incidencia y la morbimortalidad de esta complicación, teniendo en cuenta que fue tratado por un equipo multidisciplinario usando la hemodiálisis como alternativa terapéutica(AU)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) or sickle cell anemia is the most common hereditary disorder in red blood cells, and the disease with the most complications in different organs, which causes multiple presentations of the same disease. Literature review on SCD is made and sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis,and a case presented at the Hospital General y de Especialidades Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia de Higüey in the Dominican Republic in 2022 is described. Very severe sickle cell intrahepatic disease that was managed with hemodialysis. The purpose of publishing this case is to review the information regarding the incidence and morbidity and mortality of this complication,taking into account that it was treated by a multidisciplinary team using hemodialysis as a therapeutic alternative(AU)

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The Band 3 is a red blood cell protein that carries the Dia and Dib antigens from the Diego blood system. The SLC4A1 gene encodes Band 3; Band 3 Memphis is a polymorphism of normal Band 3 and has two variants, but only the variant II carries the Dia antigen. Objectives: Describe the frequencies of the DI*A and DI*B alleles and the Band 3 Memphis among blood donors, sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and Amazonian Indians. Methods: A total of 427 blood samples were collected and separated into three groups: 206 unrelated blood donors, 90 patients with SCD and 131 Amazonian Indians. We performed DI*A/B, normal Band 3 and Band 3 Memphis genotyping, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequency of the DI*A/DI*A genotype was 0.5% in blood donors and it was not found in other groups. The frequency of the DI*A/DI*B was higher in Amazonian Indians (33.6%) and the frequency of the DI*B/DI*B was highest in blood donors (92.2%). All 105 individuals tested were positive for the presence of normal Band 3 and of these individuals, only 5/105 (4.8%) presented the Band 3 Memphis mutation. Conclusion: We observed a higher frequency of the DI*B allele in blood donors and a low frequency of the DI*A/DI*A genotype in all groups studied. The Band 3 Memphis was found in a higher frequency in the blood donor group. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing different population groups to gain a better understanding of the genetic association of blood group antigens.

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Vegetable extracts have become important raw materials for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries because of their biological potential. The objective of this study was to assess the biological activity of vegetable oils (VOs) extracted from Annona muricata and A. cherimola. Antibacterial activity was determined by plaque microdilution. The assessment of hemolytic inhibition and morphological alterations was performed in erythrocyte cultures by spectrophotometry and microscopy, respectively. Neutrophils were used to analyze both cytotoxicity by the trypan blue exclusion method and the effect on gelatinase granule release (MMP9) via zymography. Whereas VOs showed a mild antibacterial activity (900 µL/mL) on five ATCC bacterial strains, they had no effect on multi-resistant bacteria. In addition, VOs inhibited hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis and did not cause erythrocyte cell abnormalities. Cytotoxicity was not detected in neutrophils and VOs were able to stimulate MMP9 release. These results support their potential use by the food and cosmetic industries due to their antioxidant, non-cytotoxic, and slight antibacterial capacities.

Los extractos vegetales adquieren importancia en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética, por su potencial biológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar actividad biológica de los Aceites Vegetales (AV) de semillas de Annona muricata y A. cherimola. La actividad antibacteriana se determinó mediante microdilución en placa; en cultivo de eritrocitos se evaluó inhibición hemolítica por espectrofotometría y alteraciones morfológicas por recuento microscópico; en neutrófilos se evaluó citotoxicidad por método de exclusión con azul de tripán, y el efecto sobre liberación de gránulos de gelatinasa (MMP9) mediante zimografía. Los AV presentaron actividad antibacteriana leve (900 µL/mL) en cinco cepas ATCC, pero no en bacterias multirresistentes; inhibieron la hemolisis inducida por peróxido de hidrogeno; no generaron deformaciones eritrocitarias; no se evidenció citotoxicidad en neutrófilos y estimularon la liberación de MMP9. Los resultados podrían sustentar el uso potencial de estos AV en la industria alimenticia o cosmética, gracias a su capacidad antioxidante, no citotóxica y levemente antibacteriana.

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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the effects of hypoxic and hypobaric conditions on blood gas and erythrocyte-related indicators in rats.@*METHODS@#SD male rats were exposed to low-pressure hypoxic conditions simulating an altitude of 6500 m in a small or a large experimental cabin. Abdominal aortic blood samples were collected and blood gas indicators, red blood cells (RBCs) count, and hemoglobin (Hb) content were measured. The effects of exposure to different hypoxia times, different hypoxia modes, normal oxygen recovery after hypoxia, and re-hypoxia after hypoxia preconditioning on blood gas indicators, RBCs count and Hb content were investigated.@*RESULTS@#The effect of blood gas indicators was correlated with the length of exposure time of hypoxia and the reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Hypoxia caused acid-base imbalance and its severity was associated with the duration of hypoxia; hypoxia also led to an increase in RBCs count and Hb content, and the increase was also related to the time exposed to hypoxia. The effects of reoxygenation on acid-base imbalance in rats caged in a small animal cabin were more severe that those in a large experimental cabin. Acetazolamide alleviated the effects of reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Different hypoxia modes and administration of acetazolamide had little effect on RBCs count and Hb content. Normal oxygen recovery can alleviate the reoxygenation and acid-base imbalance of hypoxic rats after leaving the cabin and improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia. The improvement of hypoxia preconditioning on post hypoxia reoxygenation is not significant, but it can alleviate the acid-base imbalance caused by hypoxia in rats and to some extent improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Due to excessive ventilation and elevated RBCs count and Hb content after hypoxia reoxygenation, oxygen partial pressure and other oxygenation indicators in hypoxic rats are prone to become abnormal, while blood gas acid-base balance indicators are relatively stable, which are more suitable for evaluating the degree of hypoxia injury and related pharmacological effects in rats.

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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the role of multiple serological methods in the identification of complex antibodies.@*METHODS@#The blood group antigens were detected by saline and microcolumn agglutination methods. The saline method was used to screen and identify IgM-type antibodies in the patient's serum, while the polybrene, anti-globulin, microcolumn agglutination, enzymic and absorption-elution methods were used to screen and identify IgG-type antibodies.@*RESULTS@#The patient was B/CCDee/Jk(a-b+)/Fy(a-b+) blood type. The serum reacted with panel cells, and the reaction presented anti-E pattern in the saline medium. It was fully positive in the microcolumn agglutination card, except 2 negative ones after using papain to treat the panel cells. Referring to the pattern table, it was concluded that there existed anti-c, anti-E, and anti-Jka antibodies, and one antibody corresponding to an antigen that was easily destroyed by papain. The red blood cells with specific phenotype were selected for absorption-elution to identify IgG-type anti-c, anti-E, anti-Jka and anti-Fya antibodies.@*CONCLUSION@#It is confirmed that IgM-type anti-E, and IgG-type anti-c, anti-E, anti-Jka and anti-Fya antibodies exist in the patient's serum by multiple serological methods.

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Objective: To investigate the lifespan of erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia (MA) patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study analysis. Clinical data from 42 MA patients who were newly diagnosed at the Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital from January 2021 to August 2021 were analyzed, as were control data from 24 healthy volunteers acquired during the same period. The carbon monoxide breath test was used to measure erythrocyte lifespan, and correlations between erythrocyte lifespan and laboratory test indexes before and after treatment were calculated. Statistical analysis included the t-test and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean erythrocyte lifespan in the 42 newly diagnosed MA patients was (49.05±41.60) d, which was significantly shorter than that in the healthy control group [(104.13±42.62) d; t=5.13,P=0.001]. In a vitamin B12-deficient subset of MA patients the mean erythrocyte lifespan was (30.09±15.14) d, and in a folic acid-deficient subgroup it was (72.00±51.44) d, and the difference between these two MA subsets was significant (t=3.73, P=0.001). The mean erythrocyte lifespan after MA treatment was (101.28±33.02) d, which differed significantly from that before MA treatment (t=4.72, P=0.001). In MA patients erythrocyte lifespan was positively correlated with hemoglobin concentration (r=0.373), and negatively correlated with total bilirubin level (r=-0.425), indirect bilirubin level (r=-0.431), and lactate dehydrogenase level (r=-0.504) (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Erythrocyte lifespan was shortened in MA patients, and there was a significant difference between a vitamin B12-deficient group and a folic acid-deficient group. After treatment the erythrocyte lifespan can return to normal. Erythrocyte lifespan is expected to become an informative index for the diagnosis and treatment of MA.

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Erythrocytes-camouflaged nanoparticles is an in vivo delivery system that uses erythrocytes or erythrocyte membrane nano vesicles as carriers for drugs, enzymes, peptides and antigens. This system has the advantages of good biocompatibility, long circulation cycle and efficient targeting. This review summarizes the type of carriers, their development history, the application of delivery strategies as well as their limitations and future challenges. Lastly, future directions and key issues in the development of this system are discussed.

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Evaluar el efecto a corto plazo del tratamiento con insulina, sobre los índices hematimétricos en sujetos adultos diabéticos tipo 2. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, donde se registraron los índices hematimétricos y la glicemia de 44 pacientes hospitalizados (24 masculinos),de 58,7 ± 4,4 años de edad, diabéticos tipo 2, antes y después de 6 ± 2 horas del tratamiento con insulina. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los índices hematimétricos antes y después del tratamiento y tampoco entre los sexos. La glicemia basal se correlacionó con el contaje de glóbulos rojos (r = 0,417; p = 0,03), el volumen corpuscular medio (r = 0,424; p= 0,04), la hemoglobina (r =0,626; p = 0,001), el hematocrito (r = 0,574; p = 0,005) y la hemoglobina corpuscular media (r = 0,537; p = 0,01). Al dividir a la muestra en dos grupos (G1 y G2), tomando en cuenta el valor de la mediana de la diferencia de la glicemia antes y después del tratamiento (G1:<139 mg/dL y G2 ≥ 139 mg/dL), se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el volumen corpuscular medio del G2 antes y después del tratamiento; en la hemoglobina entre G1 y G2, tanto antes como después del tratamiento y en el volumen corpuscular medio entre G1 y G2,después del tratamiento (p < 0,05). Conclusión: La insulina pareciera provocar a corto plazo, un aumento del volumen corpuscular medio en sujetos que disminuyen significativamente su glicemia(AU)

To evaluate the short-term effect of insulintreatment on hematimetric indices in type 2 diabetic adultsubjects. Methodology: It was a retrospective study, wherehematimetric indices and glycemia of 44 hospitalized patients(24 male), 58.7 ± 4.4 years old, type 2 diabetics, were recordedbefore and ather 6 ± 2 hours of insulin treatment. Results:no statistically significant differences were found between thehematimetric indices before and aer treatment and neitherbetween the sexes. Basal glycemia correlated with red blood cellcount (r = 0,417; . = 0,03), mean corpuscular volume (r =0,424; . = 0,04), hemoglobin (r = 0,626; . = 0,001), hematocrit(r = 0,574; . = 0,005), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(r=0,537; .=0,01). When dividing the sample into two groups,taking into account the median value of the difference inglycemia before and aer treatment (G1: < 139 mg/dL and G2 ≥ 139 mg/dL), a statistically significant difference was found inthe mean corpuscular volume of G2 before and after treatment;in hemoglobin between G1 and G2, both before and aertreatment and in mean corpuscular volume between G1 and G2,after treatment (. <0.05). Conclusion: Insulin seems to cause,in the short term, an increase in mean corpuscular volume insubjects who significantly lower their glycemia(AU)

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ABSTRACT The development of red blood cells (RBCs), or erythropoiesis, occurs in specialized niches in the bone marrow, called erythroblastic islands, composed of a central macrophage surrounded by erythroblasts at different stages of differentiation. Upon anemia or hypoxemia, erythropoiesis extends to extramedullary sites, mainly spleen and liver, a process known as stress erythropoiesis, leading to the expansion of erythroid progenitors, iron recruitment and increased production of reticulocytes and mature RBCs. Macrophages are key cells in both homeostatic and stress erythropoiesis, providing conditions for erythroid cells to survive, proliferate and differentiate. During RBCs aging and injury, macrophages play a fundamental role again, performing the clearance of these cells and recycling iron for new erythroblasts in development. Thus, macrophages are crucial components of the RBCs turnover and in this review, we aimed to cover the main known mechanisms involved in the process of birth and death of RBCs, highlighting the importance of macrophage functions in the whole RBC lifecycle.

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Introducción: El estrés oxidativo puede afectar las membranas biológicas de diferentes tipos celulares en el organismo, lo cual se ha evidenciado en los daños a los tejidos y órganos de pacientes con COVID-19, por lo cual las investigaciones recientes están relacionadas con la búsqueda de fármacos citoprotectores y antioxidantes que minimicen estos daños. Objetivo: Evaluar los eritrocitos humanos como biomodelo farmacológico de citoprotección antioxidante. Métodos: Se evaluó el modelo de citotoxicidad en eritrocitos inducido por peróxido de hidrógeno y se valoró el sistema de diagnóstico propuesto en un ensayo de citoprotección en eritrocitos, con el empleo del ácido ascórbico como sustancia de referencia. Resultados: Para la concentración de eritrocitos utilizada se logró un modelo de citotoxicidad a la concentración de 10 mM de peróxido a los 30 minutos de incubación. La sustancia de referencia empleada no mostró signos de citotoxicidad en el test de hemólisis. En el ensayo de citoprotección se evidenció un efecto farmacológico del referente, con un valor del índice de citoprotección de 12,71 µg/mL. El estudio de microscopía óptica mostró daños morfológicos severos en los eritrocitos tratados con peróxido de tipo esferocitos, equinocitos y esferoequinocitos, que disminuyeron significativamente en presencia de dicha sustancia de referencia. Conclusiones: El biomodelo farmacológico propuesto puede ser empleado en la evaluación de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas con propiedades citoprotectoras antioxidantes para el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19.

Introduction: The oxidative stress can affect the biological membranes of different cellular types in the organism, which has been evidenced in the damages to the tissues and organs of patients with COVID-19, reason why the recent investigations are related to the search of cytoprotector and antioxidant drugs that minimize these damages. Objective: To evaluate the human erythrocytes as pharmacological biomodel of antioxidant cytoprotection. Methods: The cytotoxicity pattern was evaluated in erythrocytes induced by peroxide of hydrogen and the system of diagnosis proposed was valued in a cytoprotection assay in erythrocytes, with the use of ascorbic acid as reference substance. Results: For the concentration of erythrocytes used a cytotoxicity model was achieved to the concentration of 10 mM of peroxide at 30 minutes of incubation. The substance of reference used didn't show cytotoxicity signs in the hemolysis test. In the cytoprotection assay a pharmacological effect of the referent was evidenced, with a value of the cytoprotection index of 12.71 µg/mL. The study of optic microscopy showed severe morphological damages in the erythrocytes treated with peroxide of spherocytes, echinocytes and spheroechinocytes type that significantly diminished in presence of this reference substance. Conclusions: The proposed pharmacological biomodel can be used in the evaluation of new therapeutic alternatives with antioxidant cytoprotector properties for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: In Brazil, the sickle cell trait (SCT) has an average prevalence of 4% in the general population and 6-10% among Afro-descendants. Although SCT is highly prevalent, a large segment of the population ignores their status. The Therapeutic Guidelines prohibit the transfusion of SCT red blood cells into patients with hemoglobin disorders or severe acidosis and newborns. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with data from 37,310 blood donation candidates. The study included only eligible first-time donors qualified to be tested for the presence of hemoglobin S (HbS) at the Fundação Hemominas Juiz de Fora, Brazil. The variables studied were gender, skin color, age, type of donation, place of birth, blood type, result of the solubility test for hemoglobin S (HbST) and hemoglobin electrophoresis (HbEF). Statistical analysis was performed using the Q square test and the Kappa index of agreement for comparing biochemical methods. This project was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee. Results: The analysis of first-time donor data showed that 7166 were considered eligible. A total of 127 of the 7166 donors were carriers of SCT (1.77%). Among the blood donors, 73.23% were from the local area. The HbST and HbEF were found to be 100% in concordance. Sensitivity was not tested in the present study. Conclusions: The HbST is highly specific for identifying the HbS, but sensitivity was not tested in this study. The screening of blood donors for abnormal hemoglobins is useful, helping to detect and counsel heterozygous people. The study seeks to identify the prevalence of SCT in a region of Brazil.