Evaluación del cambio del algoritmo de diagnóstico serológico para la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia / Evaluation of a change in the serological diagnostic algorithm for Chagas disease in Colombia / Avaliação da mudança do algoritmo de diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas na Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos del cambio del algoritmo de diagnóstico serológico para la infección por T. cruzi en los Laboratorios de Salud Pública Departamentales y en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Colombia, desde una perspectiva del acceso al diagnóstico. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, a partir de fuentes secundarias entre el 2015 y 2021, se consolidó el número de ensayos serológicos realizados por los laboratorios. Se elaboró una encuesta para identificar beneficios y limitaciones en la implementación del nuevo algoritmo de diagnóstico serológico. Se estimaron totales, proporciones y promedios del número de pruebas comparando dos periodos diferentes. Resultados. Se analizó la información de 33 Laboratorios de Salud Pública, encontrando que el 87,9% de ellos procesaron ensayos serológicos durante el periodo analizado. El uso de las pruebas serológicas aumentó después de la publicación del nuevo lineamiento en 2017 y la capacidad de realización de la segunda prueba paso de 4 a 33 Laboratorios de Salud Pública. La ELISA de antígenos totales y de antígenos recombinantes se consolidaron como las pruebas más realizadas en Colombia después del 2017. Conclusiones. El cambio del algoritmo de diagnóstico serológico para la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia en 2017 tuvo efectos positivos en el acceso al diagnóstico ya que facilitó el uso de la segunda prueba, esta modificación se tradujo en aumento de la cobertura diagnóstica. Los laboratorios del país tienen disponible un algoritmo sencillo, oportuno, de calidad y que podría ser implementado en casi cualquier laboratorio clínico del país.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the effects of changing the algorithm for serological diagnosis of T. cruzi infection in departmental-level public health laboratories and in the National Reference Laboratory of Colombia, from the perspective of access to diagnosis. Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, based on secondary sources between 2015 and 2021, consolidating the number of serological tests carried out by the laboratories. A survey was developed to identify benefits and limitations in the implementation of the new algorithm for serological diagnosis. Totals, proportions, and averages of the number of tests were estimated by comparing two different periods. Results. Information from 33 public health laboratories was analyzed, 87.9% of which processed serological assays during the period under study. The use of serological tests increased after the publication of the new guideline in 2017, and the capacity to perform the second test increased from four to 33 public health laboratories. In absolute terms, ELISAs for antigens and recombinant antigens became the most performed tests in Colombia after 2017. Conclusions. The change in the algorithm for serological diagnosis of Chagas disease in Colombia in 2017 had positive effects on access to diagnosis since it facilitated the use of the second test. This change resulted in increased diagnostic coverage. The country's laboratories have access to a simple, timely, quality algorithm that could be implemented in almost any clinical laboratory in the country.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar os efeitos da mudança do algoritmo de diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por T. cruzi nos Laboratórios Departamentais de Saúde Pública e no Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Colômbia desde a perspectiva do acesso ao diagnóstico. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal a partir de fontes secundárias do período entre 2015 e 2021, consolidando-se o número de testes sorológicos realizados pelos laboratórios. Foi desenvolvido um questionário para identificar benefícios e limitações na implementação do novo algoritmo de diagnóstico sorológico. Os totais, as proporções e as médias do número de testes foram estimados pela comparação de dois períodos diferentes. Resultados. Dados de 33 laboratórios de saúde pública foram analisados, e constatou-se que 87,9% processaram testes sorológicos durante o período analisado. O uso de testes sorológicos aumentou após a publicação das novas diretrizes em 2017, e a capacidade de realizar um segundo teste aumentou de 4 para 33 laboratórios de saúde pública. O ELISA com antígeno total e o ELISA com antígeno recombinante se consolidaram como os testes mais realizados na Colômbia após 2017. Conclusões. A mudança no algoritmo de diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas na Colômbia em 2017 teve efeitos positivos no acesso ao diagnóstico, facilitando o uso do segundo teste, o que resultou em maior cobertura diagnóstica. Os laboratórios do país têm à sua disposição um algoritmo simples, oportuno e de alta qualidade que poderia ser implementado em quase todos os laboratórios clínicos do país.

Embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura. Hospital Simón Bolívar subred norte Bogotá, Colombia / Ectopic pregnancy in cesarean section scar: case report and literature review. Hospital Simón Bolívar Subred Norte, Bogota, Colombia / Gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea: relato de caso e revisão da literatura. Hospital Simón Bolívar, subrede norte Bogotá, Colômbia

Resumen: El embarazo ectópico se define como la Implantación del saco gestaclonal fuera del útero y representa el 3 % de todos los embarazos. La ubicación anatómica más frecuente es en la trompa uterina, en donde se presenta en un 95 %, dejando así un 5 % a otras localizaciones como el ovario, la cavidad abdominal, cervlcouterina y cicatriz uterina previa. El caso es relevante por su baja prevalencia y por los hallazgos ecográficos, las posibles opciones terapéuticas para la paciente y los hallazgos intraoperatorios. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, utilizando bases de datos como PubMed, Medline y Science Direct, con el fin de evaluar y analizar el estado del arte de esta condición patológica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con un embarazo de 7 semanas localizado a nivel ístmico cervical por ecografía, inicialmente tratada de manera conservadora con Metotrexato (MTX) sistémico, sin respuesta al tratamiento, por lo cual requirió intervención quirúrgica y preservación de la fertilidad. Se realiza una revisión actualizada del tema con los diferentes enfoques terapéuticos.

Abstract: Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the implantation of the gestational sac outside the uterus and it represents 3% of all pregnancies. The most frequent anatomical location is in the uterine tube, where it occurs in 95% of the cases, thus leaving 5% to other locations such as the ovary, the abdominal cavity, the cervix and a previous uterine scar. The case is relevant because of its low prevalence and because of the ultrasound findings, the possible therapeutic options for the patient, and the intraoperative findings. A literature review was carried out, using databases such as PubMed, Medline and Science Direct, in order to evaluate and analyze the state of the art of this pathological condition. Here, we present the case of a patient with a 7-week pregnancy located at the cervical isthmus level by ultrasound, initially treated conservatively with systemic Methotrexate (MTX), with no response to the treatment, and therefore she required surgical intervention and preservation of fertility. An updated review of the subject is carried out with the different therapeutic approaches.

Resumo: A gravidez ectópica é definida como a Implantação do saco gestaclonal fora do útero e representa 3 % de todas as gestações. A localização anatómica mais frequente é na trompa uterina, onde é apresentada em 95 %, deixando assim 5 % a outras localizações, como ovário, cavidade abdominal, cervicouterina e cicatriz uterina prévia. O caso é relevante por sua baixa prevalência e pelos achados ecográficos, as possíveis opções terapêuticas para a paciente e os achados intraope-ratórios. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com a utilização de bases de dados como PubMed, Medline e Science Direct, a fim de avaliar e analisar o estado da arte dessa condição patológica. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com uma gravidez de sete semanas localizada no nível Istmo cervical por ecografia, inicialmente tratada de maneira conservadora com metotrexato (MTX) sistémico, sem resposta ao tratamento, razão pela qual requiriu intervenção cirúrgica e preservação da fertilidade. Foi realizada uma revisão atualizada do tema com diferentes abordagens terapêuticas.

Nicotinamide activates latent HIV-1 ex vivo in ART suppressed individuals, revealing higher potency than the association of two methyltransferase inhibitors, chaetocin and BIX01294

ABSTRACT Background: Latent HIV-1 is a major hurdle in obtaining HIV-1 sustained virological remission (SVR). Here we explored histone deacetylation inhibition property of nicotinamide (NAM; n = 17) for the first time in comparison to a combination of methyltransferase inhibitors (MTIs; Chaetocin and BIX01294; n = 25) to reactivate latent HIV ex vivo in CD8-depleted PBMCs from antiretroviral treated aviremic individuals. Results: NAM reactivated HIV-1 from 13/17 (76.4%) samples compared to 20/25 (80.0%) using MTIs with mean viral load (VLs) of 4.32 and 3.22 log10 RNA copies/mL, respectively (p = 0.004). Mean purging time after NAM and MTIs stimulation was 5.1 and 6.75 days, respectively (p = 0.73). Viral purging in autologous cultures exhibited blunted HIV recovery with fluctuating VLs followed by a complete viral extinction when expanded in allogenic system. Electron microscopy from five supernatants revealed anomalous viral particles, with lack of complete viral genomes when characterized by ultradeep sequencing through metagenomics approach (n = 4). Conclusion: NAM alone was more potent HIV-1 activator than combination of MTIs, with potential of clinical use.

Primera caracterización molecular de Leishmania infantum en pacientes con leishmaniosis visceral de la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina / First molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum species in patients infected with visceral leishmaniasis in Misiones province, Argentina

Resumen Introducción. La leishmaniosis cutánea por Leishmania braziliensis ha sido tradicionalmente endémica en Argentina y se han sido descritos casos de compromiso visceral después de una leishmaniosis cutánea inicial. La leishmaniosis visceral emergió en Argentina en el año 2006 en la ciudad de Posadas, provincia de Misiones, afectando tanto a humanos como a perros. Objetivo. Identificar el agente etiológico a nivel de especie de los pacientes diagnosticados con leishmaniosis visceral en Misiones y describir sus características clínico-epidemiológicas. Materiales y métodos. Se estudió una serie de 24 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de leishmaniosis visceral en la provincia de Misiones en el período 2009 al 2016. Para la identificación de Leishmania spp., los pacientes fueron sometidos a estudios diagnósticos indirectos (serológicos) y directos (microscopía, detección de ADN y secuenciación). También, se estudiaron variables como edad, sexo, lugar de residencia, y signos y síntomas clínicos indicativos de leishmaniosis visceral. Resultados. De los 24 pacientes estudiados, 18 (75 %) eran hombres y 6 (25 %) eran menores de cuatro años. La manifestación clínica más frecuente fue el síndrome febril prolongado en 21 (87,5 %) de los pacientes, seguido de esplenomegalia en 17 (70,8 %). Se identificó la especie Leishmania infantum en todos los pacientes estudiados. Conclusión. Este hallazgo constituye la primera identificación de la especie L. infantum en pacientes autóctonos de la provincia de Misiones. El estudio evidenció la importancia de la PCR para el manejo epidemiológico de la leishmaniosis visceral en Argentina.

Abstract Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis has been historically endemic in Argentina and several cases of visceral leishmaniasis following initial cutaneous leishmaniasis have been reported. Visceral leishmaniasis started to appear in Argentina in 2006 in the city of Posadas, Misiones province, affecting both humans and dogs. Objective: To identify the etiologic agent to species level in patients with visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in Misiones province and describe its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Materials and methods: A cohort of 24 patients from Misiones province was studied from 2009 to 2016, all with a confirmed diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. To identify the Leishmania species involved, patient samples were analyzed by microscopy, serologic studies, DNA detection, and sequencing. Variables such as age, sex, place of residence, clinical signs and symptoms consistent with visceral leishmaniasis were also recorded. Results: 75% (18/24) of the patients studied were males and 25% (6/24) were younger than 4 years. The most frequent symptom was a prolonged fever in 87.5% of the patients (21/24), followed by splenomegaly in 70.8% (17/24). Leishmania infantum was the only parasite species identified in all patients. Conclusion: This finding constitutes the first molecular identification of the Leishmania infantum species in autochthonous patients of Misiones province, Argentina. This study highlights the importance of PCR for species identification in epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniosis in Argentina.

Análisis de los programas de evaluación del desempeño de malaria de los laboratorios de salud pública y privados de Colombia 2015-2016 / Performance evaluation analysis of malaria's programs of Colombian public and private health laboratories 2015-2016

Resumen Introducción. Para el fortalecimiento de la calidad del diagnóstico de malaria en Colombia, se desarrollan los Programas de Evaluación del Desempeño (PED) en los que participan laboratorios privados y públicos del país. Objetivo. Analizar los resultados obtenidos en los programas de evaluación del desempeño de malaria de los laboratorios de salud pública y privados de Colombia en el lapso 2015-2016. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo retrospectivo mediante la revisión de los resultados obtenidos por los LSP y laboratorios privados participantes en los programas de evaluación directa e indirecta del desempeño (PEDD, PEID) de malaria durante los años 2015 y 2016 en términos de participación, concordancia de positividad y negatividad (Índice Kappa de Cohen), concordancia de especie, de formas parasitarias y de recuento (Z score). Resultados. La participación en el PEID se incrementó de 15% en 2015 a 51% en 2016, así como el total de láminas enviadas que en su mayoría cumplían con los criterios establecidos por el Laboratorio Nacional de referencia (LNR). La participación en el PEDD se incrementó de 88% en 2015 a 94% en 2016, con un Índice Kappa de Cohen de 0,97, una media de concordancia de especie parasitaria de 83,3% y de formas parasitarias de 62,5% y una concordancia del recuento parasitario más frecuente entre -0,9 y 0,9, evidenciándose un mejor desempeño en 2016. Conclusión. Basados en los resultados obtenidos es necesario promover una mayor participación de los LSP en los PED de malaria, especialmente en el PEID y aumentar la participación de los laboratorio privados.

Abstract Introduction. In order to strengthen the quality of malaria diagnosis in Colombia, Performance Evaluation Programs (PED) are developed in which private and public laboratories of the country participate. Objective. To analyze the results obtained in the malaria evaluation programs of the public and private health laboratories of Colombia from 2015 to 2016. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the results obtained by the LSPs and private laboratories participating in the direct and indirect evaluation programs of malaria during the years 2015 and 2016 in terms of participation, concordance of positivity and negativity (Cohen's Kappa Index), species concordance, parasitic and counting agreement (Z score). Results. Participation in PEID increased from 15% in 2015 to 51% in 2016, as well as the total number of sheets sent, which mostly met the criteria established by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL). Participation in the PEDD increased from 88% in 2015 to 94% in 2016, with a Cohen's Kappa Index of 0.97, an average of parasitic species concordance of 83.3% and parasitic forms of 62.5% and a more frequent parasitic count concordance between -0.9 and 0.9, showing a better performance in 2016. Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to promote greater participation of LSPs in malaria PEDs, especially in SIDS, and to increase the participation of private laboratories.

Aspectos psicoeducativos en la evaluación del alumnado con altas capacidades intelectuales: análisis de un caso / Psychoeducational aspects in the assessment of students with High intellectual abilities: a single-case study

El presente trabajo trata de favorecer la reflexión, desde la psicología educacional, sobre la respuesta a las necesidades específicas de apoyo educativo de los alumnos y alumnas con Altas Capacidades Intelectuales. Tras una breve exposición sobre las características de este tipo de alumnado, se realiza un análisis de caso con el que establecer la relación entre la evaluación psicoeducativa y la intervención psicopedagógica. Desde la labor de los psicólogos de la educación (interviniendo en todos los procesos psicológicos que afectan al aprendizaje o que se derivan de este) y otros colegas que actúan en el ámbito educativo, se buscaría, en última instancia, relacionar los objetivos de cualquier intervención psicoeducativa: la valoración diagnóstica y la planificación de la intervención pedagógica dentro de la atención a la diversidad desarrollada en el sistema educativo español.

The following paper aims to promote an educational psychology-based reflection on the response to those specific educational needs required by students with high intellectual abilities. After a brief discussion on the characterization of this kind of student, a single-case study is developed in order to establish a relationship between psycho-educational assessments and educational psychology interventions. The work of educational psychologists (intervening in all the psychological processes affecting learning or resulted therefrom) and other acting colleagues in the educational field would ultimately seek to relate the objectives of any psychoeducational intervention: diagnostic assessment and educational intervention planning within the diversity emphasis developed on the Spanish educational system.

High prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 in a counseling and testing center in the city of Itajaí, Brazil

ABSTRACT Itajaí is a port city in southern Brazil with one of the highest incidence and mortality rates from AIDS in the country. The prevalence and incidence of HIV infection were investigated in 1085 of 3196 new HIV-1 infection cases evaluated in the counseling and testing center of Itajaí from January 2002 to August 2008. Recent infections were assessed using the BED(tm), and polregion sequencing was performed in 76 samples. The prevalence ranged from 3.08% to 6.17% among women and from 10.26% to 17.36% among men. A total of 17% of infections were classified as recent, with annual incidence varying from 1.6% to 4.8 per 100 patient/year among women and from 2.05% to 8.5 per 100 patient/year among men. Pol sequences were obtained from 38 randomly recent infections selected individuals: 71% were infected by subtype C, 24% B, 2% D, and 2% F1. Among 38 subjects with established infection, 76% were subtype C, and 24% B. Transmitted drug resistance was detected in 18.4% of recent infection subjects (7.8% to nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, 5.2% to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and 5.2% protease inhibitors) and 5.2% of subjects with established infection had nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors resistance. The high prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in this region is unprecedented in studies involving cases evaluated in the counseling and testing centers in Brazil.

Embarazo ectópico, su comportamiento en los años 2000-2010 / Ectopic pregnancy, its behavior in the years 2000-2010

e realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal y retrospectivo para conocer el comportamiento del embarazo ectópico durante los años 2000 al 2010 en el Hospital General Docente de Morón “Capitán Roberto Rodríguez Fernández”. El universo y muestra del estudio estuvo compuesto por 931 pacientes ingresadas en nuestro servicio a los cuales se les confirmó el diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico. La incidencia de embarazo ectópico es de 3,9 x 100. La asociación de dolor pélvico, retraso menstrual y pérdidas sanguinolentas resultaron los síntomas más frecuentes al ingreso. Los antecedentes ginecológicos más frecuentes fueron la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica (40,5 por ciento) y los abortos inducidos (36,4 por ciento). El 54,4 por ciento de las pacientes estudiadas tenían anemia, y el 15,3 por ciento llegaron al shock hipovolémico, no se reportó muerte materna en esta investigación. Existió una buena correlación clínica y patológica en el estudio.

A descriptive observational study it was carried out to know the behavior of the ectopic pregnancy from 2000 to 2010 in the General Teaching Hospital of Moron “Capitan Roberto Rodríguez Fernández”. The study universe was composed of 931 patients entered in our service to which ectopic pregnancy were the diagnosis confirmed. The ectopic pregnancy incidence is 3,9 x 100. The association of pelvic pain, menstrual retardation and bloody loss prevailed in the revised cases. The referred more frequent gynecological antecedent was the Pelvic Inflammatory Illness (40,5 percent) and the induced abortions (36,4 percent). The 54,4 percent of the studied patients had anemia, and the 15,3 percent arrived to the hypovolaemic shock, it doesn't report maternal death in this investigation. A good clinical and pathological correlation existed in the study.

Primary resistance of HIV to antiretrovirals among individuals recently diagnosed at voluntary counselling and testing centres in the metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco

Determining the prevalence and type of antiretroviral (ARV) resistance among ARV-naïve individuals is important to assess the potential responses of these individuals to first-line regimens. The prevalence of primary resistance and the occurrence of recent infections among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were identified among recently diagnosed patients at five sexually transmitted disease/AIDS testing and counselling centres in the metropolitan region of Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2007-2009. One-hundred and eight samples were analysed using the Calypte® BED assay. Males predominated (56%), as did patients aged 31-50 years. Twenty-three percent presented evidence of a recent HIV infection. The median CD4+ T lymphocyte count was 408 cells/mm³ and the median viral load was 3.683 copies/mL. The prevalence of primary resistance was 4.6% (confidence interval 95% = 1-8.2%) based on criteria that excluded common polymorphisms in accordance with the surveillance drug resistance mutation criteria. The prevalence of resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors were 3.8%, 1.5% and 0.8%, respectively. Fifty-seven percent of strains were from clade B, 37.7% were clade F and 3.1% were clade C; there were no statistically significant differences with respect to resistance between clades. Recent infection tended to be more common in men (p = 0.06) and in municipalities in the south of the RMR (Jaboatão dos Guararapes and Cabo de Santo Agostinho) (p = 0.046). The high prevalence of recent infection and the high prevalence of non-B strains in this poor Brazilian region merit further attention.

Prevalencia y persistencia del insomnio crónico estudio SUECA II / Prevalence and persistence of chronic insomnia SUECA II Study

Introducción: el insomnio, especialmente cuando se cronifica, se convierte en una patología con marcadas implicaciones en la salud física y mental. No obstante su importancia, en nuestro país existen pocos estudios poblacionales sobre su comportamiento epidemiológico. Estudios previos realizados en el departamento de Caldas mostraron una elevada prevalencia de insomnio global con cifras alrededor de 47%. Objetivo: establecer la frecuencia, características sociodemográficas y persistencia a dos años del insomnio crónico, en una muestra poblacional representativa de la ciudad de Manizales. Sujetos y métodos: estudio transversal mediante entrevista domiciliaria en diferentes estratos socioeconómicos en mayores de 18 años, con queja de insomnio en el estudio previo de trastornos de sueño en Caldas (2008), que incluyó 530 personas de las cuales 228 tenían insomnio (agudo o crónico), lo cual arrojó una prevalencia global de 43.9%. Para el análisis de la información se empleó el paquete estadístico Epiinfo 6.04d/. Resultados: el seguimiento a dos años se pudo realizar a 218 personas, y de éstas el insomnio continuaba en 175, lo cual indicó una prevalencia de insomnio crónico de 33% y una persistencia del mismo de 80.2%. Cuando sólo se estimó el insomnio con repercusión diurna la prevalencia fue de 10.9%. En más de la mitad de los individuos el insomnio había estado presente entre cinco y diez años. El aumento en edad fue el único factor asociado para una mayor frecuencia. A pesar de la persistencia y severidad del insomnio, sólo 18.3% lo habían informado al médico. Conclusiones: las prevalencias halladas de insomnio global, crónico y con repercusión diurna se encuentran entre los rangos mencionados en la literatura y se detectó una elevada persistencia y duración del insomnio crónico. Lo anterior, y dadas sus consecuencias negativas sobre individuos y comunidades, amerita una búsqueda activa de esta condición en la práctica clínica y medidas gubernamentales apropiadas para su prevención y manejo (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 119-124).

Introduction: insomnia, especially when it becomes chronic, it becomes a disease with marked implications for physical and mental health. Despite its importance, in our country there are few population studies on the epidemiological pattern. Previous studies in the Department of Caldas showed a high overall prevalence of insomnia with figures around 47%. Objective: To establish the frequency, demographic characteristics and persistence to two years of chronic insomnia in a population sample representative of the city of Manizales. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional household interviews in different socioeconomic levels in subjects over 18 years, complaining of insomnia in the previous study of sleep disorders in Caldas (2008) that included 530 people of which 228 were insomnia (acute or chronic), yielding an overall prevalence of 43.9%. For data analysis we used the statistical package EpiInfo 6.04 /. Results: The 2-year follow-up could be performed and of these 218 people remained in 175 insomnia, which indicated a prevalence of chronic insomnia of 33% and a persistence of the same of 80.2%. When only considered daytime consequences of the insomnia, the prevalence was 10.9%. In more than half of those insomnia had been present between five and ten years. Increasing age was the only factor associated to a higher frequency. Despite the persistence and severity of insomnia, only 18.3% had reported to the doctor. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of insomnia, chronic and daytime impact are found within the ranges reported in the literature and found a high persistence and duration of chronic insomnia. Above, and given its negative consequences on individuals and communities, warrants an active search for this condition in clinical practice and appropriate government measures for its prevention and management (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 119-124).

Criptococosis diseminada en anciano con VIH / Disseminated cryptococcosis in an elderly patient with HIV

Se presenta un paciente masculino de 79 años con un cuadro clínico de síntomas constitucionales, asociado a pleuresía linfocítica, meningitis e hidrocefalia, confirmándose posteriormente criptococosis diseminada y VIH-SIDA, con complicaciones asociadas a la terapia con anfotericina B y desenlace fatal. La criptococosis es una de las infecciones más frecuentes del SNC en pacientes con VIH y se han identificado varios factores que confieren mal pronóstico. En infección por VIH, se considera paciente "anciano" a aquellos mayores de 50 años. En general las características clínicas son similares a los pacientes más jóvenes, pero los adultos mayores, especialmente después de 65 años de edad, tienen más probabilidad de desarrollar SIDA en uno a tres años, mayor riesgo de diseminación de infecciones oportunistas y mayor mortalidad. En Colombia para el año 2007, según registros del Ministerio de Protección Social, había 5283 personas con SIDA mayores de 45 años (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 85-89).

We report the case of a 79-year-old male patient with a clinical picture of constitutional symptoms associated with lymphocytic pleurisy, meningitis, and hydrocephalus. Disseminated cryptococcosis and HIV/AIDS were later confirmed. Complications of therapy with amphotericin B arose and the patient died. Cryptococcosis is one of the most common CNS infections in patients with HIV. Several factors that indicate a poor prognosis have been identified. In HIV infection, the patient is considered "old" above 50 years of age. The clinical features of these patients are generally similar to those found in younger patients; however, especially after the age of 65 years, these patients are more prone to developing AIDS over a period of 1-3 years, and their risk of acquiring disseminated opportunistic infections is increased. Their mortality rates are also higher. In Colombia, during 2007, according to the records of the Ministry of Social Protection, there were 5283 people older than 45 years with AIDS (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 85-89).

HIV-1 drug resistance genotypic profiles in children with undetectable plasma viremia during antiretroviral therapy

Treatment of HIV-1 infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to sustained viral suppression in the plasma in a large number of children. However, studies have suggested that the integrated provirus in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes could be a source of reactivatable virus and maintain drug-resistant virus. We evaluated the resistance-related mutations in children receiving antiretroviral therapy with prolonged viral suppression. Thirty-two peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 16 children with viral loads that had been below detection limits for at least 12 months were obtained at two different time points and the DNAs sequenced. The median CD4 cell count was 1,016 cells/mm³ (347-2,588) and 938 cells/mm³ (440-3,038) at the first and second time points, respectively. The median follow-up time was 15 months (9-27). Six (37.5 percent) and seven (43.75 percent) of the 16 patients showed at least one NRTI-associated mutation in the first and second samples, respectively. Two out of 16 (12.5 percent) had an NNRTI-associated mutation at the first time point and three out of 16 (18.75 percent) at the second. In addition, 14 out of 16 (87.5 percent) had at least one PI-associated mutation at both time points. Despite plasma HIV-1 RNA suppression for at least 12 months, resistance-related mutations from previous antiretroviral failures could still be detected in archival virus. Furthermore, viral evolution occurred at the reverse transcriptase region in spite of viral suppression to levels below 400 copies/mL. Persistence of archival resistant virus may be relevant when considering future treatment options.

Dolor crónico nociceptivo y neuropático en población adulta de Manizales (Colombia) / Chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain in adult population in Manizales (Colombia)

Introducción: el dolor crónico es uno de los síntomas que más afectan la funcionalidad y calidad de vida de quienes lo padecen. En Colombia son escasos los estudios sobre su comportamiento epidemiológico y clínico. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia y aspectos clínicos del dolor crónico nociceptivo y neuropático en una muestra representativa de la ciudad de Manizales. Metodología: se entrevistaron 627 personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos, seleccionadas al azar en diferentes barrios de la ciudad de Manizales, aplicando un cuestionario semiestructurado, mediante entrevista domiciliaria realizada por estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud. La información fue procesada mediante el paquete estadístico Epi-Info. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de dolor crónico de 33.9%, correspondiendo al tipo nociceptivo el 31.4% y al neuropático el 2.5%. Hubo predominio del género femenino para ambos tipos de dolor y para el nociceptivo la frecuencia aumentó con la edad. La localización más frecuente fue la cabeza en el nociceptivo y los miembros superiores para el neuropático. La duración del dolor fue mayor a un año en dos terceras partes de los sujetos y superior a cinco años en la tercera parte de ellos. La mitad de las personas con dolor crónico reportaron compromiso significativo del estado de ánimo, y una tercera parte afectación del patrón de sueño. La medicación predominante en ambos tipos de dolor fueron AINES y acetaminofén, con escaso consumo de opiodes. El 41% de los entrevistados reportó autoformulación. La escala de tamizaje de dolor neuropático (DN4) resultó útil para la identificación de sujetos con este tipo de dolor y mostró capacidad de discriminación frente al dolor nociceptivo, dependiendo de la inclusión o no de los items del examen físico. Conclusiones: esta investigación confirma la alta prevalencia de dolor crónico en la población adulta y su tendencia a persistir a través de los años, con repercusión negativa en los aspectos emocionales, sueño y calidad de vida. Se resalta la necesidad de un adecuado diagnóstico y manejo individual, apropiadas políticas en salud y permanente desarrollo investigativo para enfrentar esta importante condición (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 10-17).

Introduction: chronic pain is one of the symptoms that most affect the functionality and quality of life of its sufferers. In Colombia, there are few studies on its epidemiological and clinical behavior. Objective: to estimate the prevalence and clinical aspects of chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain in a representative sample of the city of Manizales. Methods: we interviewed 627 people of both sexes, aged 18 years and over, randomly selected in several districts of the city of Manizales, using a semi-structured home interview conducted by students of the Faculty of Health Sciences. The information was processed using the statistical package Epi-Info. Results: the prevalence of chronic pain was found to be 33.9%, 31.4% nociceptive and 2.5% neuropathic. There was predominance in the female sex for both types, and for nociceptive pain the frequency increased with age. The most common location were the head for nociceptive pain and the upper limbs for neuropathic pain. The duration of pain was more than one year in two thirds of the subjects, and over 5 years in a third of them. Half of the people with chronic pain reported significant mood alteration, and one third reported involvement in their sleep pattern. The predominant drugs in both types of pain were NSAIDs and acetaminophen, with low consumption of opioids. 41% of respondents reported self-medication. The scale screening of neuropathic pain (DN4) was useful for identifying individuals with this type of pain, and showed the ability to discriminate nocicceptive pain, depending on the inclusion or exclusion of items of physical examination. Conclusions: this study confirms the high prevalence of chronic pain in the adult population and its tendency to persist over the years, with involvement in emotional aspects and quality of life. It also shows the clinical utility of screening tests for differentiation of types of chronic pain. This highlights the need for proper diagnosis and management of individual patients, as well as for an appropriate health policy and the development of research to meet this condition (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 10-17).

HIV-1 resistance testing influences treatment decision-making

OBJECTIVE: To investigates how the use of HIV-1 resistance tests influences physician decision-making. METHODS: Ten experienced reference physicians from the Brazilian Network for Drug Resistance each received ten patients' case histories. The selected patients had experienced at least two virological failures. First, reference physicians were asked to empirically select a new regimen for each patient. Second, after genotype report (ViroSeq 2.6) was provided, and physicians were again asked to select a new regimen considering this additional information. Finally, they were asked to select a regimen after receiving a virtual phenotype result (vircoTYPE 3.9.00). RESULTS: In 79 percent of the cases, physicians changed their empirical choice of regimen after receiving the genotype report, resulting in an increase in the mean number of active drugs from 1.8 to 2.2 (p = 0.0003), while the average number of drugs/regimen remained at 4.0. After receipt of the virtual phenotype report, additional changes were made in 75 percent of the patient cases, resulting in an increase in the number of active drugs to 2.8 (p < 0.0001), while the average number of drugs/regimen remained at 4.0. After receipt of the genotype report, 48 percent of the changes were in NRTIs, 29 percent were in NNRTIs and 60 percent were in PIs; after consideration of the virtual phenotype, 61 percent, 10 percent and 49 percent of the changes, respectively, were in these categories of drugs. Fourteen percent of the physicians rated the genotype report as "extremely useful", whereas 34 percent rated the subsequent virtual phenotype report as "extremely useful" (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance testing has a significant impact on physicians' choices of antiretroviral salvage therapies, and it promotes the selection of more active drugs.

Estimating HIV-1 incidence using the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV infections at HIV counseling and testing centers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The network of HIV counseling and testing centers in São Paulo, Brazil is a major source of data used to build epidemiological profiles of the client population. We examined HIV-1 incidence from November 2000 to April 2001, comparing epidemiological and socio-behavioral data of recently-infected individuals with those with long-standing infection. A less sensitive ELISA was employed to identify recent infection. The overall incidence of HIV-1 infection was 0.53/100/year (95 percent CI: 0.31-0.85/100/year): 0.77/100/year for males (95 percent CI: 0.42-1.27/100/year) and 0.22/100/ year (95 percent CI: 0.05-0.59/100/year) for females. Overall HIV-1 prevalence was 3.2 percent (95 percent CI: 2.8-3.7 percent), being 4.0 percent among males (95 percent CI: 3.3-4.7 percent) and 2.1 percent among females (95 percent CI: 1.6-2.8 percent). Recent infections accounted for 15 percent of the total (95 percent CI: 10.2-20.8 percent). Recent infection correlated with being younger and male (p = 0.019). Therefore, recent infection was more common among younger males and older females.

Characterization of virologic failure after an initially successful 48-week course of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS outpatients treated in Santos, Brazil

We characterized the virologic failure after an initially successful 48-week course of antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients in a retrospective cohort study involving patients from Santos, Brazil. Patients with plasma HIV RNA below 500 copies/mL for 48 weeks were included. Variables analyzed included gender, age, level of education, marital status, mode of HIV acquisition, viral load, and CD4 cell count upon admission. There were 4,909 patients registered with the clinic, of which 669 patients met all the inclusion criteria (41.6 percent female and 58.4 percent male). Only 27.5 percent of the patients maintained undetectable viral loads during up to one year of follow-up. After 48 weeks, virologic failure occurred earlier in females and in patients first treated with an antiretroviral regimen other than highly active antiretroviral therapy. Patients who were married or had a steady partner experienced virologic failure later than did those who were separated or widowed. The percentage of public health clinic patients who maintain undetectable viral loads for a period of over a year is much lower than that observed among patients enrolled in clinical trials. Females, individuals in unstable relationships, single individuals and widowed individuals should be given special attention in order to improve durability of viral suppression.

Cistoadenocarcinoma gigante de Ovario: presentación de un caso / Giant Ovarian Cystadenocarcinoma: a case report

Se reporta un caso de cistoadenocarcinoma de ovario en paciente senil por lo infrecuente del caso en ese grupo de edad y las repercusiones generales de dicha lesión. Se trató de una paciente femenina de 84 años con antecedente de hipertensión arterial; ingresó en la sala de Geriatría con un cuadro clínico de disnea importante y aumento de volumen del abdomen de forma desproporcionada. Luego de la interconsulta con Ginecología y de los estudios imagenológicos, máticos, química sanguínea correspondientes, se decidió, previo consentimiento informado, realizar una laparotomía exploratoria que nos permitió la exéresis en bloque del tumor dependiente del ovario. El estudio histopatológico fue de un cistoadenocarcinoma de ovario. La evolución posquirúrgica fue satisfactoria.

A case of Ovarian Cystadenocarcinoma in an aged patient is report because of the general repercussions of such a lesion and its infrequency in this etarean group. It is about a patient (aged 84) who has high-blood -pressure antecedents. She went into hospital to the geriatric room suffering from a serious disnea medical profile and a disproportional abdominal volume increasement. It was decided to carry out an exploring laparotomy after the consultation with gynecology as well as matico, imaging and blood exams, previous informed consent, which allowed the Exeresis in Block from the ovarian- dependent tumor. The pathological study was done to an ovarian Cystadenocarcinoma. The post surgical evolution was satisfactory.

Comportamiento del embarazo prolongado en el año 2003 / The behaviour of the postterm pregnacy in 2003

Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo para conocer algunas variables clínicas epidemiológicas relacionadas con el embarazo prolongado en el Hospital General Docente de Morón en el año 2003. El universo del trabajo fueron 171 gestantes a las que se les diagnosticó embarazo prolongado en este período. Del total de 2171 nacimientos que ocurrieron en nuestro hospital el 8 por ciento fueron posteriores a las 42 semanas. De los 171 embarazos prolongados 122 iniciaron espontáneamente el trabajo de parto, se indicaron 45 inducciones y 4 cesáreas electivas, 121 partos fueron eutócicos y se realizaron 40 cesáreas. Solo 11 nacidos presentaron morbilidad postnatal y 3 depresión al nacimiento.

An observational, descriptive study has been done in order to know some epidemiological and clinical variable related to the postterm preganacy in the General Hospital of Morón in 2003. There were analize 171 pregnants that had a postterm pregnacy during this period. From 2171 births that took place in our hospital, 8 percent were after 42 weeks. From 171 postterm pregnacies 122 began espontaneously the birth labour, there were indicated 45 inductions and 4 elective caesarean delivery, 121 births were normal and there were 40 caesarean delivery. Only 11 babies presented postnatal morbidity and 3 postnatal depression.