[Association of dietary approach to stop hypertension [DASH] diet with 3-year changes in body mass index and risk of obesity in adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Considering the incrediblly high incidence of obesity in adolescents, in this study, we have examined the association of DASH diet with 3-year body mass index change and risk of obesity in Tehranian adolescents

Materials and Method: This population based cohort study included 629 adolescents [aged 10 to 18 years] from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [TLGS]. Dietary data were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were assessed both at baseline and end of follow up. In adolescents, obesity was defined as body mass index 2 95th percentile for age and sex according to national reference curves

Results: Mean +/- SD for age and DASH score at baseline were 14.1 +/- 2.5 years and 24.1 +/- 4.2, respectively. Also, the mean +/- SD of body mass index gain and risk of incident obesity was 1.7 +/- 2.6 kg/m2 and 12% after 3 years follow up, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, higher DASH diet score and lower dietary intakes of sweet beverage were inversely associated with 3-year changes in body mass index [P<0.05]. The odds ratio [95%CI] of developing obesity in the highest, compared with the lowest, quintile of DASH score was 0.2 [0.1-0.7] [P for trend=0.025]. Also, the lower intake of sweet beverage was significantly associated with reducing the risk of incident obesity [OR: 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.6] [P for trend=0.003]

Conclusion: A DASH- style dietary pattern is associated inversely with 3-year body mass index changes and risk of incident obesity in adolescents

[Dietary glycine and incidence of hypertension: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, and recent studies have been investigating the association of dietary amino acids with blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the association of dietary glycine with blood pressure

Materials and Methods: For the present study, conducted on 2612 participants, aged 35-70 years, who had participated in the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2008-2011] were followed up to the fifth phase [2011-2014]. At baseline, participants, who were free of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer and had complete documented anthropometric, clinical and dietary data entered the study. Dietary glycine information was collected, using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Incidence of hypertesion was ascertained after three years of follow up, using logistic regression to assess the associations between incidence of hypertension and tertiles of glycine intake, adjusted for potential confounders

Results: The mean+/-SD age of participants [42.1% men] was 47.1+/-8.3 years. During 3 years of follow-up, 365 cases [14%] of hypertension developed. The OR of the highest tertile of glycine intake was 0.69 [95% CI: 0.49-0.96; P for trend: 0.04], compared to the lowest, after adjusting for potential confounders

Conclusion: Our results indicate an inverse association between higher glycine intake and incidence of hypertension

[Trans fatty acids and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review]

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [GDM] is a common metabolic disorder in pregnancy that is diagnosed for the first time in the second half pregnancy. Associations between consumption of trans fatty acids and GDM have been conflicted in many studies. The purpose of this study is to determine this relationship. Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review to assess the relationship between trans fatty acids consumption before and during pregnancy and GDM incidence. We searched Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Science Direct and Med Line for identifying relevant analytic studies [Cohort and case- control studies]. We used the key words: Trans Fatty Acids, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, pregnancy glucose intolerance. Result: At last we identified 12 relevant studies. Studies demonstrated that high trans fatty acids and animal fat intake before and during pregnancy significantly increased blood glucose levels in late pregnancy. Conclusion: High trans fatty acids intake and animal fat consumption in daily diet before and during pregnancy disturb glucose metabolism and increase risk of GDM in the second half of pregnancy, although all of the studies recommended more widespread clinical trials to identify the exact relationship between high trans fatty acids intake and GDM

[Association between dietary patterns and incidence of chronic kidney disease in adults with high blood pressure: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: To investigate the association between major dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic kidney disease [CKD] over a 3.6 year follow up in adults with high blood pressure

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 1521 prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects, aged >/= 27 years, without CKD at baseline, who participated in the fourth phase [2009-2012] of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary data were collected using a valid food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns. Anthropometrics and biochemical measurements were obtained. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns scores and risk of CKD

Results: The mean age of participants was 46.32 +/- 11.59 years. After 3.6 years of follow-up, 255 [16.8%] cases of CKD occurred. Three dietary patterns were identified, the western, healthy and the traditional Iranian patterns. After adjustment for relevant confounders, subjects in the highest, compared to the lowest quartile category of the Western dietary pattern score, had a higher risk of CKD [OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.19-3.76]. Neither the healthy nor the traditional dietary patterns were significantly associated with incidence of CKD

Conclusions: Adherence to the Western dietary pattern is associated with increased risk of CKD in adults with high blood pressure

[Association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults]

Limited studies on the relation between the cardiovascular diseases [CVDs] risk factors and dietary glycemic index [GI] and glycemic load [GL] are available. This study was done to determine the association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. This descriptive study was carried out on 2284 subjects [1327 males, 957 females] with 19-84 age in Tehran, Iran during 2005-08. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, Anthropometric, fasting blood of glucose and lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein [HDL] and low density lipoprotein [LDL] as a CVDs risk factors were measured. The mean intake of nutrient, adjusted for energy production, gender, age, according to GI and GL, using general linear model analysis covariance test was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15, one-way analysis variance, Chi-Square, partial correlation and Linear regression. The mean intakes of glycemic index and glycemic load were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Dietary GI and GL was inversely associated with whole grain and positively associated with refined grained, fruits, dairy products and simple sugar. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, dietary GI was inversely associated with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was inversely associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among non-obese subjects after adjustment for confounders. GI in obese men associated with serum increase triglyceride and reduced HDL-C. Glycemic load in a non-obese man is correlated with reducing fasting blood glucose

[ association of food security and dietary variety in subjects aged over 40 in district 13 of Tehran]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between food security and food variety in a population, aged over 40 years. From among the non-diabetic population, aged over 40 years of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 200 subjects were selected randomly to complete the household food security questionnaire and were divided into four groups including high food security, food security border, low food security, and very low food security. Demographic, anthropometric and dietary intake data of each subject were collected and the dietary diversity score [DDS] was determined based on five food groups of the food guide pyramid. Mean +/- SD for DDS of subjects was 4.94 +/- 1.35, and in the high food security group was significantly higher than in the food insecurity group [the other 3 groups]. Mean +/- SD for food security in the first quartile of DDS [3.04 +/- 1.95] was higher than in the third [1.94 +/- 2.1, P=0.005] and fourth quartiles [2.22 +/- 2.2, P=0.043]. The lowest and highest percentages of subjects with high food security were in the first and third quartiles of DDS, respectively. After adjusting sex, age, body mass index, energy intake, job and marital status, the odds of being in the lowest quartile of fruits variety for high food security group was 73% lower than for the low food security group. An inverse correlation was observed between food security score with the DDS [r=-0.42, P=0.012], the fruits variety score [r=-0.45, P=0.004], and the vegetables variety score [r=-0.37, P=0.046]. Dietary diversity as an indicator of a healthy diet is associated with food security and increases food security results in dietary diversity, especially in fruit and vegetable varieties

[Effect of salicylic acid and silver nitrate on taxol production in Taxus baccata]

Taxol is an effective anticancer drug used widely in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including carcinomas of the ovary and breast. Taxol was originally isolated from the bark of Pacific yew tree Taxus bervifolia L. Increasing demand for taxol and resource paucity of Pacific yew trees has driven several research groups to advance the taxol production methodologies, including using elicitors in suspension cultures of Taxus spp. cells. Elicitors are often used to improve taxol production incultured cells. The aim of this work is to inject the Taxus baccata tree a single and combination of salaicylic acid and silver nitrate to improve taxol production. Salicylic acid and silver nitrate solution in different concentration were prepared and injected to tree. After 30 days of elicitors' injection the leave for aerial parts of the tree was collected. The dried powder of the leave was extracted by maceration with ethanol 96%. To detect taxol, a high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] system was employed. The treated cells with salaicylic acid and silver nitrate displayed a significant decrease in taxol. Increasing concentration of elicitors resulted lower content of taxol. The injection of single and combine of salaicylic acid and silver nitrate on the Taxus baccata tree showed negative effect on taxol production. It seems that more researchs need to be done in order to understand the acting mechanisms of used elicitors

influence of fructose, glucose and sucrose on flavonolignans formation in silybum marianum callus culture

Silybum marianum has been recognized as an antihepatotoxic plant. The active constituents of Silybum marianum include a group of flavonolignans known collectively as silymarin. Slymarin production by cultured cells of Silybum marianum has already been reported. Also, it was reported that physiochemical factors can influenced silymarin production in S. marinum cell cultures. Evaluation the affect of sugar source on flavonolignan production in S. marianum callus cultures. Callus culture of S. marianum were established by transferring seedling on solidified MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 2, 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 0.2 mg/1 kinetin. Optimal callus were subcultured to medium containing different concentration of sugars including fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Then cultures were harvested after 28 days, dried and extracted with methanol. Quantitative analyses of flavonolignans were carried out using spectrophotometric method. Higher levels of flavonolignans accumulation were observed in cultures containing 6% of all three sugars comparing with concentrations of 3% and 1.5%. It seems flavonolignans production in callus culture of S. marianum influenced by concentration of sugars rather than of sugars type