Application of artificial intelligence in surgery / 医学前沿

Artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually changing the practice of surgery with technological advancements in imaging, navigation, and robotic intervention. In this article, we review the recent successful and influential applications of AI in surgery from preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance to its integration into surgical robots. We conclude this review by summarizing the current state, emerging trends, and major challenges in the future development of AI in surgery.

Garcinia xanthochymus extract protects PC12 cells from HO-induced apoptosis through modulation of PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 pathways / 中国天然药物

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Garcinia xanthochymus, a perennial medicinal plant native to Yunnan, China, against HO-induced oxidative damage in rat pheochromacytoma PC12 cells. Preincubation of PC12 cells with fruit EtOAc fraction (fruit-EFr., 12.5-50 µmol·L) of G. xanthochymus for 24 h prior to HO exposure markedly improved cell viability and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 [HO-1]), prevented lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde production, attenuated the decrease of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fruit-EFr. also reduced BAX and cytochrome C expression and improved BCL-2 expression, thereby decreasing the ratio of BAX to BCL-2. Fruit-EFr. activated the nuclear translocation of NRF2 to increase HO-1 and induced the phosphorylation of AKT. Its cytoprotective effect was abolished by LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K. Taken together, the above findings suggested that fruit-EFr.of G. xanthochymus could enhance cellular antioxidant defense capacity, at least in part, through upregulating HO-1 expression and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and that it could suppress HO-induced oxidative damage via PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Fifty Years of Innovation in Plastic Surgery

BACKGROUND: Innovation has molded the current landscape of plastic surgery. However, documentation of this process only exists scattered throughout the literature as individual articles. The few attempts made to profile innovation in plastic surgery have been narrative, and therefore qualitative and inherently biased. Through the implementation of a novel innovation metric, this work aims to identify and characterise the most prevalent innovations in plastic surgery over the last 50 years. METHODS: Patents and publications related to plastic surgery (1960 to 2010) were retrieved from patent and MEDLINE databases, respectively. The most active patent codes were identified and grouped into technology areas, which were subsequently plotted graphically against publication data. Expert-derived technologies outside of the top performing patents areas were additionally explored. RESULTS: Between 1960 and 2010, 4,651 patents and 43,118 publications related to plastic surgery were identified. The most active patent codes were grouped under reconstructive prostheses, implants, instruments, non-invasive techniques, and tissue engineering. Of these areas and other expert-derived technologies, those currently undergoing growth include surgical instruments, implants, non-invasive practices, transplantation and breast surgery. Innovations related to microvascular surgery, liposuction, tissue engineering, lasers and prostheses have all plateaued. CONCLUSIONS: The application of a novel metric for evaluating innovation quantitatively outlines the natural history of technologies fundamental to the evolution of plastic surgery. Analysis of current innovation trends provides some insight into which technology domains are the most active.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus / 中国中药杂志

The constituents were isolated and purified by the silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectral and MS data. Fifteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract from the leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus, and identified as 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-flavone(1), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(2), 1, 3-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy xanthone(3), kaempferol(4),(2S,3S)-trans-dihydrokaempferol(5), 3, 24, 25-trihydroxytirucall-7-ene(6), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid(7), isovanillic acid(8),(Z)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2, 6, 6-trimethylcyclohexylidene)acetic acid(9), volkensiflavone(10), morelloflavone(11), 3, 8″-biapigenin(12), bilobetin(13), fukugiside(14), GB2a glucoside(15). Compound 1 is a new compound, compounds 5, 6, 9 and 13 are isolated from the genus Garcinia for the first time, and compounds 4, 7-8, 10-12, 14 and 15 are firstly found from this plant. α-Amylase inhibitory activities of 10 compounds were determined using starch azure as the substrate, and the results show that compound 13 has the inhibitory activities against α-amylase, IC₅₀ values of compound 13 and acarbose are 8.12, 4.32 μmol•L⁻¹ respectively.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological investigation of isoindoline derivatives as 5-HT/NE double reuptake inhibitors / 药学学报

A series of isoindoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their double inhibitory activities. All of them were new compounds, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological tests showed that all compounds exhibited 5-HT or NE reuptake inhibition activity. Among the tested compounds, compound I-3 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against 5-HT and NE reuptake in vitro, and exhibited potent antidepressant activity in vivo. These compounds designed can be further optimized for finding more potent 5-HT/NE dual reuptake inhibitors and antidepressant candidates as well.

Photo-activated DNA binding and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids from Glycosmis pentaphylla / 药学学报

In our screening for photosensitizers from natural resources, four alkaloids were isolated from Glycosmis pentaphylla by various chromatography techniques. Their structures were identified as glycoborinine (1), glybomine B (2), carbalexin A (3) and N-p-coumaroyltyramine (4) by spectral analysis. Their photoactivated antimicrobial activities were evaluated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) agar overlay assay against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. It was found that compounds 1 and 4 showed photo-activated antimicrobial activities. Meantime, photo-activated DNA binding activities of these compounds were also assessed by using a specially prepared 1.8 kb DNA fragment and restriction enzymes. Under UVA irradiation, compound 1 showed moderate inhibition on Nde I, Xba I, Nco I and Bcl I which have either 5'-TpA or 5'-ApT and trace or no inhibition on other restriction enzymes. It showed a similar inhibition pattern with the reference 8-methoxypsoralen. However, compounds 2-4 showed no inhibition against any of the restriction enzymes.

A new chromone derivative from Berchemia lineata / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents from the root of Berchemia lineata (L.) DC., nine compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract by using silica gel, RP-C18 silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Based on the spectroscopic analysis, their structures were identified as 5-hydroxy-7-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-chromone (1), (-)-(1'R, 2'S)-erythro-5-hydroxy-7-(1', 2'-dihydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-chromone (2), naringenin (3), eriodictyol (4), (+)-aromadendrin (5), (+)-taxifolin (6), (+)-catechin (7), (+)-epigallocatechin (8) and quercetin (9). Among them, compound 2 is a new chromone derivative. Compound 1 is a known chromone derivative and isolated from this genus for the first time. Compounds 3-9 are known flavonoids and isolated from this plant for the first time.

Synthesis and photochemical virus inactivation of novel phenothiazines / 药学学报

Virus inactivation with photochemistry is being suitable for blood or blood products, methylene blue (MB)/light treatment has been used for viral inactivation of cellular blood components. Twelve new phenothiazines derivatives were designed and synthesized, and were used to test viral inactivation and red cell damage preliminary. Results showed that compound YWW-7 has a satisfactory activity, it could be developed as a new viral inactivation agent for blood products.

Sulfur-containing amides from Entada phaseoloides / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents of the Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr., seeds of Entada phaseoloides were extracted with 70% ethanol at room temperature. Isolation and purification were performed by silica gel, reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Structures of the pure compounds were established on the basis of spectral analysis. Four sulfur-containing amide compounds were isolated from the n-BuOH-soluble fraction and identified as entadamide A-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), entadamide A (2), entadamide A-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) and clinacoside C (4). Compound 1 is a new compound. Compound 4 is isolated from the genus Entada for the first time.

Terpenoids from Euphorbia antiquorum L / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents of Euphorbia antiquorum L., the constituents were isolated with normal-phase and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Seven terpenoids were obtained from EtOAc extract of E. antiquoru L. They were identified as antiquorine A (1), antiquorine B (2), ent-13S-hydroxy-16-atisene-3,14-dione (3), taraxerol (4), 3beta-hydroxy-25,26,27-trisnorcycloart-24-oic acid (5), 9beta,19-cyclolanostan-3beta-ol (6) and psi-taraxastane-3,20-diol (7) by spectral analysis. Compounds 1-3 are diterpenoids, which belonged to abietane, ent-kaurane and atisane respectively. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds. Compounds 4-7 are triterpenoids, and compound 5 is a degraded cycloartane triterpenoid which is a new natural product. Compound 7 was isolated from this plant for the first time. It demonstrated that the chemical structures of constituents in this plant were diverse.

Triterpenoid from Lycopodium obscurum L / 药学学报

To study the triterpenoid constituents from air-dried whole plants of Lycopodium obscurum L., the constituents were isolated by normal-phase and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography from the EtOAc extract. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis. Five triterpenoids were purified and identified as 3beta, 19alpha-dihydroxy-20beta-acetate-serrat-14-en-21beta-ol (1), serratenediol (2), alpha-onocerin (3), 26-nor-8-oxo-alpha-onocerin (4), (3beta, 8beta, 14alpha, 21alpha)-26, 27-dinoronocerane-3, 8, 14, 21-tetrol (5). Compound 1 is a new serratane-type triterpene and compound 5 is isolated from this plant for the first time.

Design, synthesis and 5-HT/NE dual reuptake inhibitory activity of aromatic heterocyclic arylamidine derivatives / 药学学报

Based on the pharmacophore information and the analysis of structure-activity relationship of SSRIs and SNRIs, a series of substituted aromatic heterocyclic arylamidine derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to search for lead compounds with dual activity. All of them were new compounds, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HRMS. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological tests showed that all target compounds exhibited 5-HT reuptake inhibitory activity and some compounds exhibited NE reuptake inhibitory activity. These aromatic heterocyclic arylamidine designed can be further optimized for finding more potent 5-HT/NE dual reuptake inhibitors and antidepressant candidates as well.

Synthesis and 5-HT reuptake inhibition activity of biarylbenzamidine derivatives / 药学学报

A series of biarylbenzamidine analogs were synthesized and tested for their biological activities of inhibiting the reuptake of 5-HT. All of them were new compounds, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HRMS. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological tests showed that all target compounds exhibited 5-HT reuptake inhibition activity. Among the tested compounds, 5i, 4a and 5m exhibited potent inhibitory activity against 5-HT reuptake in vitro. It is a chance to find a better precursor of SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) for further optimization of compounds.

Three new xanthones from Garcinia xanthochymus / 药学学报

To study xanthones from the barks of Garcinia xanthochymus, the constituents were isolated by normal-phase and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography from the EtOAc extract. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Three new xanthones were purified and identified as 1,2,5-trihydroxy-6-methoxyxanthone (1), 1,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (2), 1,2,7-trihydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylallyl) xanthone (3).

Terpenoids and flavonoids from Laggera pterodonta / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents of aerial parts of Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Benth., the air-dried aerial parts of this plant were powered and extracted with boiling water and purified by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallized. Eleven compounds were obtained from L. pterodonta. They were identified as to be 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-carvotanacetone (1), pterodontic acid (2), 1beta-hydroxy pterondontic acid (3), pterodontoside A (4), pterodondiol (5), pterodontriol B (6), 5-hydroxy-3,4', 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (7), artemitin (8), chrysosplenetin B (9), quercetin (10) and beta-sitosterol (11). Compound 1 is a new monoterpene glucoside. Compounds 10 and 11 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 2 and 5 showed moderate activity against bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacteium phlei and Bacillus circulans by paper disc diffusion method, while they both displayed no activity against Escherichia coli.

Isolation and identification of phenolic constituents from Juncus effusus / 药学学报

To study the phenolic constituents from the dry stem of Juncus effusus L. , the constituents were isolated by normal-phase and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography from the EtOAc extract. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Six phenolic constituents were purified and identified as 7-carboxy-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-vinyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (1) , 2,3-isopylidene-1-O-ferulic acid glyceride ( 2 ) , ( 2S )-2, 3-isopylidene-1-0-p-coumaroyl glyceride (3 ) , dehydroeffusal ( 4 ) , p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5) and luteolin-5,3'-dimethyl ether (6). Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds. Compounds 5 and 6 were isolated from Juncaceae plant for the first time. 13C NMR data of compound 6 were reported for the first time.

Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of novel matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors based on the structure of enzyme / 药学学报

A novel inhibitor series for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were designed and synthesized. Using succinate and malonate as zinc binding groups and long hydrophobic substituents to bind with S1' pockets, the compounds showed micromolar inhibition and selectivity for MMP-2 over others. And we found a better activity compound. It is a chance to find a better precursor of MMP-2 inhibitors with activity and bioavailability by further optimization of compounds.

Studies on the chemical constituents of Lycianthes biflora / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the chemical constituents of Lycianthes biflora.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Column chromatography was used to separate the chemical constituents. IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2D-NMR technique were used to determine the structures of the isolated constituents.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five compounds were isolated from this plant. Their structures were identified to be bifloride A (1), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (2), liquiritigenin (3), N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine (4), 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-N-2'-hydroxypalmitoyl-sphinga-4- trans-8-trans-dienine (5).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, the others were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 2 showed inhibitory effects on P-388.</p>