Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral-Based Stress Management Training on Anxiety in Female MS Patients

Objectives: This present study aims to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral-based stress management training on anxiety in female MS patients.

Methods: This study employed a semi-experimental research method with pre-test post-test, control group and random assignment. The statistical population fully consisted of female MS patients referred to the Iran MS association in 2014, from which 24 individuals were selected by accessible sampling, who were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. For measuring the independent variable, Beck's Anxiety inventories were used.

Results: The results of ANCOVA showed that cognitive-behavioral-based stress management training was effective in reducing the anxiety of female MS patients [p= 0.05].

Discussion: According to the results obtained, we believe that the cognitive-behavioral-based stress management training program has been effective on anxiety reduction in female MS patients. Thus, this training method can be used for target groups and the general population as an interventional program.

Effectiveness of Verbal Self-Instruction Method on Pessimistic Attribution Style about Negative Events in Children with Dyslexia

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of verbal self-Instruction on pessimistic attribution style about negative events in children with dyslexia.

Methods: The study was semi-experimental with pre and post-test and control group. The statistical population consists of all dyslexic students of Maktab Ali School in Tehran City. Forty students were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups: experimental and control. Experimental group received verbal self-instruction, Mychnbam and Goodman method in 8 sessions, two sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes; while the control group received only the routine school training. The measurement was Children's Attribution Style Questionnaire, and data analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Results: Negative pessimistic attribution style [general, stable and internal] were significantly decreased [p <0.005] in the experimental group in comparison with control group after intervention.

Discussion: Verbal self instruction can be applied in children with dyslexia for improvement of attribution style by psychologists, teachers, educators, special schools, parents and all those who are dealing with these children.

Factors affecting job motivation from the viewpoints of staff and managers in semnan welfare organization

Regarding the type of service receivers as well as the technicality of the services provided, these services often bear high complexity and difficulty which can eventually lead to job burnout and shortage of motivation in the staff In this study, the factors affecting job motivation from the viewpoints of staff and managers of Semnan Welfare Organization have been identified and possible differences have been analyzed. In the present study, based on Herzberg's model of job motivation and considering several assessment tools produced according to this model, a draft of a researcher-designed questionnaire was prepared in order to determine the factors affecting job motivation in the staff and managers of the State Welfare Organization in Semnan province. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was determined and approved by 10 experts, 5 managers and 15 staff members of the Semnan Welfare Organization who were selected purposefully, using the Lawsche's method. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed and approved by test-retest correlation coefficient determination. After informed consent was obtained, all staff and managers conforming to the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study and to complete the questionnaire. In contrast to Herzberg's theory which considers intrinsic factors as more important than extrinsic factors in causing motivation, our results demonstrated that staff and managers of Semnan Welfare Organization believed extrinsic factors provoked higher motivation. The major motivation factors for staff and managers of Semnan Welfare province were somehow related to management practices of managers and staff, both of which are categorized as extrinsic factors

Propofol or Thiopental sodium in patients undergoing reproductive assisted technologies: differences in hemodynamic recovery and outcome of oocyte retrieval: a randomized clinical trial

Thiopental sodium and Propofol are two widely-used drugs in the induction of anesthesia in assisted reproductive technology [ART]. However, the side effects and outcome of recovery from anesthesia of these drugs on ART have not been identified yet. This study aimed at investigating the side effects and hemodynamic effects of using thiopental sodium and propofal as well as effects of these drugs on pregnancy outcome in ART cycles. In this double blinded] randomized controlled trial, 90 woman candidate for ART were randomly divided into two groups. 47 patients received Propofol [2.5 mg/kg] and 43 patients received thiopental [5mg/kg] for anesthesia induction. The entry hemodynamic parameters of the patients were documented. During the anesthesia process, hemodynamic parameters were checked at five-minute intervals. The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of their response to verbal stimulation [p<0.001], the normalization time of the rate and quality of breathing [p<0.001], nausea [p<0.001], and vomiting [p<0.001]. Also, in comparison with the other group, all these parameters were better in Propofol group. There was found no significant difference between two groups in terms of other variables. Based on the findings of the study, Propofol has fewer known side effects. Vomiting and nausea as two known side effect of anesthesia are significantly lower in patients receiving Propofol than patients who received thiopental

[ effect of multi-dimentional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care on hemodialysis patients anxious]

Aims: Long-term use of hemodialysis affects all sides of hemodialysis patients and was caused disease and disturbances such as anxiety in them. This study aimed to determine the effect of multi-dimensional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care on anxiety in hemodialysis patients.

Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study of two groups before and after hemodialysis on 35 patients of Razi hospital in Rasht [test group] and 35 hemodialysis patients from Bandar Anzali martyr Beheshti hospital [control group], in 1390 which were done on sampling method on purpose. Intervention was based psychiatric rehabilitation of multi-dimensional model in the form of a group and with the presence of a physician, nurse, psychologist and nutritionist and comprehensive client and family and with consideration of physical, mental, social and spiritual of patients, was carried out for three months. The tool includes a demographic questionnaire and Zung self-evaluation anxiety [SAS] which were measured three months before and after intervention. Then the data using SPSS 16 software and descriptive statistic, paired t-test, independent t-test, Chi-square and Fisher test were analyzed.

Results: Data analysis between the mean anxiety score of samples before [48/40 +/- 3/972] and after the intervention [42/57 +/- 6/331] showed significant difference [p<0/001].

Conclusion: The multi-dimensional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care caused a significant difference in anxiety scores in hemodialysis patients, so applying this model of care is associated with better living conditions in hemodialysis patients.

Stereological Comparison of the Effects of Pentoxifylline, Captopril, Simvastatin, and Tamoxifen on Kidney and Bladder Structure After Partial Urethral Obstruction in Rats

PURPOSE: Limited studies have shown antifibrotic effects of pentoxifylline, captopril, simvastatin, and tamoxifen. No comparisons are available of the effects of these drugs on prevention of renal and bladder changes in partial urethral obstruction (PUO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were divided into six groups (n=7). The sham-operated rats (group I) only underwent laparotomy and did not receive any treatments. The PUO groups (group II-VI) received normal saline (PUO+NS), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg/d; PUO+PEN), captopril (35 mg/kg/d; PUO+CAP), simvastatin (15 mg/kg/d; PUO+SIM), or tamoxifen (10 mg/kg/d; PUO+TAM) by gavage for 28 days. Then, the volume and/or length of the kidney components (tubules, vessels, and fibrous tissue) and the bladder components (epithelial and muscular layers, fibrous tissue, fibroblast and fibrocyte number) were quantitatively evaluated on the microscopic sections by use of stereological techniques. RESULTS: The volume of renal and bladder fibrosis was significantly ameliorated in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups. Also, the volume and length of the renal tubules and vessels and bladder layers were more significantly protected in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of PUO with PEN was more effective in the prevention of renal and bladder fibrosis and in the preservation of renal and bladder structures.

[Evaluation of lumbosacral manipulation on motoneuronal activity in patients with low back pain]

Spinal manipulation is a manual technique commonly used for the treatment of low back pain. The physiologic mechanisms of spinal manipulation are largely unknown. One basic physiologic response to spinal manipulation [SM] is alternation in Moto neuronal activity, as assessed by the Hoffmann reflex [H-reflex] technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spinal manipulation on amplitude and onset latency of H-reflexes and on H/M amplitude ratio in patients with low back pain. It was a clinical trial with IRCT201203069222N1 Registration code. Ffifty eight patients with low back pain aged between 20-60 years were included. Tibial nerve H reflex and M wave were recorded before and after Lumbosacral spinal manipulation. The data was analyzed by SPSS 16. Lumbosacral manipulation significantly decrease amplitude of H reflex and H/M amplitude ratio [P<0.05]. It had not significantly effect on H reflex latency or M wave amplitude and latency [P>0.05]. Lumbosacral manipulation produces attenuation of alpha motoneuronal excitability. These findings support of this theory that manual spinal therapy can lead to reduction in muscle tone.

[Evaluation of association between coronary artery disease and gall stone using findings of biliary tract ultrasonography and exercise test]

Coronary artery diseases [CAD] are leading causes of death in developed countries. Also, 10-15% of elderly people of the United State of America have gallstone. These two diseases have similar risk factors, such as obesity, elderliness, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyper tension. Determining the correlation of coronary artery disease and gallstone is the main Aim of this study. This analytical cross-sectional study was done on 130 patients whom were suspected to CAD and have been referred to Shohadaye Kargar Hospital of Yazd echocardiography department. They have been randomly selected and echo test and sonography have been done for all by expert specialists. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Exact Fisher and Mantel-Haenszel tests. Stress test were negative in 80 [61.53%] and were positive in 50 [38.47%] patients. Of 80 negative stress test subjects, negative gallbladder sonography was observed in 77 [96.25%] patients; while in 3 [3.75] patients gallbladder sonography was positive. Among 50 positive stress test patients, 42 [84%] and 8 [16%] patients had negative and positive gallbladder sonography, respectively. There not found statistically significant association between CAD and gallston [p= 0.022]. Patients who had coronary artery disease, compared with healthy individuals, are at increased risk of gallstones. In men older than 50 years suffering from vague upper abdominal pain, Liver and gallbladder sonography ultrasound is recommended for detection of probable biliary stones

[Validation of the Persian version of pain self-efficacy scale: a psychometric chronic low back pain patients]

The pain self-efficacy scale assesses the patient's confidence in his ability to complete daily living activities despite pain. Current research aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version for pain Self-Efficacy Scale in chronic low back pain [CLBP] patients. This study was descriptive and validation type. The sample was selected by consecutive sampling through 160 CLBP patients referring to Poursina Hospital in Rasht, North of Iran, in 2010. Subjects completed the Visual Analog Scale, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Short Form of the Depression Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Factor structure of the Pain Self-Efficacy Scale was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construction [divergent and convergent] and predictive validity of this scale were also examined. Internal consistency of scale was excellent [?=0.91], test-retest reliability coefficient equivalent of 0.73 and coefficient of item-total correlation were obtained for each item in acceptable range of 0.73 to 0.78. Results of factor analysis indicating a factor called "Pain Self-Efficacy" that accounted for 65.16% of the total variance with minimal factor loading of 0.73. Scores of self-efficacy scale predicted a significant proportion of the variance in scores on measures of kinesiophobia, depression, disability, and coping strategies even after controlling for confounding effects of age, duration and intensity of pain and duration of medication use. Moreover, they were correlated with these variables from expected aspects. Findings suggest that Persian version of pain self-efficacy scale has satisfactory psychometric properties which is applicable in research and clinical situations relating to CLBP patients

[ impact of multi-dimensional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care on hemodialysis patient's depression]

Hemodialysis in chronic renal failure, which has affected all aspects of the incidence of disease and disorders such as, depression. One of the ways to have an appropriate quality care in hemodialysis units is to employ nursing care model. This study aimed to determine the effect of multi-dimensional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care on hemodialysis patients who were depressed. This study is a quasi-experimental study of two groups before and after the sampling method based on 35 hemodialysis patients of Razi hospital in Rasht [test] and 35 hemodialysis patients from Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Anzali [control]. Intervention was based on psychiatric rehabilitation of multi-dimensional model with a doctor, nurse, psychologist, nutritionist, and comprehensive client and family as a team and with consideration of physical, mental, social and spiritual clients separately and each was done in three months. The instruments included a questionnaire for collecting demographic and the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], which was measured before and three months after the intervention. Then the data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software and descriptive statistical, paired t-test, independent t-test, analysis of covariance, Chi-square and Fisher test. Data analysis between the mean depression score of samples before [8/285 +/- 30/11] and after the intervention [10/309 +/- 24/20] group showed a significant difference [p<0/001]. The multi-dimensional model of psychiatric rehabilitation care, a significant difference in depression scores in hemodialysis patients is caused, so the implementation of this model of care is associated with better living conditions in hemodialysis patients

[ Relationship between Breastfeeding and body mass index in primary school children of Rasht/Iran]

Nowadays in many parts of the world, obesity and overweight problems in children is considered essential. Overweight in childhood has been known as a factor affecting on the overweight in adult ages and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma and diabetes. Considering of the risky role of increasing of weight for children's health, researchers aimed to determine the relationship between breastfeeding and Body Mass Index in primary school children of Rasht/Iran. This was a case-control study which after obtaining the necessary licenses was performed in 8 primary schools of Rasht. 320 samples including 80 in case group [BMI>85th percentile for age and sex] and 240 in control group [BMI=5th to 85th percentile for age and sex] were selected. Data gathering tool were questionnaire, scales and tape meter. Finally, data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of total duration of breastfeeding in case group were 19.02 +/- 9.14 and in control group were 19.36 +/- 8.66, and there was no significant difference between these means. On the other hand, 82.5 percent of the samples in case group and 92.9 percent in control group had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months and it showed significant difference [P=0.024]. The mean and standard deviation of meals frequency, duration of television watching, sleep duration of day and night and start time for complementary feeding in case and control group showed no significant statistical difference. In this study, the average of duration of breastfeeding [up to 2 years and more] in overweight and obese group was lower than the average in group with normal weight, but this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the percent of children that had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months in normal weight group was significantly more than overweight and obese children. In other words, this study showed that exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months after birth can be associated with reducing overweight and obesity in primary school children. On this basis, we can probably help to prevent overweight and obesity in children in the future by teaching more and more accurate about exclusive breastfeeding for parents, especially mothers and health care providers

[ operation duration and short-term complications of laparoscopic transabdominal prepritoneal hernia repair: trendelenburg versus reverse-trendelenburg positions]

The aim of this study was to compare operating time and short-term complications of laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair during reperitonealization in Trendelenburg versus reverse-Trendelenburg positions. Thirty-nine patients with inguinal hernia were enrolled in this clinical trial. Study was done in Milad and Rasoul Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during 2008-2010. The patients neither were pregnant nor did they have any signs of peritonitis, strangulation, perforation or infection. Moreover, they had a Body Mass Index [BMI] below 35 kg/m2 and were physically fit for general anesthesia. The participants were divided into two groups by block randomization. The first [20] and the second [19] groups of patients underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in Trendelenburg and reverse-Trendelenburg positions. Respectively all the operations were performed by one surgeon. The patients were visited one day and one week after the surgery. Most frequent complications were rupture in peritoneal repair in 9 patients [23%], skin site bleeding in one patient [2.6%], and peritoneal tension in 33 patients [84.6%] patients. Duration of surgery and peritoneal repair took a significantly longer time in Trendelenburg versus the reverse-Trendelenburg position. There were no differences in duration for returning to work or resumption of daily activities between the two groups. Pain in the first day following surgery was statistically more severe in the Trendelenburg group. This study demonstrated that reverse-Trendelenburg position took less time for herniorrhaphy and peritoneal repair than Trendelenburg position, although the complications were the same

Study of long term effects of laser therapy versus local corticosteroid injection in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [CTS] is the most common compressive neuropathy. Several surgical and nonsurgical treatments have been proposed for this syndrome, but there is no consensus regarding the prioritization of the suggested nonsurgical treatments. The goal of this study was to compare the long term effects of laser therapy versus local corticosteroid injection in the treatment of CTS. During this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 65 hands with mild or moderate CTS were divided randomly into two groups. One group received local corticosteroid injection [Hydrocortisone 50 mg] and the other received low level laser therapy [20J/cm in 11 seconds/session for each of 5 points, 775nm, 10 sessions and 3sessions/week]. Furthermore, wrist splints with extension degree of 0 [neutral position] were prescribed simultaneously for 6 weeks in each group. Pain severity and electrodiagnostic measurements were compared from before to 10 months after completing each treatment. Data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5 software and parametric tests. Generally, the mean age of patients was 43.9 years, duration of pain was 7.4 months, male to female ratio was 1:3, pain severity using Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] was 6.1 cm, and functional status measure was 15.5. The severity of the disease based on electrodiagnostic studies was 43.2% mild [41.2% in injection group and 45.2% in laser therapy group] and 56.8% moderate. The electrodiagnostic characteristics of the median nerve prior to treatment were included mean sensory peak latency of 4.3ms, mean sensory amplitude of 23.5mv, mean motor onset latency of 4.3ms and mean motor amplitude of 4.6mv. There was no meaningful difference between two groups regarding the demographic characteristics and electrodiagnostic measures [p>0.05]. Ten months after treatments, the mean of pain severity was decreased 1.9cm in injection group and 1.7cm in laser therapy group, the mean of median sensory peak latencies was decreased 0.4ms in injection group and 0.25ms in laser therapy group and the mean of motor onset latencies was decreased 0.15ms in both groups, with no significant difference between the observed treatments variables [P>0.05]. The severity of disease based on electrodiagnostic studies became 32.4% normal, 23.5% mild, 41.2% moderate and 2.9% severe in the injection group and 38.7% normal, 22.6% mild, 35.5% moderate and 3.2% severe in the laser therapy group. There was no meaningful difference between two groups regarding the changes in the pain severity, functional status and electrodiagnostic measures. Low level laser therapy can be as effective as local injection in reducing pain and severity of disease [based on electrodiagnostic medicine classification] in patients with mild and moderate CTS even in long term [after 10 months]

effects of acupressure on anxiety nursing, midwifery and operating room students

Anxiety is a type of worry and fear can effects learning, decision making and performance of medical sciences and clinical decision making. Based on literature review, acupressure non medical method for decrease of anxiety is an appropriate method to reduce anxiety. Determine the effects of acupressure on anxiety nursing, midwifery and operating room students in the beginning of clinical training. In this single-blind clinical trial study, 66 students of nursing, midwifery and operating room that were in the parts of neonatal, delivery and operating room in the beginning of training course were selected. They were divided to P6 and Thumbs groups. The questionnaire included two parts: l] demographic data [sex and age], 2] Silberberg state trait anxiety scale completed before and after applying pressure in each group. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Stata software used for study power analysis. The mean and standard deviation was 21/26+1/80 for age and 93/9%of samples were female. Also P6 and thumb group were equal in age and sex. There were not any significant difference between state and trait anxiety before intervention in all of the students and two groups were equal. In addition after acupressure we found increased mean of state and trait anxiety in nurse and operative room students than before acupressure, but it decreased in midwifery students that this was not significant statistically. It seems that ineffectiveness of acupressure on nurse, midwifery neonatal and operative room parts, causes of client's referral and their condition sensitivity

Prevalence of calibration errors in Goldman applanation tonometers

To determine the prevalence of calibration errors in Goldmann applanation tonometers at Farabi Eye Hospital. This cross-sectional study was performed on all tonometers in use at Farabi Eye Hospital. All Haag-Streit Goldmann applanation tonometers were checked according to the manufacturer's method by two independent observers and by a third observer in case of mismatched results. Calibration errors were classified into 6 categories of +/- 0.5, +/- 1, +/- 1.5, +/- 2, +/- 2.5 and more than +/- 2.5 mmHg. Overall, 43 Goldmann tonometers were evaluated. There were 3 [7%], 10 [24.3%], 16 [38.3%], 24 [56.9%], 31 [72.1%] and 12 [27.9%] tonometers within calibration errors of +/- 0.5, +/- 1, +/- 1.5, +/- 2, +/- 2.5 and more than +/- 2.5 mmHg respectively. Goldmann tonometers were not within the manufacturer's recommended range [ +/- 0.5 mmHg] in 93%, and not within the acceptable range of +/- 2.5 mmHg in 28% of checked devices. Further study is needed to demonstrate the correlation between calibration errors and clinical errors

[Study of short term effects of low level laser therapy [LLLT] vs. local steroid injection on patients with carpal tunnel syndrome]

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome is frequently offered to those with mild to moderate symptoms. The effectiveness of some non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome remain unknown. This study designed to compare the short term efficacy of local corticosteroid injection and laser treatment for mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. 44 hands in 33 consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed by electrodiagnostic study were allocated randomly in two experimental groups. One group received local corticosteroid injection and the other received low level lasertherapy. Measurements were performed before and 8 weeks after treatments, and included pain assessment by visual analogue scale [VAS] and electrodiagnostic measurement [motor and sensory latencies and motor and sensory action potential amplitudes]. There was a significant symptomatic and electrodiagnostic improvement in both the injection and laser groups [P<0.05]. However, there was no significant difference in any of the outcome measures between the two groups [P>0.05]. LLLT was effective in treating carpal tunnel syndrome as well as local corticosteroid injection at least in short-term Long-term efficacy needs more investigation

[Comparative study of central motor conduction time by using magnetic stimulation and F-wave study in normal subjects]

Central motor conduction time [CMCT] includes time for excitation of the corticospinal pathways and transmission along those tracts. Data obtained by cortical magnetic stimulation are helpful in some clinical situations such as multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis, motor neuron disease, and etc. However, using different methods for peripheral motor conduction time [PMCT] demonsrates two different results. In this study, we used two methods to compare CMCT from F-wave latency and spinal root magnetic stimulation. Also, this study was performed to determine normal values, effects of sex, age and upper limb length. Magnetic stimulation of the cortex and cervical spinal roots was performed on 39 healthy subjects. Responces were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis [APB] muscle. F-wave study was performed in the median nerve. Subtraction of total motor conduction time [TMCT: cortical response] and PMCT by F-wave and cervical root stimulation, shows CMCT. The results showed 19.7 ms for TMCT, 7.3 ms for CMCT of root stimulation and 4.8 for Fwave based CMCT. CMCT to the APB correlates with upper limb length but no with age or sex. The CMCT calculated by subtracting F- wave latencies measured to APB after transcranial stimulation was shorter than the one obtained after magnetic root stimulation

[Effect of Cervical Spinal Manipulation on Lateral epicondylalgia]

Background: lateral epicondylalgia is relatively a common musculoskeletal problem. Some recent studies have shown the possible relationship between segmental cervical spine dysfunction and lateral epicondylalgia in noticeable portion of patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cervical manipulation on lateral epicondylalgia in the presence of painful minor intervertebral dysfunction [PMID]

Methods and materials: in this randomized double blind clinical trial study, 30 patients with lateral epicondylalgia referred to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic of 501 Amy Hospital were studied. 15 patients received rotatory high velocity, low amplitude manipulative therapy in pain free direction. The others received mobilization without thrust [no manipulation]

Results: immediately after manipulation, there was 2.8 cm decrement in VAS and 51.9, and 20.4 increment in PPT and PFG, respectively. After a week, improvement was 2.1 cm in VAS, 30.7% in PPT and 8.5% in PFG

Conclusion: manipulated group produced significant improvement in visual analogue scale and pressure pain threshold not only immediately after treatment but also a week later. Pain free grip strength had no significant increment one week after manipulation in comparison with non-manipulated group. Improvement of all variables decreased with time, justifying the need for repetition of manipulation. Duration of efficacy and correlation between PMID and pain of lateral epicondyl requires longtime evaluation of patients and more studies

Preecamplsia is an important complication of pregnancy which can result in morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and the neonate

This study was designed to determine the effect of garlic tablet [Gariet] on plasma lipids, and platelet aggregation levels and the efficacy of this treatment in the prevention of preeclampsia in four government hospitals in Tehran. in a randomized, single - blind, placebo - controlled study, 100 primigravidas with positive roll-over test were treated with daily doses of 800 mg/day Gariet [n=50] or 800 mg/day placebo [n=50] during the third trimester of pregnancy. In this study serum total cholesterol, LDL- an HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and platelet aggregation were measured before and after the treatment. Blood pressure, weight, and edema were also examined during the entire study period. in the case group, there was no significant difference in the means of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride before and after the experiment. Furthermore, the inhibition of platelet aggregation did not show any significant difference before and after the treatment. There were not significant differences in the means of HDL, LDL, triglyceride, inhibition of platelet aggregation, the means of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the mean arterial blood pressure [MAR], between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in the means of total cholesterol [p=0.038] and hypertension alone [p=0.043]. the administration of 800 mg/day of garlet during the third trimester of pregnancy was effective in reducing the occurrence of hypertention alone, but it was no effective in preventing preeclampsia