Stunting predictors among children aged 0-24 months in Southeast Asia: a scoping review / Preditores de nanismo entre crianças de 0 a 24 meses no Sudeste Asiático: Uma revisão do escopo / Indicadores de la desnutrición crónica entre niños de 0 a 24 meses en el Sudeste Asiático: Una revisión del alcance

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify predictors of stunting among children 0-24 months in Southeast Asia. Methods: This scoping review focused on articles with observational study design in English published from 2012 to 2023 from five international databases. The primary keyword used were: "stunting" OR "growth disorder" AND "newborn" AND "predict" AND "Southeast Asia". Results: Of the 27 articles selected for the final analysis there are thirteen predictors of stunting in seven Southeast Asia countries. The thirteen predictors include the child, mother, home, inadequate complementary feeding, inadequate breastfeeding, inadequate care, poor quality foods, food and water safety, infection, political economy, health and healthcare, water, sanitation, and environment, and social culture factor. Conclusion: All these predictors can lead to stunting in Southeast Asia. To prevent it, health service providers and other related sectors need to carry out health promotion and health prevention according to the predictors found.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar preditores de nanismo entre crianças de 0 a 24 meses no Sudeste Asiático. Métodos: Esta revisão de escopo se concentrou em artigos com desenho de estudo observacional em inglês publicados de 2012 a 2023 em cinco bases de dados internacionais. As palavras-chave primárias usadas foram: "stunting" (nanismo) OU "growth disorder" (distúrbio de crescimento) E "newborn" (recém-nascido) E "predict" (previsão) E "Southeast Asia" (Sudeste Asiático). Resultados: Dos 27 artigos selecionados para análise final, existem treze preditores de nanismo em sete países do Sudeste Asiático. Os treze preditores incluem a criança, a mãe, a casa, a alimentação complementar inadequada, a amamentação inadequada, os cuidados inadequados, os alimentos de má qualidade, a segurança alimentar e da água, a infeção, a economia política, a saúde e os cuidados de saúde, a água, o saneamento e o meio ambiente, e o fator cultura social. Conclusão: Todos estes preditores podem levar ao nanismo no Sudeste Asiático. Para preveni-lo, os prestadores de serviços de saúde e outros setores relacionados precisam realizar a promoção e a prevenção da saúde de acordo com os preditores encontrados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar indicadores de desnutrición crónica entre niños de 0 a 24 meses en el Sudeste Asiático. Métodos: Esta revisión de alcance se centró en artículos con diseño de estudio observacional publicados en inglés, entre los años 2012 y 2023 de cinco bases de datos internacionales. Las principales palabras clave utilizadas fueron: "stunting (Desnutrición crónica)" o "growth disorder (Desorden del crecimiento)", y "newborn (Recién nacido)", y "predict (Predecir)", y "Southeast Asia (Sudeste Asiático)". Resultados: De los 27 artículos seleccionados para el análisis final, se encontraron trece indicadores que influyen en la desnutrición crónica en siete países del Sudeste Asiático. Los trece indicadores incluyen el niño, la madre, el hogar, la alimentación inadequada complementaria, la lactancia materna inadecuada, la atención inadecuada, los alimentos de mala calidad, la seguridad de los alimentos y el agua, la infección, la economía política, la salud y la asistencia sanitaria, el agua, el saneamiento y el medio ambiente, y por último el factor sociocultural. Conclusión: Todos estos indicadores pueden provocar desnutrición crónica en niños del Sudeste Asiático. Para poder prevenirlo los prestadores de servicios de salud y otros sectores relacionados, necesitan realizar actividades de promoción y prevención de la salud de acuerdo con los indicadores encontrados en este artículo.

Factors Influencing Anxiety Levels During Dental Radiographic Examination Among Dental Students

@#Introduction: : Dental anxiety was found to be related to the radiographic procedure and can be influenced by sociodemographic characteristics of patients such as age, gender, level of education, and provoking factors such as past dental examination experience. Evaluating the anxiety regarding dental radiographic examination could be beneficial in ensuring the procedure’s continuance. This study aimed to measure the radiology knowledge among dental students and its association with anxiety due to dental radiographic examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect the data using a questionnaire packet that included a knowledge and anxiety questionnaire, demographic data, and information about the experience of dental radiographic examination. A total sampling of 1st and 2nd year undergraduate and clerkship dental students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Anxiety-related factors were assessed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression conducted with STATA 15.1. Results: Results showed that knowledge and anxiety were negatively correlated but the correlation was not statistically significant. Gender, radiographic technique, and presence/absence of a companion during the examination were not correlated with anxiety. Meanwhile, the anxiety level was negatively and significantly correlated with age and examination frequency (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression results showed strong evidence that age and examination frequency were the main factors for predicting anxiety. Conclusion: Although age, radiographic examination frequency, and educational level are significant bivariate predictors of anxiety, subsequent regression analysis indicated that only age and radiographic examination frequency influence anxiety.

Liver-protectant and cardiovascular-protectant effects of Nigella sativa: a meta-analysis / 数字中医药（英文）

@#【Objective】  A significant amount of evidence has lately revealed that individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases, which is the primary cause of death in patients. This study is to evaluate liver- and cardiovascular-protectant effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa). 【Methods】  The meta-analysis was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The literature review was conducted in June 2022 with papers retrieved from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library websites from January 2010 to December 2021. The Review Manager version 5.3 was applied for the statistical analysis of parameters like aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, lipid profil, blood glucose level, weight, and body mass index (BMI). 【Results】  The results showed that N. sativa could significantly decrease the AST (P = 0.009) and ALT (P < 0.05) levels in research subjects. Subjects in the N. sativa group had a significant higher cure rate of fatty liver than those in the placebo group (P = 0.000 1). In addition, lipid profile, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose of subjects all significantly reduced in the N.sativa group (P < 0.05). However, the comparison of body weight and BMI between the N.sativa group and placebo group did not show significant difference (P > 0.05). 【Conclusion】 N. sativa did have certain liver-protectant and cardiovascular-protectant effects on patients with NAFLD or chronic liver diseases (CLD), despite the insignificant comparison of body weight and BMI between the N. sativa group and the placebo group.

Prevalence of Oral Normal Variance in Healthy Elderly Patients: A Descriptive Study on Oral Pseudo-Lesions

Abstract Introduction The aging process in the elderly can change the condition of the oral cavity, regarding both clinical appearance and function. The oral mucosa becomes more susceptible to mechanical damage and irritant agents. Any changes in the oral mucosa, including normal variance, should be examined. This is especially true for the elderly, to improve oral health and prevent any abnormalities. Objective To describe the prevalence of oral normal variance in healthy elderly patients. Methods An observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design with total sampling conducted from March to April 2020. Results Among the 117 elderly patients who participated in this study, 58 were described as healthy without any comorbidities. From those subjects, there were 117 cases of normal variance in the oral mucosa. The three most prevalent issues were fissured tongue (93.1%), coated tongue (58.62%), and crenated tongue (27.59%). Conclusion Fissured tongue is a normal variance of the oral mucosa that is commonly found in healthy elderly patients.

Conditioned medium of E17 rat brain cells induced differentiation of primary colony of mice blastocyst into neuron-like cells

Background@#Conditioned medium is the medium obtained from certain cultured cells and contained secretome from the cells. The secretome, which can be in the form of growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, or other proteins secreted by the cells, can induce the differentiation of cells that still have pluripotent or multipotent properties. @*Objectives@#This study examined the effects of conditioned medium derived from E17 rat brain cells on cells with pluripotent properties. @*Methods@#The conditioned medium used in this study originated from E17 rat brain cells. The CM was used to induce the differentiation of primary colonies of mice blastocysts. Primary colonies were stained with alkaline phosphatase to analyze the pluripotency. The morphological changes in the colonies were examined, and the colonies were stained with GFAP and Neu-N markers on days two and seven after adding the conditioned medium. @*Results@#The conditioned medium could differentiate the primary colony, beginning with the formation of embryoid-body-like structure; round GFAP positive cells were identified. Finally, neuron-like cells testing positive for Neu-N were observed on the seventh day after adding the conditioned medium. @*Conclusions@#Conditioned medium from different species, in this case, E17 rat brain cells, induced and promoted the differentiation of the primary colony from mice blastocysts into neuron-like cells. The addition of CM mediated neurite growth in the differentiation process.

Serum vitamin B12 associated with vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with recurrent aphthous stomatitis / Vitamina B12 sérica asociada con vitamina D / 25 (OH) D en mujeres con estomatitis aftosa recurrente

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Current studies have showed vitamin B12 to be associated with vitamin D in women, however no study has assessed vitamin B12 associated with vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Objective: To investigate the association between serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Materials and Methods: Fourty one women with RAS who meet the inclusion criteria participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were women with RAS without other oral diseases. The exclusions criteria were those who have systemic diseases, taking medications or smoked. All subjects underwent venupuncture to draw blood to quantify serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D. The characteristic of subjects, severity of RAS, serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D were collected and presented descriptively. The correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with 95% confidence interval. This study was approved by Medical and Health Ethics Committe, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Results: All RAS subjects have normal mean value of serum Vitamin B12 (453.97+154.44pg/ml) and have low mean value of serum vitamin D/25(OH)D (10.79 +3.29ng/ml) categorized as vitamin D deficiency. The Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between mean serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D (r= 0.313, p<0.05). Conclusion: There is correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D, and a low level of Vitamin D may contribute in RAS in women.

Antecedentes: la deficiencia de vitamina B12 y vitamina D puede contribuir a la estomatitis aftosa recurrente (EAR). Los estudios actuales han demostrado que la vitamina B12 está asociada con la vitamina D en mujeres, sin embargo, ningún estudio ha evaluado la vitamina B12 asociada con la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en mujeres con EAR. Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D / 25 (OH) D sérica en mujeres con RAS. Material y Métodos: Cuarenta y una mujeres con RAS que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión participaron en este estudio. Los criterios de inclusión fueron mujeres con RAS y sin otras enfermedades orales. Los criterios de exclusión fueron aquellos que tenían enfermedades sistémicas, tomaban medicamentos o fumaban. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a una venupuntura para extraer sangre para cuantificar la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero. Las características de los sujetos, la severidad del EAR, la concentración de vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D sérica fueron recolectadas y presentadas descriptivamente. La correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D se analizó mediante la prueba de correlación de Pearson con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética Médica y de Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Resultado: Todos los sujetos con EAR tienen un valor medio normal de vitamina B12 sérica (453,97pg/ml + 154,44pg/ml) y un valor medio bajo de vitamina D sérica/25 (OH) D (10,79 ng/ml + 3,29ng/ml) clasificado como deficiencia de vitamina D. La prueba de correlación de Pearson mostró que había una correlación positiva significativa entre la vitamina B12 media y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero r=0.313, p<0.05). Conclusión: Existe una correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D, y un bajo nivel de vitamina D puede contribuir al RAS en las mujeres.

Predisposing, Enabling, And Reinforcing Factors That Influence Full Basic Immunization Coverage In Bangkalan District, Madura Island In 2017

@#The cases of morbidity and mortality of babies and toddlers are continue to occur because of negligence of the mothers in providing complete basic immunization to their babies. This study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to identify the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that influence full basic immunization coverage. The study was performed on mothers who had 9-12 months old child spread in 22 villages, purposively selected through from 22 community health centers in Bangkalan District, Madura Island. 200 mothers were selected as the study's respondents. The data were collected through questionnaires and from the book of "Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak" (KIA). The result of the study was obtained using logistic regression statistical test and it showed that the factors that influenced of full basic immunization coverage in Bangkalan District, Madura Island, were family income as predisposing factor (OR=2.26; 95% CI= 1.14 to 4.51; p= 0.020); health facility as enabling factor (OR=3.03; 95% CI= 1.59 to 5.80; p= 0.001); and community leader support as reinforcing factor (OR=2.56; 95% CI= 1.33 to 4.92; p= 0.005).

Correlation Between Posture of Job and Musculoskeletal Disorders Complains Among Emergency Departement Nurses in General Hospital Distric of Tangerang City

@#Introduction: Based on World Health Organization (WHO) incidence of musculoskeletal diseases is estimated to reach 60.4% of all occupational illness. Research conducted in the UK and Hongkong on nurses reported lower stage pain of 38% and 39% and some neck pain 34% and 31% respectively. Musculoskeletal disorders are basically complaints of pain in parts of our body that include muscles, joints, ligaments, skeletons, and nerves. Work posture is one of the factors that influence the increase in musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the research is to identify correlation between posture at job with musculoskeletal disorders complaints in the emergency department among nurses. Methods: The Method of the research was a quantitative research using cross sectional methods with Spearmen Rho correlation statistic test and the sampling method used total sampling. The sample size in this study was 40 nurses in the Emergency Department. Data collection was conducted by using Nordic Body Maps questionnaire to assess Musculoskeletal Disorder and posture of job assessment was carried out by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Results: The results from this study showed that half of respondents (50%) were 26-30 years old, more than half (67%) of respondents are male, more than half (60%) have very high risks due to posture of job, and more than half (55%) had heavy complaints. Conclusion: There was a correlation between job posture with musculoskeletal disorders.

Combination of Blue Laser Exposure with UV-LED to Improve Antimicrobial Effects on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

@#Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is a major mediator of infection. The light based therapy is still not adequate to eradicate biofilm caused by Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). The Ultra Violet (UV) irradiation has high energy and sufficient to penetrate a tissue. This study aims to investigate the effect of combination of UV LED irradiation and blue laser on the biofilm. Methods: The pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 approximated 108 CFU/mL or 1.0 McFarland Standard was used for this study. The biofilm sample was placed onto micro plate for 48 hours. The treatment group was divided into 3 groups, which were blue laser group, UV LED group and UV-Blue laser group. Results: The results showed that the highest biofilm reduction (80.57 ± 0.77) % was treated by blue laser irradiation for 4 minutes and UV irradiation for 20 s. Conclusion: Thus, the combination UV LED and Blue laser is the best choice to eradicate more biofilm.

Ergonomics Aspects of the Architectural Design of the Staircase in Universitas Airlangga Public Health Faculty Building, Surabaya

@#Introduction: Staircase is facilities functioned to connect floors. Stairs which are not ergonomic may cause fatigue and accident for the users. Universitas Airlangga Public Health Faculty Building is a three-story building. Each floor has 5 staircases on different sides. The aim of this study was to analyze the ergonomics aspects of the architectural design of the staircase. Method: This study used cross-sectional design with descriptive analysis. The measured dimensions of the staircase were riser's height, tread's depth, stairs width, stairs slope, landing, lighting level, handrail's height and diameter, and the presence of non-skid surface. The measurement tools were measuring tape, lux meter and cylinder bore gauge. Results: Measurement showed that all riser's height met the recommendation. Most tread's depth was below 30 cm. The width of Northwestern and Southwestern staircase was below the recommendation width, which was <125 cm. All slope of stairs was within the recommendation slope. The height and diameter of all handrails was 96 cm and 5.5 cm respectively and was above the recommendation. The lighting level during daytime on most staircase was above 100 lux but during nighttime was below 100 lux. There were landings that were wider than the stairs and non-skid surface at the edge of each tread. Conclusion: Most dimension of staircase (67.5%) in Universitas Airlangga Public Health Faculty Building met the design recommendation but the tread's depth, width of stairs, handrail's diameter and height, as well as the lighting on stairs need to be improved to make the stairs safer.

Fish oil capsule supplementation in children with obesity reduced c-reactive protein and improved blood pressure

@#Introduction: Excessive accumulation of body fat in obesity increases morbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and blood pressure in children with obesity. Methods: Fifty obese children, aged 6-10 years, were randomly assigned to the supplementation group (n=25) who received EPA and DHA supplementation or to the placebo group (n=25) for eight weeks. The trial was done in a single centre in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Randomisation and allocation to the trial group were done by a computer system. The primary analysis was comparing the blood pressure and hs-CRP level between groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tests were done to compare the differences between groups, with a p-value <0.05 considered as significant. Results: A total of 44 children completed the study, 24 (54.5%) were males and 20 (45.5%) were females. Initially, the systolic/diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level in the supplementation and placebo groups were 109.5/72.7 mmHg and 3.5 mg/L, 107.9/68.4 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. At the end, they were 106.3/67.7 mmHg and 1.7 mg/L, and 108.1/71.8 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. Systolic-, diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level were decreased by -2.6 mmHg (95% CI: -6.9 to 1.6; p=0.220), -7.5 mmHg (95% CI: -12.4 to -2.6; p=0.004), and -1.15 mg/L (95% CI: -2.1 to -0.2; p=0.022), respectively. Conclusion: EPA and DHA supplementation in obese children showed significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level.

Risk Factors for Early Childhood Caries Based on Identification of Veillonella spp. Using RT-PCR

Abstract Objective: To identify the occurrence of Veillonella spp. in children using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and to determine its role as a risk factor for ECC in children aged 2-3 years. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and samples from 87 children aged 2-3 years, who lived in selected villages in the Bandung City area, Indonesia, were collected. Examination for dental caries was performed using standard checks for decay, missing, and filled surfaces (dfms), and saliva samples were taken. Microbiological examination was performed using RT-PCR with primers consisting of one primary set for Veillonella spp. and one universal primary set for 16S rDNA. We performed statistical testing using the Mann Whitney rank-sum test. Results: A total of 87 children were sampled, and an ECC prevalence of 71.3% was found, with a mean dmfs of 7.1 (± 9.1). The proportion of Veillonella spp. in caries-free children was 2.13 ± 2.30, while in children with ECC, it was 3.29 ± 6.83. Conclusion: The proportion of Veillonella spp. in children with ECC was higher than in caries-free children; therefore, Veillonella spp. may be a risk factor for ECC.

Oral Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Post Dexamethasone Injection at 7. 2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg Doses / Candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos (Rattus norvegicus) pós-injeção de dexametasona com doses de 7, 2 mg / kg e 16 mg / kg

Objective: Oral candidiasis is an infection that occurs in the oral cavity and is caused by candida species, often Candida albicans. This infection commonly occurs in a condition of immunosuppression caused by dexamethasone. Due to the side effects of antifungal therapy, developing a standardized immunosuppressed animal model to induce oral candidiasis for new therapies is required. The aim of this study is to observe oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed Wistar rats post dexamethasone injection at 7.2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg doses. Material and Methods: Twenty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, treatment group 1 (injected with dexamethasone at a concentration of 7.2 mg/kg), and treatment group 2 (at a concentration of 16 mg/kg) for five days. Immunosuppression status was observed by leukocyte count and all the subjects' palates were inoculated with C. albicans 0.1 ml of 15x108 UFC/ml 24 hours later. The subjects' tongues were observed and confirmed by laboratory examination on day 10. A statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA, Kruskal­Wallis, Tukey HSD, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: A significant clinical appearance of the subjects' tongues was observed only between C and T1 (p=0.023; p<0.05). Significant hyphal formation was observed between C and T1 (p= 0.037; p<0.05) and between C and T2 (p=0.007; p<0.05), and no significant difference was observed between T1 and T2. A significant increase in the colony count was also observed in similar results. Conclusion: Dexamethasone injection at doses of 7.2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg is effective in triggering immunosuppression to induce oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed Wistar rats. (AU)

Candidíase oral é uma infecção que ocorre na cavidade oral e é causada por espécies de Candida, freqüentemente Candida albicans. Esta infecção geralmente ocorre em uma condição de imunossupressão causada por dexametasona. Devido aos efeitos colaterais de terapia antifúngica, o desenvolvimento de um padrão de modelo animal imunossuprimido para induzir candidíase oral para testar novas terapias se faz necessário. O objetivo deste estudo é observar candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos pós-injeção de dexametasona utilizando doses de 7,2 mg /kg e 16 mg / kg. Material e métodos: Vinte e um ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: grupo controle, tratamento grupo 1 (injetado com dexametasona na concentração de 7,2 mg / kg), e tratamento grupo 2 (concentração de 16 mg / kg) por cinco dias. A imunossupressão foi observada pela contagem de leucócitos e todos os palatos dos animais foram inoculados com C. albicans 0,1 ml de 15x108 UFC / ml após 24horas. As línguas dos animais foram observadas e confirmadas por exame laboratorial após 10 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada usando os testes de ANOVA um fator, kruskal ­ Wallis, Tukey HSD e de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Significante diferença na aparência clínica da língua dos animais foi observada apenas entre C e T1 (p = 0,023; p <0,05). Significativa diferença na formação de hifas foi observada entre C e T1(p = 0,037; p <0,05) e entre C e T2 (p = 0,007; p <0,05), e nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre T1 e T2. Um aumento significativo na contagem de colônias foi também observado com resultados semelhantes. Conclusão: Injeção de dexametasona utilizando doses de 7,2 mg / kg e 16 mg / kg é eficaz no desencadeamento da imunossupressão para induzir candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos. (AU)

Levels of molecular angiogenic and antiangiogenic in pregnant women with risk of preeclampsia

Background: Angiogenic and antiangiogenic imbalances play a major role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Increased production of sFlt-1 by the placenta causes free circulating PIGF and VEGF concentrations to lower because it is bound by sFlt-1. Measuring levels of angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins as biomarkers indicates placental dysfunction and distinguishes preeclampsia from other disorders. This study aims to analyze the levels of angiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules in pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia.Methods: The study with a cross-sectional design was carried out in 11-15 weeks gestational age whom had a risk of preeclampsia with 30 samples in primary health care starting April-August 2018. Blood serum was measured by molecular levels of VEGF, PlGF, sFlt-1, and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio using the ELISA method. Data analysis used Pearson product moment test.Results: The mean of VEGF levels are 15.5±21.6, PlGF 89.7±55.5, sFlt-1 11519.4±5126.0 and the ratio sFlt-1/PlGF 166.7±102.1. Correlation value of risk factors for preeclampsia with molecular levels of VEGF r= -0.05; p = 0.76, PlGF r= -0.21; p = 0.26, sFlt r= 0.01; p =0.99 and ratio sFlt-1/PlGF r = 0.10; p = 0.58.Conclusions: The higher the total score of preeclampsia risk factor, the lower the molecular level of VEGF and PlGF is. Moreover, the higher the total score of preeclampsia risk factor, the higher the molecular level sFlt-1 and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio is. There are no significant correlation between total score of preeclampsia risk factor and levels of molecule VEGF, PlGF, sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio.

Oral Ulcer Healing after Treatment with Distilled Liquid Smoke of Coconut Shell on Diabetic Rats

Background: Distilled liquid smoke from coconut shell(Cocos nucifera L.) by pyrolysis process with final0 0temperature 400 C and then distilled in 120-150 C. Thecharacteristics of distilled liquid smoke are yellow3liquid, with acidity 2.39 and density 1.0643 g/cm . Themajor identified compounds arephenol (36.6%), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) (25.2%), furfural (17.8%),2-methoxy-5-methylphenol (5.2%) and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (EMP) (3.5%) with 28 other minorconstituents by GCMS. Aim and Objectives: Distilledliquid smoke was examined to investigate its potentialtherapeutic to oral ulcer healing and diabetic conditionon the rat. Furthermore, the clinical oral ulcer healingwas evaluated based on ulcer size and diabetic wasevaluated based on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) andbody weight changes. Material and Methods: Diabeteswas induced by alloxan. Seventy-two hours afterinjection, the diabetic condition was confirmed withFBG of >200mg/dl, then the labial fornix anterior wasinjured to induce oral ulcer using round steel blade.Results: The clinical oral ulcer healing was improvedafter treatment with distillated liquid smoke comparedto benzydamine hydrochloride and aquadest sterile forthree days (p=0.005) and seven days (p=0.000).Treatment for seven days with distilled liquid smokeshowed significant improvement of the body masschanges compared to benzydamine hydrochloride(p=0.008) and aquadest sterile (p=0.002). There wasno improvement of FBG after treatment with distilledliquid smoke (p=0.152). Conclusion: Treatment withdistilled liquid smoke coconut shell can improved oralulcer healing and body weight changes, but not FBGchanges

Diagnostic Validity of Self-Perceived Dental Caries in Indonesian Young Adolescents Aged 12-15 Years

Objective: To compare self-perceived information and clinically diagnosed dental caries status among Indonesian children aged 12­15 years. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was used to obtain self-perceived information. Clinical examinations were conducted to determine the mean number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and the presence of severely decayed teeth with visible pulpal involvement, ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments, fistula, and abscess (PUFA). The study included 494 children aged 12­15 years recruited from six junior high schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. The clinical examination results and responses to the self-perceived assessment questionnaire were compared to determine the sensitivity and specificity. Results: The proportions of children with dental caries and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in this study were 69.4% and 17.6%, respectively, with mean DMFT and PUFA index scores of 2.4 and 0.2, respectively. For the DMFT index, the self-perceived need for oral treatment had the highest sensitivity (86%), while the dental pain had the highest specificity (89%). For the PUFA index, the self perceived oral health condition had the highest sensitivity (92%), while the self-perceived dental pain had the highest specificity (82%). However, none of the self-perceived variables had both high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Self-perceived information obtained from the questionnaire can not properly evaluate the clinical status of dental caries.

Risk Factors of Dental Caries: Consumption of Sugary Snacks Among Indonesian Adolescents

Objective: To determine the risk factors of caries among adolescents in Padang City, by assessing the frequency of sugary snack consumption. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 randomly selected junior high school students using a selfadministered questionnaire along with oral examinations. The questionnaire consisted of questions on socio-demographic characteristics, oral health behavior, and frequency of consumption of sugary foods. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis. Results: Dental caries was found in 61% of the total students and was more prevalent in males when compared with females. The mean DMFT score was 1.3±1.4. Sugary snack consumption, attitude, and protective factors were significantly related to the occurrence of caries (p<0.001). The risk of dental caries in subjects with high amounts of sugary snack consumption was 5.67 times higher (OR=5.7; CI: 2.7-11.9) than those with low consumption. Subjects with low protective factors, high consumption of sugary foods and drinks, and bad attitude presented with a caries prevalence of 94%. Conclusion: The consumption of sugary foods was found to play an important role in the development of caries in the current study.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients in Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Oral health is often overlooked in the management of geriatric patients but it is vital to have a knowledged-based practice in order to increase the quality of life of elderly patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> The purpose of this study is to determine the number and types of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients who come to the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This is an observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on geriatric patients coming to the hospital between March and December 2018.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> One hundred twenty-four (124) new geriatric patients came to the hospital. A total of 152 oral lesions from 63 geriatric patients (50.81%) were identified.  Overall, coated tongue (55.56%) was the most frequently detected lesion, followed by linea alba buccalis (31.74%) and lingual varicosities (26.98%).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Coated tongue or white tongue is the most frequently detected oral mucosal lesion, often caused by poor oral hygiene. The dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions and decide on the appropriate treatment in geriatric patients.</p>

Self-efficacy to Engage in Physical Activity and Overcome Barriers, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Mass Index Among Elderly Indonesians With Diabetes / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants' confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t-test. RESULTS: In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1±26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI (p<0.001; r=0.116) and sedentary activity (p<0.05; r=0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.

Self-efficacy to Engage in Physical Activity and Overcome Barriers, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Mass Index Among Elderly Indonesians With Diabetes / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES@#Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants' confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t-test.@*RESULTS@#In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1±26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI (p<0.001; r=0.116) and sedentary activity (p<0.05; r=0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels (p<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.