Review and Prospect of China’s Medical and Health Policy Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China: Analysis based on Policy Tools / 中国医学伦理学

Policy tools are ways to quantitative analysis of policy text content and the construction of a "Policy Tools-Policy Objectives (X-Y Dimension)" framework to explore long-term stability and late-stage innovation of policy development. This paper reviewed the development process of medical and health policies since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and divided 1949-2021 into four stages of reform breeding, institutional transformation, reform improvement and continuous deepening. Screening 121 medical and health policy texts issued at the national level since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, quantitatively analyzing 5 957 policy text cells from the perspective of policy tools, counting the use of policy tools in various periods, and excavating the inherent logic of policy texts, policy tools and policy objectives to derive development characteristics of internal logic deduction. The development of China’s medical and health policy in the new period will serve the people’s health in the first place, adhere to the development direction of equalization of basic public service, strengthen the coordinated development of scientific and technological innovation and talent training, build a health and healthy development system with Chinese characteristics.

Success of sports organizations and correlation with efficiency and leadership style / éxito de las organizaciones deportivas y correlación con eficiencia y estilo de liderazgo / Sucesso de organizações esportivas e correlação com eficiência e estilo de liderança

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this research is to determine how managers evaluate the success of sports organizations. Methods: A system of a total of 119 variables (9 variables of the structure of sports organizations, 7 variables of the management structure of sports organizations, 3 variables of the performance of sports organizations, 45 variables of leadership styles and 55 variables of organizational effectiveness) was applied to a sample of 175 respondents aged 19-66. In the research, we used multiple regression analysis. Results: It was found that there is a statistically significant influence of the management of sports organizations on predicting the success of sports organizations, while organizational effectiveness and leadership styles do not have a significant impact. Conclusion: The success of sports organizations can be predicted based on the characteristics of the management of sports organizations. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Examination of Results.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar cómo los directivos evalúan el éxito de las organizaciones deportivas. Métodos: Sistema de un total de 119 variables (9 variables de estructura de organizaciones deportivas, 7 variables de estructura de gestión de organizaciones deportivas, 3 variables de desempeño de organizaciones deportivas, 45 variables de estilos de liderazgo y 55 variables de eficacia organizacional) se aplicó a una muestra de 175 encuestados de entre 19 y 66 años. En la investigación, utilizamos análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Se encontró que existe una influencia estadísticamente significativa de la gestión de las organizaciones deportivas en la predicción del éxito de las organizaciones deportivas, mientras que la eficacia organizacional y los estilos de liderazgo no tienen una influencia significativa. Conclusiõn: El éxito de las organizaciones deportivas se puede predecir en base a las características de la gestión de las Organizaciones deportivas. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios Terapéuticos - Examen de los Resultados.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar como os gerentes avaliam o sucesso das organizações esportivas. Métodos: Um sistema com um total de 119 variáveis (9 variáveis da estrutura das organizações desportivas, 7 variáveis da estrutura de gestão das organizações desportivas, 3 variáveis do desempenho das organizações desportivas, 45 variáveis dos estilos de liderança e 55 variáveis da eficácia organizacional) foi aplicado a uma amostra de 175 entrevistados com idades entre 19 e 66 anos. Na pesquisa, utilizamos a análise de regressão múltipla. Resultados: Verificou-se que existe uma influência estatisticamente significativa da gestão das organizações desportivas na previsão do sucesso das organizações desportivas, enquanto a eficácia organizacional e os estilos de liderança não têm influência significativa. Conclusão: O sucesso das organizações esportivas pode ser previsto com base nas características da gestão das organizações esportivas. Nível de Evidencia II; Estudios Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados.

El objetivo en las clases de Educación Física y sesiones de entrenamiento deportivo

Al valorar los resultados de varios cursos escolares (2015-2019) en la esfera del Deporte y la Educación Física, se identificaron dificultades relacionadas con el desarrollo de las clases, asociadas a la falta de preparación de los docentes para seleccionar, formular y controlar los objetivos, lo que fue asumido por la Comisión Municipal de Educación Física de la Dirección de Deportes como un problema a resolver; a partir de este presupuesto, se asumió la tarea de investigar las causas que determinan tal problemática. Se identificó, mediante la aplicación de la observación, el análisis documental, la encuesta y la entrevista, que existen carencias en la preparación de los profesores y entrenadores que les impiden asumir este elemento técnico y que limitan el logro de la calidad de las actividades impartidas. Es por ello que el objetivo del presente artículo es proponer orientaciones metodológicas para perfeccionar la selección, formulación y control de los objetivos en las clases de Educación Física y sesiones de entrenamiento deportivo. Los resultados alcanzados demostraron que es posible lograr la preparación de los profesores y entrenadores deportivos en función del objetivo propuesto y de esa forma elevar la calidad y los resultados del aprendizaje de los estudiantes, lo que resulta esencial para el cumplimiento del encargo social asignado en este campo a las Direcciones Municipales de Educación y Deportes.

Ao avaliar os resultados de vários anos letivos (2015-2019) no campo do Esporte e da Educação Física, foram identificadas dificuldades relacionadas ao desenvolvimento das aulas, associadas à falta de preparação dos professores para selecionar, formular e controlar os objetivos, o que foi assumido pela Comissão Municipal de Educação Física da Diretoria de Esportes como um problema a ser resolvido; a partir desse orçamento, assumiu-se a tarefa de investigar as causas que determinam tal problema. Identificou-se, mediante a aplicação de observação, análise documental, pesquisa e entrevista, que existem deficiências na preparação de professores e treinadores que os impedem de assumir esse elemento técnico e limitam a obtenção da qualidade das atividades ministradas. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste artigo é propor diretrizes metodológicas para melhorar a seleção, a formulação e o controle dos objetivos nas aulas de Educação Física e nas sessões de treinamento esportivo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível preparar professores e treinadores esportivos de acordo com o objetivo proposto e, assim, elevar a qualidade e os resultados da aprendizagem dos alunos, o que é essencial para o cumprimento da tarefa social atribuída nesse campo às Diretorias Municipais de Educação e Esportes.

When assessing the results of several school years (2015-2019) in the field of Sport and Physical Education, difficulties related to the development of the classes were identified, associated with the lack of preparation of teachers to select, formulate and control the objectives, which was assumed by the Municipal Physical Education Commission of the Sports Directorate as a problem to be solved; based on this budget, the task of investigating the causes that determine such problems was assumed. It was identified, through the application of observation, documentary analysis, survey and interview, that there are deficiencies in the preparation of teachers and coaches that prevent them from assuming this technical element and that limit the achievement of the quality of the activities taught. That is why the objective of this article is to propose methodological guidelines to improve the selection, formulation and control of objectives in Physical Education classes and sports training sessions. The results achieved demonstrated that it is possible to achieve the preparation of teachers and sports coaches based on the proposed objective and thus raise the quality and results of student learning, which is essential for the fulfillment of the social role assigned in this field to the Municipal Directorates of Education and Sports.

Principales dificultades de los proyectos de investigación de la especialidad Medicina General Integral / Main Difficulties of Research Projects of the General Comprehensive Medicine Specialty

Introducción: El residente de Medicina General Integral, una vez graduado, ejecutará investigaciones en correspondencia con las necesidades actuales del Sistema Nacional de Salud y a partir de los problemas de salud predominantes en su comunidad. Objetivo: Describir las principales dificultades en los proyectos de investigación de los residentes de la Especialidad de Medicina General Integral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Sagua la Grande en el período 2020-2021. La población objeto de análisis quedó constituida por un total de 69 proyectos de investigación provenientes de 5 policlínicos docentes de 3 municipios del territorio (Corralillo, Quemado de Güines y Sagua la Grande). Se revisó el proyecto de investigación, se confeccionó un modelo para la recogida de datos extraídos de los mismos y se elaboró una base de datos para su almacenamiento. Resultados: Las principales dificultades estuvieron dadas en no sustentar adecuadamente la investigación, en la redacción del problema científico, específicamente la relación entre el problema y el tipo de investigación, la conceptualización y/o operacionalización de las variables, la selección y elaboración de los métodos, técnicas e instrumentos para la recogida de la información y la acotación de la bibliografía por normas de Vancouver. Conclusiones: Resulta de vital importancia que los residentes de esta especialidad desarrollen habilidades investigativas desde el primer año de formación, lo que contribuirá a un mejor desempeño profesional a partir de la aplicación del método científico en la solución de los problemas de salud que se presenten en su quehacer diario(AU)

Introduction: The family medicine resident, once graduated, will do research in correspondence with the current needs of the national health system and considering the predominant health problems in her/his community. Objective: To describe the main difficulties in the research projects of residents in the General Comprehensive Medicine specialty. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in the medical school of Sagua la Grande Municipality, in the period 2020-2021. The population under analysis consisted of a total of 69 research projects from five teaching polyclinics in three municipalities of the territory (Corralillo, Quemado de Güines and Sagua la Grande). Each research project was reviewed, a model was prepared for collecting the data extracted from them, and a database was elaborated for their storage. Results: The main difficulties were not supporting the research adequately, as well as in writing the scientific problem, specifically the relation between the problem and the type of research; also, the conceptualization or operationalization of variables, the selection and elaboration of methods, the techniques and instruments for the collection of information, and the bibliographical adjustment by the Vancouver norms. Conclusions: It is of vital importance that residents of this specialty develop research skills from the first year of training, which will contribute to better professional performance from the application of the scientific method in the solution of health problems that appear in their daily work(AU)

Construction of special music educational objectives based on ICF and Hauenstein taxonomy of educational objectives / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo construct a special music education goal framework with functional orientation and behavioral integration. MethodsUtilizing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) theory and the Hauenstein educational objectives taxnomony, and by analyzing the core content of the China Special Education School Compulsory Education Curriculum Standards (2016 edition), objectives for special music education were constructed. A method is established based on the ICF and the functional characteristics of special-needs children to adjust the objectives of special music education. ResultsThe framework system of special music education goals should follow the principles of functional orientation, adaptability and inclusiveness. The framework mainly composed of the goals of cognitive domain, psycho-motor domain, emotional domain and behavioral field, and the goals of each domain could be divided into five levels according to the level of development and achievement. The cognitive domain mainly focused on feeling and appreciation, which made a foundation for music learning. The psychomotor domain developed the movements, skills and related abilities of musical performance. The emotional domain focused on the impact of special music education on behaviors in terms of emotions, values, and beliefs. The behavioral domain was the synthesization of the cognitive, emotional and psychomotor domains, to enable students to use musical elements and skills to create musical works and performance. The music education objectives should be adjusted according to students' functional and developmental levels and special music learning needs. For the cognitive domain, visual support, simplification and repetition might be useful. For the psychomotor domain, visual aids, multisensory experiences and supportive technological equipment might be needed. For the emotional domain, scenario simulation, role play and music environment setting could be used to promote the connection among music and the individual and the world. For the behavioral domain, creating an inclusive environment, affirming and encouraging, and providing opportunities for creative expression might help the students apply the musical elements and techniques. ConclusionBased on the ICF theory and the Hauenstein educational objectives taxnomony theory, and referencing the China Special Education School Compulsory Education Curriculum Standards (2016 edition), this study constructed an educational objectives framework for special music. Principles for building functionally oriented, adaptive, and inclusive music education were proposed, as well as a systematic method for adjusting the objectives of special music education.

AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA

Education is the passport to the future and tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today. Primary education, also called an elementary education, is the ?rst stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. The primary stage is very crucial stage in the life of the child. The primary school lays the foundation for children to learn moral values. India has achieved signi?cant progress in recent decades regarding access to schooling and enrolment rates in primary education. The paper makes an attempt on the history of the primary education in India

Advance Teaching of Fundamentals of Homoeopathy (ATFH): redefining competency based approach

The curriculumin academic medicine is defined by writing effective Learning objectives (LO). LO iselaborated based on perceptions of unbiased written aspects,of course, the rationale in statements is explained and tested through the completion of educational activity. These are the foundations for defining the outcomes in building up strong educational policieswhich are instructionalaligned through predefined effective curriculum courseswith added mapped outcomes. This letter provides the ongoing aspect of the development of Homoeopathic education in India regulated by the National Commission for Homoeopathy for the subject course of Advance Teaching of Fundamentals of Homoeopathy (ATFH). The essential components for the ATFHsubject course with LO and outcome assessment is been discussed and would provide a new arena of academic research in building up rationale in the programed [Doctor of Homoeopathy(MD,(Hom).

Exploration and practice on the teaching reform of "Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution" / 生物工程学报

The course Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution, which plays a vital role in the professional training system, is a professional elective course for college students majored in environmental science, environmental engineering and agricultural resources and environment. In view of the problems identified in previous teaching experiences, the teachers carried out teaching reform to meet the demand for high-quality personnel training. The teaching reform included optimization of course objectives, reconstruction of course content and knowledge integration, reform and innovation of teaching methods. The practices indicate that a reformed curriculum teaching significantly improves the achievement of the teaching objectives. Moreover, it effectively enhances the students' independent learning, thinking and comprehensive knowledge application ability, achieving sound teaching effects.

Application and practice of objective management and key performance index method in physical examination quality management / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of applying management by objective (MBO) and key performance indicator (KPI) method in the quality management of physical examination.Methods:The MBO and KPI methods were used to determine the focus of annual physical examination quality control, and to set 9 key physical examination quality control indicators and assessment standards. The results of physical examination quality control in the first quarter of 2018 were selected as the control group, and those in the fourth quarter of 2018 as the observation group. The two groups were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test, after which the application effects of MBO and KPI method were discussed.Results:The scores of physical examination quality control in the observation group were higher than those in the control group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The key indicators of physical examination quality control in the observation group all showed improvement to different degrees when compared with the control group. Among these indicators, the qualified rate of staff hand hygiene compliance, the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation operation, and the coincidence rate of major abnormal results of physical examination were increased, but the difference was not statistically significant (95.0% vs 87.5%, P=0.432; 97.5% vs 92.5%, P=0.615; 55.6% vs 51.0%, P=0.232, respectively). Results error rate of physical examination department, completion rate of physical examination quality control documents, client satisfaction, follow-up success rate of major abnormal results of physical examination, and qualified rate of physical examination report were all significantly improved, with statistical significance (1.2% vs 2.2%, P<0.001; 100.0% vs 85.0%, P=0.026; 98.7% vs 96.8%, P<0.001; 68.6% vs 62.6%, P=0.014; 96.2% vs 90.6%, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion:The application of MBO and KPI methods in the physical examination quality management of physical examination institutions can effectively improve the quality of physical examination.

Motivational Profiles in High School Students: Generation and Use of Volitional Strategies / Perfis Motivacionais em Estudantes do Ensino Médio: Geração e Uso de Estratégias Volitivas / Perfiles Motivacionales en Estudiantes de Bachillerato: Generación y Uso de Estrategias Volitivas

Abstract This research had as its main purpose to analyze the generation and use of volitional strategies - motivational and emotional control -, based on the motivational profile of the students, through a mixed methodology. Two standardized instruments (CMA and AVSI) were applied to 204 Mexican high school students, between 16 and 18, to identify their motivational profile. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to understand how they generate the volitional strategies they use. Results show that most students adopted a profile oriented to multiple goals, characterized by more volitional strategies use. They also stated that they used volitional strategies to concentrate on studying and have time to perform other tasks. It is considered necessary to design programs that promote volitional strategies, strengthening the commitment and sustained effort required to achieve academic goals in high school.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a geração e o uso de estratégias volitivas - controle motivacional e emocional -, com base no perfil motivacional dos alunos, utilizando uma metodologia mista. Dois instrumentos padronizados (CMA y AVSI) foram aplicados em 204 estudantes mexicanos do ensino médio, entre 16 e 18 anos, a fim de identificar seu perfil motivacional e o uso de estratégias volitivas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para entender como geram as estratégias volitivas por eles utilizadas. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos alunos adotou um perfil orientado para objetivos múltiplos, caracterizado por uma maior utilização de estratégias volitivas. Eles também afirmaram que usavam estratégias volitivas principalmente para se concentrar no estudo e ter tempo para realizar outras tarefas. Considera-se necessário desenhar programas que promovam estratégias volitivas e que fortaleçam o comprometimento e esforço sustentado, condições necessárias para atingir os objetivos acadêmicos no ensino médio.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como propósito principal analizar la generación y uso de estrategias volitivas - de control motivacional y emocional -, en función del perfil motivacional de los estudiantes, mediante una metodología mixta. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos estandarizados (CMA y AVSI) a 204 estudiantes de Bachillerato mexicanos, entre 16 y 18 años, para identificar su perfil motivacional. Asimismo, se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas para comprender cómo generan las estrategias volitivas que utilizan. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos en su mayoría adoptaron un perfil orientado a metas múltiples, caracterizado por un mayor uso de estrategias volitivas. Además, manifestaron usar estrategias volitivas principalmente para concentrarse en el estudio y tener tiempo para realizar otras tareas. Se considera necesario diseñar programas que promuevan el uso de estrategias volitivas, que fortalezcan el compromiso y esfuerzo sostenido necesarios para el logro de las metas académicas en el bachillerato.

Cómo apoyar la Agenda 2030 desde los Centros Comunitarios Inteligentes (CECIs-MICITT) albergados en el Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas (SINABI-MCJ) / How to support the 2030 Agenda from the Smart Community Centers (CECIs-MICITT) stored in the National Library System (SINABI-MCJ)

Resumen: Introducción: El tema se aborda desde un enfoque metodológico prospectivo sobre la problemática de los CECIs-MICTT albergados por el SINABI-MCJ cuyo objetivo es analizar una estrategia para promoverlos. Proposición: Se exponen las ideas a desarrollar sobre los ODS que ofrecen la oportunidad al sistema de bibliotecas públicas de articular sus servicios desde un reposicionamiento de sus funciones, así como a las necesidades nacionales para promover el desarrollo local con una visión global que refuerce el compromiso social de la profesión. Argumentos para la discusión: Se encontró que el trabajo realizado como cogestores es relevante según los criterios evaluativos de: a) eficacia en el cumplimento de las metas de los servicios, b) calidad basada en la satisfacción del cliente y, c) sostenibilidad como generación de recursos a través del tiempo para la continua prestación del servicio. Conclusiones: Se ofrece una infraestructura y una oportunidad para apoyar las metas país propuestas. La recolección de resultados es valorada como provechosa en el uso de los insumos, actividades desarrolladas, efectos visibles e impactos en donde se distingue que los principales son la interacción tecnológica para el uso de TICs y la interacción social para la conformación de comunidades de usuarios que permitan al SINABI-MCJ plantearse la meta prospectiva de articular con otros cogestores y apoyar a sus propios establecimientos para revertir la grave amenaza de un cambio de dos grados en la temperatura del planeta, que hace necesario actuar en la dirección correcta para la conservación y el desarrollo social con inclusión, equidad e igualdad de oportunidades para un país en donde la brechas sociales tienden a ser muy amplias.

Abstract: Introduction: The topic is approached from a prospective methodological approach to the problem of CECIs-MICTT hosted by SINABI-MCJ and the objective is to analyze a strategy to promote them. Proposal: The ideas that the thematic contents and actions that must be developed on the SDGs offer an opportunity to the public library system to articulate their services from a repositioning of their functions to the national needs to promote local development with a global vision are exposed that reinforces the social commitment of the profession. Arguments for the discussion: It was found that the work carried out as co-advisors is relevant and according to the evaluative criteria of: a) effectiveness as the fulfillment of the goals of the services, b) quality based on customer satisfaction and, c) sustainability as the generation of resources over time for the continuous provision of the service. Conclusions: It offers an infrastructure and an opportunity to support the proposed country goals. The harvest of results is valued as beneficial in the use of inputs, activities developed, visible effects and impacts where it is distinguished that the main ones are the technological interaction for the use of ICTs and social interaction for the formation of user communities that allow SINABI-MCJ to consider the prospective goal of articulating with other co-managers and supporting their own establishments to reverse the serious threat of a two-degree change in temperature of the planet that makes it necessary to act in the right direction for conservation and promote social development with inclusion, equity and equal opportunities for a country where social gaps tend to be very wide.

A study on the awareness and practice of medical education technologies among medical college teachers

Background: Globally there is a move to reorient the medical education to suit the needs of the developing nations. Medical Council of India has made it is mandatory that all faculty need to attend Basic course in Medical Education Technologies (MET) to improve teaching effectiveness. In spite of their efforts in this regard many of the faculty is still unaware of this initiative and those who have already attended the course are not effectively practicing it. This study aimed at assessing level of awareness and practice of medical education technologies among the teaching faculty.Methods: Data was collected from the faculty by personal interviews using a validated semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS.Results: 219 faculty members participated in the study working in 26 departments. Mean age of faculty was 40.98 (SD: 12.36). 57.1% of them were males and 42.9% were females. The level of awareness among study participants about learning process related medical education technologies ranged from 57% (for psychomotor domain) to 74% (for setting up of educational objectives). The awareness and practice of ‘teaching process’ and assessment process related medical education technologies remained low. No statistically significant association was obtained between awareness and practice of SLO, Microteaching, and MiniCEX.Conclusions: Majority of teachers remain untrained in the medical education technologies at the time of the study. Of the non-clinical compared to the clinical stream of teachers, greater proportion of teachers in non-clinical section have been trained. The awareness and practice of ‘medical education technologies’ remain low among the study participants.

Teaching the Fundamentals of Medical Professionalism / 医学教育

It is said that there is no universal and comprehensive definition of professionalism. This is because there are various factors to consider depending on age, social situation, and medical context. Another reason is that academics differ in how they think about professionalism. This situation has made it difficult to introduce professionalism education. However, it is thought that a certain educational effect can be obtained by promoting education while working with the learner to consider the concept and definition of professionalism based on the social contract that forms the basis of the concept of professionalism and the trust of society. We present examples of teaching the concept of professionalism through the use of concrete examples.

Como leer y generar publicaciones científicas: hipótesis y objetivos de un proyecto de investigación clínica / How to read and generate scientific publications: hypothesis and objectives of a clinical research project

In the clinical research process, the formulation of a well-founded hypothesis and objectives concordant with the research question are key to the proper conduct of the project. The following article reviews the fundamental principles for the adequate formulation of hypotheses and objectives of clinical research projects, providing practical recommendations and examples.

En el proceso de investigación clínica, la formulación de una hipótesis bien fundamentada y objetivos concordantes con la pregunta de investigación, son claves para la adecuada conducción del proyecto. El siguiente artículo revisa los principios fundamentales para la formulación adecuada de hipótesis y objetivos de proyectos de investigación clínica, proporcionando recomendaciones prácticas y ejemplos.

Perspectiva reflexiva sobre objetivos instruccionales para los docentes de pregrado del Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud / Reflexive perspective on instructional objectives for medical school teachers of the Dean of Health Sciences

Este ensayo intenta analizar y reflexionar sobre aquellos objetivos instruccionales que se están impartiendo en la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, específicamente en el Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud. En este ensayo destacamos cuatro pasos ideales a manera de propuesta y reflexión de cómo debe ser ese proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje para que el mismo brinde los frutos que los docentes y de esta forma socavar cualquier impedimento para que el estudiante pueda cumplir sus metas(AU)

This essay tries to analyze and reflect about the instructional objectives that are being taught at the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, specifically at the Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud. We present four steps to guide on how the teaching-learning process should be so the teachers and students meet their planned goals(AU)

Policía Comunitaria y Sistema de Dirección por Objetivos en la Policía Municipal de Madrid / Community police and System of Management by Objectives in the Madrid Municipal Police / Polícia Comunitária e Sistema de Administração por Objetivos na Polícia Municipal de Madrid

Resumen En el ámbito de la organización policial, fundamentalmente durante las décadas comprendidas entre los 70, 80 y 90, numerosas investigaciones criminológicas, principalmente, en Estados Unidos empezaron a cuestionar el modelo tradicional de actuación policial. Las principales críticas se centraron en aspectos relacionados con la efectividad de las estrategias policiales tradicionales, pero también en el distanciamiento existente entre policía y comunidad. En este contexto y en consonancia con el auge de las políticas neoliberales apoyadas en la Nueva Gestión Pública, las organizaciones policiales van progresivamente incorporando sistemas de gestión del rendimiento, descentralización, rendición de cuentas, dirección por objetivos, entre otros. El presente artículo toma como estudio de caso la Policía Municipal de Madrid y pone de manifiesto las contradicciones existentes entre su sistema de Dirección por Objetivos y la pretendida implantación de un modelo de Policía Comunitaria. Las dificultades y deficiencias se hacen evidentes debido a la complejidad del sistema, a la naturaleza cuantitativa de los indicadores encargados de medir la calidad del trabajo, y también al componente económico ligado al cumplimiento de dichos indicadores. Todo lo cual hace que un sistema a priori encargado de mejorar la calidad del servicio pueda llegar a ser contraproducente para la propia función policial.

Abstract In the field of the police organization, mainly during the 70s, 80s and 90s decades, numerous criminological investigations, mostly in the United States, began to question the traditional model of police action. The main criticisms were centered in aspects related with the effectiveness of the traditional police strategies, but also in the existing aloofness between police and community. In this context and in line with the rise of the neoliberal policies supported in the New Public Management, the police organizations are progressively incorporating management systems of performance, decentralization, accountability, management by objectives, among others. This article takes as case study the Madrid Municipal Police and reveals the existing contradictions between its system of Management by Objectives and the so-called implementation of a model of Community Police. The difficulties and deficiencies become evident due to the complexity of the system, to the quantitative nature of the indicators in charge of measure the work quality, and also to the economical component linked to the fulfillment of those indicators. All of this makes that a system a priori in charge of improve the quality of the service may be grow into counterproductive for the police function itself.

Resumo No âmbito da organização policial, fundamentalmente durante as décadas compreendidas entre os 70, 80 e 90, numerosas investigações criminológicas, principalmente em Estados Unidos, começaram a questionar o modelo tradicional de atuação policial. As principais críticas centraram-se em aspectos relacionados com a efetividade das estratégias policiais tradicionais, mas também no afastamento existente entre polícia e comunidade. Neste contexto e em consonância com o auge das políticas neoliberais apoiadas na Nova Gestão Pública, as organizações policiais vão progressivamente incorporando sistemas de gestão do rendimento, descentralização, rendição de contas, administração por objetivos, entre outros. O presente artigo toma como estudo de caso a Polícia Municipal de Madrid e revela as contradições existentes entre o seu sistema de Administração por Objetivos e a pretendida implantação de um modelo de Polícia Comunitária. As dificuldades e deficiências se fazem evidentes devido à complexidade do sistema, à natureza quantitativa dos indicadores encarregados de medir a qualidade do trabalho, e também ao componente económico ligado ao cumprimento de tais indicadores. Tudo isso faz que um sistema a priori encarregado de melhorar a qualidade do serviço possa chegar a ser contraproducente para a própria função policial.

Prácticas pa ra la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia) / Practices for the prevention of accidents in the home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years in a district of Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: los accidentes en la población infantil constituyen una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad convirtiéndose hoy día en un problema de salud pública mundial, principalmente la población más afectada son los niños en etapa preescolar, por la vulnerabilidad y dependencia del cuidador. Objetivos: describir las prácticas para la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo transversal. Constituido por 354 cuidadores de niños menores de 5 años, se utilizó la técnica de observación y la aplicación del instrumento con base a la práctica N° 15 de AIEPI (Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia). Resultados: socio demográficamente los cuidadores fueron principalmente de género femenino (87%), con 20 ­ 29 años de edad (44,9%), madres de los niños (61,3%), conviven en unión libre (54,2%), son bachilleres (50,3%), de estrato uno (91,8%), amas de casa (62,7%), con hijos (93,8%), residen en casas (54,5%). Los niños de 1 a 5 años fueron mayoritariamente de género masculino (51,7%), y han presentado accidentes (75,1%), sobre todo, caídas (61,9%). El nivel de riesgo de accidentes en el hogar fue bajo (85%), y las prácticas de prevención suelen ser regulares (55,1%). Conclusión: los niños enfrentan relativamente bajo riesgo de accidente en el hogar, sin embargo, las prácticas para prevenirlos resultan ser regulares..(AU)

Introduction: accidents in children are an important cause of morbidity and mortality,becoming today a global public health problem, mainly the most affected population are children in preschool, for the vulnerability and dependence of the caregiver. Objectives:to describe the practices for the prevention of accidents at home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years of age, in a neighborhood of Cartagena (Colombia). Materials and methods: quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Consisting of 354 caregivers of children under 5 years of age, the technique of observation and the application of the instrument was used based on practice No. 15 of IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness). Results: demographic partner caregivers were mainly female (87%), with 20 - 29 years of age (44.9%), mothers of children (61.3%), live together in a free union (54.2%), are high school graduates (50.3%), of stratum one (91.8%), housewives (62.7%), with children (93.8%), reside in houses (54.5%). Children from 1 to 5 years old were male (51.7%), and had accidents (75.1%), especially falls (61.9%). The level of accident risk in the home was low (85%), and prevention practices are usually regular (55.1%). Conclusion: children face relatively low risk of accident in the home, however, practices to prevent them turn out to be regular..(AU)

Investigation of students' satisfaction degree on blending learning in physiology under the background of audit assessment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To investigate students' satisfaction degree and goal-achieving degree for cultivating applicative medical talents by analyzing the results of satisfaction degree survey on blending teaching in physiology from 2016 to 2018 under the background of audit assessment.@*Methods@#Grade 2015 undergraduates majoring in oral medicine (n=60), grade 2016 undergraduates in medical laboratory science (n=59), grade 2016 undergraduates in Traditional Chinese Medicine (n=27), and grade 2017 undergraduates in oral medicine (n=58) were selected as study subjects. Blending learning in physiology was adopted and the teaching process was designed according to the training objectives for applicative medical talents. Questionnaires were conducted among students at the beginning and end of the semester to rate the satisfaction degree of learning in physiology. The questionnaire scores were put into SPSS 19.0 for independent t-test.@*Results@#Grade 2015 oral, 2016 grade medical examination technology, 2016 grade traditional Chinese medicine, 2017 grade stomatology majors. In the scoring indicators of the questionnaire, teaching method scores, semester knowledge mastery scores, semester analysis problem solving ability scores, semester autonomy Both the learning ability score and the final expression communication ability score were significantly higher than the beginning of the semester, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Students are satisfied with the blending learning in physiology which fits the cultivating goal for applied medical talents and reaches the standard line of audit assessment.

An analysis of verbs used in the course outcomes of outcome-based integrated courses at a medical school based on the taxonomy of educational objectives / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to analyze the course outcomes of integrated courses of a medical school that introduced an outcome-based curriculum and to suggest ways to improve techniques in the description of outcomes. METHODS: In order to investigate the course outcomes of 39 courses in the first and second grades at Kyungpook National University School of Medicine in Korea, verbs for the course outcome were classified according to Bloom’s taxonomy and frequency analysis was completed. The appropriateness of use of verbs in description of the outcomes was also analyzed. RESULTS: The total number of course outcomes for both grades was 497. The number of course outcomes per credit ranged from a minimum of 0.9 to a maximum of 22.0. Most of the course outcomes were classified as the comprehension domain according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The most frequently used verb was “explain,” accounting for 61.0% (n=303) of the entire course outcome verbs. Some verbs in the outcomes, however, were unmeasurable. CONCLUSION: The major findings of this study include the followings. First, the number of course outcomes varied according to courses. Second, several course outcomes included unmeasurable verbs. Finally, most of the verbs used to describe course outcome belonged to the two lower levels of Bloom’s taxonomy—knowledge and comprehension. In order to improve the description of course outcomes, this study suggests that it is necessary to adjust the number of course outcomes, applicate overt behavior verbs, and elevate the level of course outcomes from the lower memorizing level to the higher application level.

Application of blended BOPPPS teaching model in the teaching of internal nursing / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the application and effect of blended BOPPPS teaching mode in medical nursing teaching. Methods A total of 80 nursing undergraduates of Grade 2014 in Hubei Medical University were divided randomly into teaching reform class and control class, with 40 students in each class. From February 2017 to July 2017, BOPPPS teaching was implemented in the teaching reform class, while traditional teaching was conducted in the control class. At the end of the experiment, Students in the two classes had questionnaire on the satisfaction of the teaching design, tests for self-learning ability and medical nursing level. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Enumeration data between two classes were compared by chi-square test, while measurement data were compared by t test. Results①The number of students who were satisfied in the teaching reform class was 34 (85.0％), which was significantly higher than that of the control class (29, 72.5％). The difference has statistical significance.②The self-learning dimensions and total score of the teaching reform class were (53.1±5.1), (52.4±4.8), (52.2±4.7), (51.9±4.7), (51.2±4.9) and (260.8±24.2), respectively, which were significantly higher than (48.6±4.3), (49.9±4.3), (49.7±4.1), (47.6±4.0), (47.1±3.9), and (242.9±20.6) of the control class. The differences were statistically significant (average P<0.05 or 0.01). ③The total scores (minutes) for regular assessments, theoretical examinations, and internal medicine education in the reform class were (26.1±2.3), (55.4 ±5.2), and (81.5 ±7.5) respectively, which was obviously higher than that (23.7 ±1.9), (52.6 ±4.6), (76.3±6.5) of the control class. The differences were statistically significant (average P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusions The blended BOPPPS teaching focuses on the students , pays close attention to the students' attentiveness , participatory learning and goal achievement . This teaching model can improve students' satisfaction, self-learning ability and medical nursing study in a large extent.