Tumor neuroectodérmico maligno del tracto gastrointestinal: a propósito de un caso / Malignant neuroectodermal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract: case report

El tumor neuroectodérmico maligno del tracto gastrointestinal es una neoplasia rara con pocos casos reportados en la literatura, especialmente en América Latina. Descrito por primera vez en 2003, se trata de una entidad sin tratamiento estandarizado y de pobre pronóstico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 22 años de edad que acude a la consulta por dolor abdominal, anemia y masa abdominal palpable. Luego de estudios pertinentes se decide la conducta resectiva y el posterior tratamiento oncológico. (AU)

Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET), formerly known as clear cell sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract, is an extremely rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, which presents great microscopic and molecular similarity to clear cell sarcoma found in other parts of the body, such as tendons and aponeurosis. It is characterized by its rapid evolution, high recurrence rate and frequent diagnosis as metastatic disease.1,2 (AU)

Function of s100 protein in coronary atherosclerosis / Función de la proteína s100 en aterosclerosis coronaria

SUMMARY: Atherosclerosis is a complex disease whose pathogenesis includes endothelial activation, accumulation of lipids in the subendothelium, formation of foam cells, fat bands and formation of atherosclerotic plaque. These complex mechanisms involve different cell populations in the intimate sub-endothelium, and the S-100 protein family plays a role in a number of extracellular and intracellular processes during the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic characteristics of smooth muscle cells and the consequent expression of S100 protein in atherosclerotic altered coronary arteries in advanced stages of atherosclerosis. 19 samples of right atherosclerotic coronary arteries in stages of fibro atheroma (type V lesion) and complicated lesions (type VI lesion) have been analyzed. According to the standard protocol, the following primary antibodies have been used in the immunohistochemical analysis: a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and S-100 protein. All analyzed samples have been in advanced stages of atherosclerosis, fibro atheroma (stage V lesions) and complicated lesions (type VI lesions). Most of them have had the structure of a complicated lesion with atheroma or fibro atheroma as a basis, subsequently complicated by disruption (subtype VI a), hemorrhage (subtype VI b) or thrombosis (subtype VI c), as well as by the presence of several complications on the same sample. Marked hypocellularity is present in the subendothelium of plaques. Cell population at plaque margins is characterized by immunoreactivity to α-SMA, vimentin, and S100 protein. Some of these cells accumulate lipids and look like foam cells. In the cell population at the margins of the plaques, smooth muscle cells of the synthetic phenotype are present, some of which accumulate lipids and demonstrate S100 immunoreactivity. Summarizing numerous literature data and our results, we could assume that smooth muscle cells, due to their synthetic and proliferative activity in the earlier stages of pathogenesis, as well as the consequent expression of S100 protein, could accumulate lipids in the earlier stages of atherosclerosis which, in advanced stages analyzed in this study, result in immunoreactivity of foam cells of smooth muscle origin to S100 protein.

RESUMEN: La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad compleja cuya patogenia incluye activación endotelial, acumulación de lípidos en el subendotelio, formación de células espumosas, bandas grasas y formación de placa aterosclerótica. Estos complejos mecanismos involucran diferentes poblaciones celulares en el subendotelio íntimo, y la familia de proteínas S-100 juega un papel en varios procesos extracelulares e intracelulares durante el desarrollo de lesiones ateroscleróticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características fenotípicas de las células de músculo liso y la consecuente expresión de la proteína S100 en arterias coronarias alteradas ateroscleróticas en estadios avanzados de aterosclerosis. Se analizaron 19 muestras de arterias coronarias ateroscleróticas derechas en estadios de fibroateroma (lesión tipo V) y lesiones complicadas (lesión tipo VI). Según el protocolo estándar, en el análisis inmunohistoquímico se utilizaron los siguientes anticuerpos primarios: α-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA), vimentina y proteína S-100. Todas las muestras analizadas han estado en estadios avanzados de aterosclerosis, fibroateroma (lesiones estadio V) y lesiones complicadas (lesiones tipo VI). La mayoría de ellos han tenido la estructura de una lesión complicada con ateroma o fibroateroma como base, complicada posteriormente por disrupción (subtipo VI a), hemorragia (subtipo VI b) o trombosis (subtipo VI c), así como por la presencia de varias complicaciones en la misma muestra. La hipocelularidad marcada estaba presente en el subendotelio de las placas. La población celular en los márgenes de la placa se caracterizaba por inmunorreactividad a α-SMA, vimentina y proteína S100. Algunas de estas células acumulan lípidos y parecen células espumosas. En la población celular en los márgenes de las placas, estaban presentes las células de músculo liso de fenotipo sintético, algunas de las cuales acumulaban lípidos y mostraban inmunorreactividad S100. Resumiendo numerosos datos de la literatura y nuestros resultados, podríamos suponer que las células del músculo liso, debido a su actividad sintética y proliferativa en las primeras etapas de la patogénesis, así como la consecuente expresión de la proteína S100, podrían acumular lípidos en las primeras etapas de la aterosclerosis que, en estadios avanzados analizados en este estudio, dan como resultado inmunorreactividad de células espumosas de origen muscular liso a la proteína S100.

Effect of melatonin on peripheral nerve damage resulting from tibial defect in rats / Efecto de la melatonina sobre el daño de los nervios periféricos como resultado de un defecto tibial en ratas

SUMMARY: Peripheral nerve damage (PNI) can cause demyelination, axonal degeneration and loss of motor and sensory function. Melatonin with its antioxidative effect, has been reported to reduce scar formation in nerve injury, take a role in repair process by suppressing fibroblast proliferation in the damaged area. It was aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin in the repair of peripheral nerve damage and the relationship between S100 proteins and angiogenic regulation. Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Defect group, 6 mm tibial bone defect using a motorized drill was created and kept immobile for 28 days. In Defect + graft group, tibial bone defect with allograft treatment was applied and kept immobile for 28 days. In Defect + graft + Melatonin group, melatonin was administered to defect + allograft group. All rats were sacrified by decapitation, skin and tibia bone were removed then fixed with 10 % neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin, sections were examined under light microscopy. In the Defect+Graft group, enlargement and occlusion of the vessels with degeneration of the epineural sheath, thickening of the endoneural sheath and mild hyperplasia of schwannocytus (Schwann cells) were remarkable. In the Defect+Graft+Melatonin group, the epineural sheath was tight and regular, the axonal structures were prominent in the endoneural area. Mild S100 expression was observed in Defect+Graft group in fibers of the endoneural region with a prominent expression in schwannocytus. In Defect+Graft+Melatonin group (10mg/kg), S100 expression was moderate in areas where schwannocytus proliferated and nerve-connective tissue sheaths were reconstructed. VEGF expression was moderate in endoneural, perineural and epineural connective tissue sheaths in the Defect+Graft+Melatonin group, with negative expression in blood vessel endothelial cells, but with a positive expression in schwannocytus. We conclude that with the application of melatonin; oxidative stress decreases, schwannocytus proliferation increases, having positive influence on nerve repair with the regulation of S100 signaling and angiogenetic structuring.

RESUMEN: El daño a los nervios periféricos puede causar desmielinización, degeneración axonal y pérdida de la función motora y sensorial. Se ha informado que la melatonina, con su efecto antioxidante, reduce la formación de cicatrices en lesiones nerviosas y desempeña un papel en el proceso de reparación al suprimir la proliferación de fibroblastos en el área dañada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de la melatonina en la reparación del daño de los nervios periféricos y la relación entre las proteínas S100 y la regulación angiogénica. Ratas albinas Wistar se dividieron en 3 grupos. En el grupo Defecto, se creó un defecto óseo tibial de 6 mm con un taladro motorizado y se mantuvo inmóvil durante 28 días. En el grupo Defecto + injerto, se aplicó tratamiento de defecto óseo tibial con aloinjerto y se mantuvo inmóvil durante 28 días. En el grupo Defecto + injerto + Melatonina, se administró melatonina al grupo defecto + aloinjerto. Todas las ratas fueron sacrificadas por decapitación, se extrajo la piel y el hueso de la tibia y luego se fijaron con formalina tamponada neutra al 10 % y se incluyeron en parafina, las secciones se examinaron bajo microscopía óptica. En el grupo Defecto+Injerto, fueron notables el agrandamiento y la oclusión de los vasos con degeneración de la vaina epineural, engrosamiento de la vaina endoneural e hiperplasia leve de los schwannocitos (neurolemnocitos). En el grupo Defecto+Injerto+Melatonina, la vaina epineural era estrecha y regular, las estructuras axonales eran prominentes en el área endoneural. Se observó expresión leve de S100 en el grupo Defecto+Injerto en fibras de la región endoneural con una expresión prominente en los schwannocitos. En el grupo Defecto+Injerto+Melatonina, la expresión de S100 fue moderada en áreas donde proliferaron los schwannocitos y se reconstruyeron las vainas de tejido conectivo nervioso. La expresión de VEGF fue moderada en vainas de tejido conectivo endoneural, perineural y epineural en el grupo Defecto+Injerto+Melatonina, con expresión negativa en células endoteliales de vasos sanguíneos, pero con expresión positiva en schwannocitos. Concluimos que con la aplicación de melatonina; disminuye el estrés oxidativo, aumenta la proliferación de schwannocitos, influyendo positivamente en la reparación nerviosa con la regulación de la señalización S100 y la estructuración angiogenética.

Why human prepuce is a valuable resource in science? Histological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and statistical analysis / ¿Por qué el prepucio humano es un recurso valioso en la ciencia? Análisis histológicos, ultraestructurales, inmunohistoquímicos y estadísticos

SUMMARY: This research was to examine the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of prepuce samples, as well as vimentin and S100 protein localization and statistical analysis. Urologists have long struggled with the prepuce, which is used to treat a variety of urethral problems. Skin biopsies were collected from the prepuce at the moment of circumcision and processed for light microscopy, electron microscope examination, immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analysis in a total of six boys. Histologically, the prepuce epidermis displayed focal spiky ridges, which are saw-toothed interspersed with sulci, slight hyperpigmentation, looser connective tissue and plentiful vascular components. Immunohistochemically, the existence of melanocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, as well as smooth muscles in the dermis, was stained positively for vimentin. Also, there was a positive reactivity of the Langerhans cells in the epidermis and around Meissner's corpuscles in the dermis for S100 protein staining. Ultrastructurally, the prepuce's intercellular gaps were widened, melanocytes rested on a folded basement membrane, and desmosomal content was reduced, with a prominent active euchromatic nucleus. Cytoplasmic projections were distended and elongated, and the interstitial blood vessels were surrounded by endothelial cells and rested on a basement membrane. There were also minimal collagen fibers in the interstitium. The prepuce's histological and ultrastructural features, as well as immunohistological studies using vimentin and S100 protein as intermediate filaments and statistical analysis, all demonstrated that it is a useful scientific resource.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó para examinar las características histológicas y ultraestructurales de las muestras de prepucio, así como la localización y el análisis estadístico de la vimentina y la proteína S100. Los urólogos han intentado trabajar durante mucho tiempo con el prepucio, que se usa para tratar una variedad de problemas uretrales. Se recolectaron biopsias de piel del prepucio de seis niños en el momento de la circuncisión y se procesaron para microscopía óptica, examen con microscopio electrónico, técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y análisis estadístico. Histológicamente, la epidermis del prepucio mostraba crestas puntiagudas focales, intercaladas con surcos, hiperpigmentación leve, tejido conectivo más laxo y abundantes componentes vasculares. Inmunohistoquímicamente, la existencia de melanocitos y células dendríticas epidérmicas (células de Langerhans), así como músculo liso en la dermis, se tiñeron positivamente para vimentina. Además, hubo una reactividad positiva de las células dendríticas epidérmicas en la epidermis y alrededor de los corpúsculos del tacto (de Meissner) en la dermis para la tinción de la proteína S100. Ultraestructuralmente, los espacios intercelulares del prepucio se ensancharon, los melanocitos descansaban sobre una membrana basal plegada y el contenido desmosómico se redujo, con un núcleo eucromático activo prominente. Las proyecciones citoplasmáticas estaban distendidas y alargadas, y los vasos sanguíneos intersticiales estaban rodeados por células endoteliales y descansaban sobre una membrana basal. También había fibras de colágeno mínimas en el intersticio. Las características histológicas y ultraestructurales del prepucio, así como los estudios inmunohistológicos utilizando vimentina y proteína S100 como filamentos intermedios y el análisis estadístico, demostraron que es un recurso científico útil.

Expression changes of S100 family proteins and their functional significances in renal cancer / 中国药科大学学报

@#Renal cell carcinoma is a common type malignant tumor of the urinary system. The global incidence of renal cancer is 2. 2%. S100 proteins are involved in the regulations of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and Ca2+ homeostasis, etc. S100 proteins are often closely associated with tumor progression. This review lists the expression changes of S100s and their functional significances in renal cancers, providing a new direction for the researches and treatments of renal cancer. The interpretation of S100 in the regulation of VHL/HIF signaling pathways should be a future direction.

Tumores neurais na cavidade oral: estudo imuno-histoquímico / Neural tumors in oral cavity: immuno-histokymic study

Introdução: Os tumores neurais são lesões, que têm origem nos nervos periféricos e representam um percentual de 45% dos neoplasmas, que atingem a região de cabeça e pescoço. A alta incidência nessa área é justificada pela quantidade relativamente grande de terminações nervosas periféricas agrupadas. Ainda que sejam de mesma origem neural, sua heterogeneidade microscópica e patogenética lhes conferem um variado padrão de apresentação clínica e histopatológica, diferindo na sua forma de tratamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar, por meio da técnica imuno-histoquímica, a expressão das proteínas S100 e CD68 em tumores neurais, localizados na cavidade bucal de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Patologia Bucal da Universidade de Odontologia de Pernambuco. Metodologia: Todos os casos referentes a tumores neurais do Serviço de Patologia oral e maxilofacial da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco foram revistos. Avaliaram-se dados relativos à idade, ao sexo e à localização anatômica. A técnica imunohistoquímica foi realizada por meio do método estreptavidina-biotina, utilizando-se os anticorpos anti: S100 e CD68. A análise foi feita de forma descritiva, conforme dados da pesquisa. Resultados: foram avaliados 23 casos de tumores neurais da cavidade bucal, 15 neurofibromas, 6 neuromas traumáticos, 1 neurilemoma e 1 neuroma encapsulado em paliçada. Verificou-se que a proteína S100 foi expressa em todos os casos estudados com positividade variada, e a proteína CD68 apresentou expressão positiva em 18 casos (neuroma traumático, neurofibroma). Conclusões: os tumores neurais da cavidade bucal foram considerados raros, visto que ocorreram em apenas 23 casos entre 5.761, ou seja, em 2,3% das lesões biopsiadas da FOP-UPE... (AU)

Introduction: Neural tumors are lesions that originate from peripheral nerves and represent a percentage of 45% of neoplasms that reach the head and neck region. The high incidence in this area is explained by the relatively large number of grouped peripheral nerve endings. Although they are of the same neural origin, their microscopic and pathogenetic heterogeneity give them a varied pattern of clinical and histopathological presentation, as well as differing in their form of treatment. The aim of the present study was to analyze by immunohistochemical technique the expression of S100 and CD68 proteins in neural tumors located in the oral cavity of patients treated at the Oral Pathology Service of the University of Dentistry of Pernambuco. Methodology: All cases referring to neural tumors of the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the School of Dentistry of Pernambuco were reviewed. Data regarding age, sex, and anatomical location were evaluated. The immunohistochemical technique was performed by the streptavidin-biotin method using the anti-S100 and CD68 antibodies. The analysis was made in a descriptive way according to the research data. Results: 23 cases of neural tumors of the buccal cavity, 15 neurofibromas, 6 traumatic neuromas, 1 neurilemoma and 1 palisade encapsulated neuroma were evaluated. It was verified that S100 protein was expressed in all the cases studied with varied positivity, and the CD68 protein showed positive expression in 18 cases (traumatic neuroma, neurofibroma). Conclusions: Neural tumors of the oral cavity were considered rare, since they occurred in only 23 cases among 5,761, that is, 2.3% of FOP-UPE biopsied lesions... (AU)

Serum S-100 protein levels in children with Henoch-Schonlein syndrome and its clinical significance / 中华全科医师杂志

Seventy eight children with Henoch-Schonlein syndrome (HSP) admitted in our hospital from October 2013 to April 2015 were enrolled in this study,and 30 healthy children were also enrolled as controls.The serum S-100 protein levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)in two groups;and electroencephalogram (EEG) examination was performed in HSP patients.The serum S-100 protein level of HSP group (0.206 ± 0.101) μg/L was significantly higher than that in the normal control group [(0.060 ±0.042) μg/L,P ＜ 0.001];and the serum S-100 protein levels in patients with kidney type (0.284 ±0.099) μg/L and mixed type [(0.284 ±0.043) μg/L,P ＜0.01] were higher than those in patients with skin type (0.151 ±0.098) μg/L,gastrointestinal type (0.138 ±0.036) μg/L and joint type [(0.117 ± 0.065) μg/L,P ＜ 0.001].Abnormal EEG findings were detected in 52 cases (66.7％),however,no clinical manifestations of nervous system were found in those patients.Serum S-100 protein levels were higher in patients with abnormal EEG than those with normal EEG [(0.223 ± 0.099) μg/L vs.(0.173 ± 0.096) μg/L,P ＜ 0.05].The results suggest that the serum S-100 protein is associated with HSP disease severity,and children with HSP may have subclinical neurological damage.

Evaluación de reactividad inmunohistoquímica con método del Complejo Avidina­Biotina (ABC) / Evaluation of immunohistochemical reactivity with Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method

Inmunohistoquímica es toda técnica que permite detectar in situ componentes celulares y extracelulares por medio de anticuerpos específicos, empleando sistemas de detección enzimáticos. Dentro de los métodos inmunohistoquímicos, la técnica del complejo avidina­biotina(ABC) es ampliamente utilizada debido a su alta sensibilidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fueevaluar la reactividad inmunohistoquímica del anticuerpo 4C4.9 para la detección de la proteínaS-100, utilizando el método ABC. Para la evaluación de la reactividad inmunohistoquímica se utilizaron 2 biopsias de piel humana con diagnóstico histopatológico de melanoma maligno nodular ulcerado y nevus melanocítico intradérmico, provenientes del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología Animal de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Se utilizó el Kit VECTASTAIN®como método de detección, la dilución del anticuerpo 4C4.9 fue 1/250 y la temperatura de incubación fue a 4 ºC ó 37 ºC por 18 horas. Para validar la técnica, se realizó un control positivo y otro negativo para 4C4.9. Los resultados de la tinción inmunohistoquímica por el método del complejo ABC mostraron tinción positiva para la proteína S-100, tanto en melanoma maligno nodular ulcerado, como en nevus melanocítico intradérmico, incubados durante 18 horas a 4 ºC ó 37 ºC. Sin embargo, la inmunotinción fue más intensa cuando el anticuerpo primario se incubó a 37 ºC. Para una correcta interpretación de los resultados, es necesario tener en consideración que la reacción antígeno-anticuerpo se ve influenciada por diversos factores, como la concentración del anticuerpo, el tiempo y la temperatura de incubación. En conclusión, nuestros resultados sugieren incubarlas muestras con el primer anticuerpo (4C4.9) en una dilución de 1/250 en agua destilada, incu-bando durante 18 h a 37 ºC. Se recomienda la utilización del anticuerpo 4C4.9 como apoyo al diagnóstico y diagnóstico diferencial.

Immunohistochemistry is anytechnique that can detect cellular and extracellular components in situ by means of specific antibodies,using enzymatic detection systems. Among immunohistochemical methods, the technique ofavidin - biotin complex (ABC) is widely used because of its high sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical reactivity of the4C4.9 antibody for detection of S-100 protein using the ABC method. For the evaluation ofimmunohistochemical reactivity 2 biopsies of humanskin were used with histopathological diagnosis ofulcerated malignant melanoma and melanocyticintradermal nevi from the Research Laboratory onAnimal Biotechnology of the Universidad de La Fron-tera, Chile. The Kit VECTASTAIN® was used asdetection method, the dilution the 4C4.9 antibodywas 1/250 and incubation temperature was at 4 °Cor 37 °C for 18 hours. To validate the technique, apositive control and a negative for 4C4.9 was performed. The results of immunohistochemicalstaining by the method of ABC complex showed positive staining for protein S-100 both in ulcerated malignant melanoma and melanocytic intradermalnevi, incubated for 18 hours at 4 °C or 37 °C.However, immunostaining was more intense when the primary antibody was incubated at 37° C. For acorrect interpretation of the results, it is necessary to take into consideration that the antigen-antibody reaction is influenced by various factors such as the concentration of antibody, time and temperature ofincubation. In conclusion, our results suggest incubating the samples with the first antibody (4C4.9)at 1/250 dilution in distilled water, incubating for 18h at 37 ºC. However, immunostaining was moreintense when the primary antibody was incubated at37° C. For a correct interpretation of the results, it isnecessary to take into consideration that antigen-antibody reaction is influenced by various factors suchas the concentration of antibody, time and temperature of incubation. In conclusion, our results suggest incubating the samples with the first antibody(4C4.9) at 1/250 dilution in distilled water, incubating for 18 h at 37 ºC. The use of the antibody 4C4.9 is recommended to support the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Retroperitoneal Fibrosarcoma: A Rare Case Report.

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are rare tumors ranging from only 1% to 2% of all solid malignancies. Among all sarcomas, most of these occur outside the retroperitoneum. Only 10-20% of sarcomas are retroperitoneal sarcomas, and the overall incidence is 0.3-0.4% per 100,000 of the population. The diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas are challenging because the tumors are quite rare and usually present in latter stages of the disease in an anatomically complex location. A rare case of recurrent retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma in a 23-year-old male presented as a mass per abdomen. Retroperitoneal sarcomas are malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, which are usually located in muscle, fat, and connective tissues.

Effect of Cluster Needling of Scalp Acupuncture Combined with Treadmill Training on Axonal Regeneration and Expression of S-100 Protein in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effect of cluster needling of scalp acupuncture combined with treadmill training on axonal regener-ation and expression of S-100 protein in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Methods Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided in-to blank group, sham group, model group, treadmill group and cluster needling of scalp point combined with treadmill group (combination group), each group was further divided into 7, 14 and 21 days subgroups, with 6 rats in each subgroup. The sciatic nerve of rats was clamped in the model group, the treadmill group and the combination group. The sham group was subjected to the same surgical procedure with sciat-ic nerve exposure but without crush injury. Three days after modeling, the treadmill group was treated with treadmill training, and the combi-nation group was treated with cluster needling of scalp acupuncture and treadmill training, while the other groups were grabbed regularly, with no other intervention. The sciatic functional index (SFI) was tested, the condition of axon growth was observed with HE staining, and the expression of S-100 protein was examined with immunohistochemistry at each time point. Results At each time point, SFI was higher, the axon grew better, and the S-100 protein was higher expressed in the treadmill group and the combination group than in the model group (P<0.05), especially in the combination group (P<0.05). Conclusion Cluster needling of scalp acupuncture combined with treadmill training can accelerate the regeneration of axons and increase the expression of S-100 protein and improve sciatic function after sciatic nerve injury.

Proteins of neural tube defects / 国际儿科学杂志

Neural tube defects(NTD)are a common congenital malformations in humans leading to in-fant mortality or severe disability.The etiology of NTD is complicated,with both environmentaland genetic con-tributions.It has been found that the protein markers associated with NTD are mainly maternal serum alpha feto-protein,amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein and amniotic fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein.This article reviews the protein biomarks related with NTD.

The expression and meaning of CD34,CD117,SMA,S -100 protein in gastrointestinal stromal tumor / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the expression and relationship with the clinical pathological features of CD34,CD117,smooth muscle actin(SMA),S -100 protein in gastrointestinal stromal tumor.Methods 60 cases of resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumor specimens were collected,all cases were confirmed by postoperative patholo-gy,explored the expression of CD34,CD117,SMA,S -100 protein expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor with immunohistochemical method,analyzed the relationship with the clinical pathological features of CD34,CD117,SMA, S -100 protein.Results CD34 positive signal located in the cytoplasm,CD117 positive signal mainly located in cyto-plasm,a few located in the cell membrane,nuclear yellow particles diffuse distribution in cells,SMA and S -100 pro-tein located in the cytoplasm of focal or scattered point positive expression of CD34,CD117,SMA,S -100 protein pos-itive expression rate in gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissue were 88.33% (53 /60),95.00% (57 /60),43.33%(26 /60)and 6.67% (4 /60);CD34 positive expression rate was related to area (χ2 =9.093,P <0.05),S -100 protein positive expression rate related to the histological type (χ2 =10.447,P <0.05).Conclusion CD34,CD117 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissue in the positive expression rate is very high,detection jointed with CD34,CD117 can improve the gastrointestinal stromal tumor diagnosis accuracy.

Intraosseousschwannoma: A Case Report and Review

Bony schwannoma is a rare benign tumour derived from Schwann cells of nerve fibres in the bone. It accounts for less than 1% of bony benign tumour, and prone to occur in the sacrum and mandible, occurrence in scapula is very rare. Here we report a 50-year-old woman with the chief complaint of pain in the left scapula. Imaging examination showed a giant, irregular, swelling lesion with distinct border involving the left scapula, extending into the left shoulder glenoid and pressing the surrounding soft tissues. Needle biopsy showed that the tumour was composed of spindle cells with S-100 protein positive, mimicking a benign neurogenic tumour. Then a complete excision was performed by removing the tumour and the surrounding tissues including partial left shoulder glenoid. Histologically, Antoni type A areas were the predominant microscopic pattern with occasional alternation by Antoni type B areas. Immunohistochemistry found that the neoplastic cells were scatteredly positive for S-100 protein. All these features suggest a diagnosis of an intraosseousschwannoma of the left scapula. Follow-up of the patient for ten months found no recurrence or sign of other tumours following complete tumour resection without any adjuvant therapy. In conclusion, this case of giant intraosseousschwannoma of the scapula is a rare benign bony tumour, and its diagnosis combined with clinical, imaging and pre-operative needle biopsy is important to guide further therapy, and avoid overtreatment.

S100 protein in breast tumor.

S100 protein is the largest subtribe in calcium binding protein family. According to recent researches, abnormal expression of S100 protein is often related to tumor, including breast tumor. Breast tumor is the most common malignant disease in female with high mortality mainly due to metastasis. Estimating early diagnostic and prognostic markers are helpful to conduct treatment for patients with breast cancer. Accumulating investigations focused on the role of S100 proteins in breast tumor development and metastasis. This paper summarizes the expression situation of S100 proteins in breast tumor as well as its effects on metastasis and prognosis of breast tumor.

Myxoid Cellular Neurothekeoma: A New Entity of S100-Negative, CD68-Positive Myxoid Neurothekeoma

Neurothekeoma is a rare cutaneous neoplasm, occurring as a cutaneous papule or nodule on the face, shoulders, and upper extremities. Neurothekeoma has been subclassified as either the myxoid, cellular, or mixed type, depending on the amount of myxoid matrix and on immunohistochemical analysis. We observed a clinical case with conflicting histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. In this case, microscopic examination showed the typical presentation of myxoid neurothekeoma; however, immunohistochemical staining was negative for S100 protein and positive for CD68, which is the characteristic pattern of cellular neurothekeoma. We report a very rare form of myxoid cellular neurothekeoma of the face in a young woman.

The significance of NSE and S100 protein in blood serum in patients with enterovirus 71 infection / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical significance and changes of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 protein in blood serum in patients with enterovirus 71 infection.Methods A total of 176 children with enterovirus 71 infection admitted from March 1,2012 through October 31,2012 were enrolled for a prospective and control study.According to diagnostic criteria of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection instituted by expert consensus for treatment of severe patients sets in 2011,the patients were divided into three groups:mild group (n =62),severe group (n =65) and critically care group (n =49),and another 30 healthy children served as control group.The demographics of patients including age and sex were comparable between control group and the sick children groups.Four milliliter of peripheral blood were taken from ill children on the first day before treatment and on the first,second,third day after treatment.The blood samples of healthy children were taken on the first day after physical examination.At the same time,the clinical data of blood routine,blood biochemistry,myocardial enzymes and C-reactive protein during the first 24 hours were collected.Immunohistochemical technique was used to study the change of NSE and S100 levels in serum.Data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation ((x) ± s) and were statistically analyzed by using SPSS 13.0 statistical software.Comparisons were carried out among different groups with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and between groups were performed with the Student t test.Changes were considered as statistically significant if P values was less than 0.05.Results ①Compared with mild group and control group,the levels of NSE and S100 protein were significantly higher in severe group and critically care group (P ＜0.05).②The serum levels of NSE and S100 protein in severe group were higher than in those in mild group with better outcomes (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The serum levels of NSE and S100 protein as biomarkers can be used to evaluate the severity of EV71 infection,and can also be used to determine the efficacy of treatment.

Significance of S-100 and CD83+DC Expression in Laryngeal Mucosa Lesions / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the infiltration of dendritic cell (DC) in Vocal cord polyp, laryngeal leukopla-kia and glottic squamous cell carcinoma,and to observe laryngeal mucosal lesions of the state of the immune microenviron-ment, and to research significance of DC on the development of glottic squamous cell carcinoma. Methods The infiltration of S-100+and CD83+DC in 20 cases of Vocal cord polyp, 47 cases of laryngeal leukoplakia, 45 cases of glottic squamous cell carcinoma tumor and 20 cases of laryngeal normal mucosa were examined using immunohistochemistry. Results The num-ber of S-100+and CD83+DC were significantly higher in glottic squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal leukoplakia and vocal cord polyp than that in laryngeal normal mucosa (P<0.05). The number of S-100+and CD83+DC were higher in laryngeal leukoplakia than that in glottic squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). The number of S-100+and CD83+DC in mild dysplasia and moderate dysplasia were less than that in severe atypical hyperplasia (P<0.01). In glottic squamous cell carcinoma, S-100+ and CD83+DC with poor-differentiated was significantly less than that with well-differentiated (P < 0.01). Conclu-sion Changes in the number of dendritic cell was found in vocal cord polyp, laryngeal leukoplakia and glottic squamous cell carcinoma, which indicated that there were an abnormal immune status. Changing of dendritic cell in laryngeal mucosa plays an important role in laryngeal cancer development.

Effect of intracarotid administration of bone marrow stem cells on neuron specific enolase and S-100 protein in vascular dementia rats / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of intracarotid administration of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on learning and memory abilities of vascular dementia (VD) rats and the variability of expressions of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein in the serum.Methods BMNCs collected from clean juvenile male Wistar rat femur were isolated; after adherent culture,the 3-4th generation BMSCs were performed induced differentiation.Ninety Wistar rats (age:18 to 24 months old) were randomly divided into three groups:control group,model group and treatment group,and each group was further classified into three subgroups by means of survival times of 2,4 and 8 weeks,which means that every subgroup consisted often rats.All VD rats,which were modeled by modified Pulsinellis 4-vessel occlusion (4VO); and those in the treatment group were injected 0.5 mL 1.2×107/mL BMSCs into the internal carotid artery 24 after operation.The learning and memory abilities of each rat in all subgroups were analyzed by shuttle box testing and the NSE leves and S-100 protein in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA).Results The mean active avoidance response (AAR) ratios of the rats in the three subgroups (survival time of 2,4,8 weeks) of the model group,were,respectively,lower than those of the control group (P＜0.05),and those of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the model group (P＜0.05).The serum levels of NSE in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group two weeks after operation (P＜0.05),but it reversed 4 and 8 weeks after operation.The S-100 protein expressions in the treatment group was statistically lower than that in the model group (P＜0.05),however,there is no significant difference between treatment group and control group (P＞0.05).Conclusion Intracarotid administration of BMSCs obviously improves the learning and memory abilities of the VD rats,remarkably reduces the serum levels of NSE and S-100 protein,and efficiently relieves the injury degree of neurons and glial cells,which indicates that BMSCs therapy has effective protection on neural regeneration,neuronal proliferation and synaptic connectivity.

Colonic Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting as an Isolated Polyp / 대한내과학회지

A 56-year-old male underwent a screening colonoscopy. An 8-mm sessile polyp was removed from the descending colon using snare polypectomy. Histology showed Langerhans cells and eosinophil infiltration of the submucosa. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for S-100 protein and CD1a antigen, which confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. On further workup, there was no evidence of involvement of any other organs. Here, we report a very rare case of colonic Langerhans-cell histiocytosis presenting as an isolated polyp.