Ultrassonografia intravascular para guiar a intervenção coronária percutânea: resultados do registro nacional português / Intravascular ultrasound in percutaneous coronary intervention guidance: results from Portuguese registry

Introdução: As diretrizes atuais recomendam o uso da ultrassonografia intravascular de coronárias como ferramenta adjuvante em situações difíceis. Objetivo: Caracterizar a utilização da ultrassonografia intravascular em Portugal e comparar os desfechos após intervenção coronária percutânea no tronco da coronária esquerda, guiada ou não por ultrassonografia intravascular. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo multicêntrico, que analisou pacientes submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2018, incluídos no Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Valor de p bicaudal <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Este estudo demonstrou variação significativa na utilização da ultrassonografia intravascular em Portugal (valor de p qui-quadrado para tendência <0,001). O ano com maior utilização foi 2016 (2,4%). Houve aumento progressivo, nos últimos 7 anos, na utilização da ultrassonografia intravascular na intervenção coronária percutânea do tronco da coronária esquerda (valor de p qui-quadrado para tendência <0,001), com importantes diferenças regionais. A população submetida à intervenção coronária percutânea do tronco da coronária esquerda guiada por ultrassonografia intravascular era mais jovem, mas tinha maior prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular, disfunção sistólica ventricular e lesões coronárias complexas. Além disso, esse grupo de pacientes teve menor prevalência do desfecho primário intra-hospitalar (1,4% versus 3,9%; p=0,024). Porém, após análise multivariada ajustada para fatores de confusão, este estudo não demonstrou impacto significativo da utilização da ultrassonografia intravascular no desfecho intra-hospitalar. Conclusão: A utilização da ultrassonografia intravascular na intervenção coronária percutânea do tronco da coronária esquerda vem aumentando lentamente nos últimos 7 anos em Portugal. Neste estudo, a utilização desse método não teve impacto estatístico nos desfechos intra-hospitalares.

Background: Current guidelines recommend the use of coronary intravascular ultrasound as an adjunctive tool in challenging situations. Objective: To characterize the use of intravascular ultrasound in Portugal and compare outcomes after left main percutaneous coronary intervention, with or without intravascular ultrasound. Methods: A retrospective multicentric observational study analyzed patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2012 and December 2018 and were included in the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology of the Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. A two-sided p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study revealed significant variation of intravascular ultrasound usage in Portugal over time (p-value Chi-squared for trend <0.001). The year with maximum use was 2016 (2.4%). Regarding left main percutaneous coronary intervention, there was a progressive increase in use of intravascular ultrasound (p-value Chi-squared for trend<0.001) in the last 7 years, with important regional differences. The population submitted to left main percutaneous coronary intervention with intravascular ultrasound was younger, but had a higher prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors, ventricular systolic dysfunction, and complex coronary lesions. Moreover, this group of patients had lower prevalence of intrahospital primary endpoint (1.4% versus 3.9%; p=0.024). However, after multivariate analysis adjusted to confounding factors, this study did not demonstrate a significant impact of intravascular ultrasound on intrahospital endpoint. Conclusion: The overall use of intravascular ultrasound in left main percutaneous coronary intervention has been slowly increasing in the last seven years, in Portugal. In this study, the use of this method had no statistical impact in intrahospital endpoints.

Correlation Between Nutritional Risk and Clinical and Endoscopic Features in Crohn's Disease Patients Treated With Biological Agents / 胃肠病学

Background: The widespread use of biological agents in recent years can improve the nutritional status of partial patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and change the course of the disease. Aims: To investigate the correlation between the nutritional risk and clinical and endoscopic features in CD patients treated with biological agents. Methods: Sixty⁃eight CD patients treated with biological agents from June 2021 to June 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were enrolled. Nutritional risk screening was conducted by nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS2002), and its correlation with clinical and endoscopic features was analyzed. Results: In 68 CD patients treated with biological agents, incidence of nutritional risk was 66.2%. There was statistically significant difference in incidence of nutritional risk in patients with different disease behaviors, SES⁃CD score and postoperative Rutgeerts score (all P0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of nutritional risk is high in CD patients treated with biological agents, and is correlated with CD disease behavior, SES ⁃ CD score, and postoperative Rutgeerts score.

Habilidades de comprensión y producción narrativa en niños montevideanos de 5 años. Una comparación por nivel socioeconómico / Narrative abilities in a group of Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Resumen Este estudio caracteriza y compara las habilidades narrativas y el vocabulario receptivo de 54 preescolares montevideanos de nivel socioeconómico medio (NSM) y bajo (NSB). Los niños realizaron tareas de vocabulario receptivo, producción narrativa (en dos condiciones: manipulando títeres al contar la historia y sin manipularlos), y comprensión narrativa (recuento oral y preguntas posteriores a la reconstrucción). Las narrativas fueron transcritas, codificadas y analizadas en términos de super y macroestructura siguiendo la gramática de historias de Stein y Glenn (1979) (coherencia) y de microestructura (productividad y complejidad). Los niños de ambos grupos tuvieron un desempeño acorde a su edad en comprensión y producción narrativa, a pesar de que el grupo de NSM tuvo un mejor desempeño en vocabulario receptivo. Hubo diferencias en comprensión (cantidad de episodios recuperados y en la respuesta a preguntas) que favorecieron al NSM, pero no en la cantidad de categorías recuperadas ni en la extensión y complejidad del recuento. Para producción narrativa no hubo diferencias en secuencia narrativa, ni en la cantidad de episodios completos en ninguna de las condiciones, pero sí en cuanto a la complejidad sintáctica en la condición sin títeres. Los resultados muestran una relación compleja entre vocabulario y habilidades narrativas, dado que diferencias importantes en vocabulario no se reflejaron de manera homogénea en el desempeño narrativo. Estos resultados aportan a los debates actuales sobre el papel del vocabulario en el desarrollo de habilidades narrativas, así como a pensar la validez ecológica de las evaluaciones en el desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico.

Abstract Narrative abilities are an important part of communication, academic success, and healthy relationships. These abilities involve complex language and cognitive skills, such as precise vocabulary, control of the coherence markers, relations of cause-effect, and planning. They are also relevant during the elementary school years and interact with the socio-emotional skills necessary to understand different points of view. Oral narrative production develops dramatically from 3 to 5 years of age and is a key factor in a child's ability to communicate about the world. During this period narratives are a product of increasing linguistic sophistication over the preschool period and there is a complex relationship between early narratives and language proficiency. So far, most research about this topic has been pursued in populations other than Latin American preschoolers. At the same time, a considerably lesser number of studies about narrative abilities development have been carried out comparing typically developing children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. To our knowledge, there are no studies in Uruguay that assess the narrative abilities development in typically developing preschool children who grow up in vulnerable contexts. It is therefore of the utmost relevance to produce empirical evidence for this population. For these reasons, this study aimed at characterizing and comparing narrative abilities and receptive vocabulary in a group of a total of 54 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds (middle and low socioeconomic status, SES). Children were assessed in receptive vocabulary and narrative abilities across two task conditions: (1) narrative comprehension through a story retelling task which included some final questions about the story; (2) narrative production elicited from a set of thematically related puppets. The examiner gives a child a puppet set and asks him/her to elaborate a narrative using them. After that, puppets are removed and the child is asked to retell the story without puppets. Children's oral productions were video-taped and then transcribed and categorized using the ELAN software (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2019). The verbal information was categorized according to Stein and Glenn's (1979) story grammar and considering the microstructural aspects (productivity and complexity). Analyses showed that both groups performed according to their stage of development in both narrative task conditions. With regards to the narrative comprehension task, no differences in the number of recovered categories, extension, or narrative complexity were observed. Concerning the narrative production task, there were no differences between the groups in narrative sequences, nor in the number of completed episodes in conditions neither with puppets nor without puppets. Results showed that children who grow up in poverty perform more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in receptive vocabulary, in the number of recovered episodes, ask-answer items of narrative comprehension tasks. Moreover, concerning the microstructural parameters analyses showed that children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds scored better in syntactic complexity in the without puppets condition. No differences between the groups were observed in syntactic complexity in the puppets condition. Taken together these results indicate a complex link between vocabulary and narrative abilities. It is worth noting that important differences in vocabulary did not reflect in the children's narrative performance. These findings are also relevant as a contribution to an ongoing debate about the role of vocabulary in the development of narrative abilities. Furthermore, these results could inform the discussion about the ecological validity of the test of cognitive and linguistic development. Finally, to provide some additional evidence to Uruguayan Spanish language about the relationships between oral language and cognitive development allows to carry out early interventions before formal schooling sets children for success in school and life.

Preference for male child among married adults in rural and urban field practice areas of Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Reduction of national fertility levels was directly proportional to the preference of male child in many families in India. We conducted this study on 214 married adults, in both sexes to find out whether this strong preference still exists in this decade or not, and if it does what could be the reasons.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study done by face to face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire containing both qualitative and quantitative variables, among 214 married adults.Results: Upon analysing the results, we identified that higher son preference (61.23%) is seen in many rural families, and is strongly associated with low socio-economic status, literacy rate and caste. The reasons by which these families prefer male child were also broadly categorized and identified. Economic utility (78%) and old age security (61%) was found to be the major reasons most families has quoted in preferring a son.Conclusions: By improving the literacy rate and job opportunities in the community, fertility rate can be reduced, especially in rural areas where the other options are limited.

Factors that bias teacher expectations: Findings from Chile / Factores que sesgan las expectativas docentes: hallazgos en Chile

Abstract It is well-known that teacher expectations tend to be biased by factors such as student socio-economic status (SES) and gender. However, much less research has been devoted to understanding how teacher characteristics may impact their own expectations of the students. The present study investigated teacher expectations for 343 Chilean teachers (240 in-service and 103 pre-service). We first designed and validated an instrument to measure expectations; then we assessed the effect of teacher gender and experience, and student gender and school-SES in the formation of teacher expectations. The data were analysed using hypothesis and data-driven analyses. The results showed that SES had an effect on teacher expectations (η2= .03 to .12); there was a higher probability that teachers from high-SES schools would have positive expectations of their students. However, negative expectations were equally distributed across teachers working in high and low-SES schools. There was also no evidence of the effect of teacher or student gender on teacher expectations. With respect to teacher experience, the findings were clear cut; both pre-service and in-service teachers shared identical expectations of their students. These findings have important implications regarding teacher training programmes since the expectation bias is observed very early during training.

Resumen Es bien sabido que las expectativas docentes tienden a estar sesgadas por factores como el nivel socioeconómico de los estudiantes (NSE) y el género. Sin embargo, se ha investigado menos cómo las características de los docentes pueden afectar sus propias expectativas de los estudiantes. El presente estudio investigó las expectativas de 343 docentes chilenos (240 en servicio y 103 alumnos en prácticas). Primero se diseñó y validó un instrumento para medir expectativas; luego se evaluó el efecto del género y experiencia del profesor, y el género del estudiante y NSE de la escuela en la formación de las expectativas del profesor. Los datos fueron analizados mediante técnicas dirigidas por hipótesis y por datos. Los resultados mostraron un efecto del NSE de la escuela en las expectativas docentes (η2 = .03 a .12), con una mayor probabilidad de que los profesores de escuelas con alto NSE tengan expectativas positivas de sus estudiantes. Sin embargo, las expectativas negativas fueron distribuidas equitativamente entre los profesores que trabajaban en escuelas con bajo y alto NSE. Tampoco hubo evidencia del efecto de género de los profesores o estudiantes en las expectativas del profesor. Respecto a la experiencia del profesor, los hallazgos son claros; tanto los estudiantes en práctica profesional como los profesores en servicio mostraron idénticas expectativas hacia sus estudiantes. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones importantes respecto a los programas de formación docente ya que el sesgo de las expectativas se observa tempranamente desde la formación.

Relationship between mechanical ventilation-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and mTOR signaling pathway in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the relationship between mechanical ventilation-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and mammalian taget of rapamycin ( mTOR) signaling pathway in mice. Methods Fifty healthy male C57BL∕6 mice, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 2 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: control group ( group C ) and mechanical ventilation group ( group V) . The mice breathed spontaneously for 6 h in group C, and the mice were mechanically ventilated for 6 h in group V. Open field test and contextual fear conditioning test were conducted at 1 and 3 days after the end of ventilation. Hippocampal tissues were obtained at 1 day after the end of ventilation for determina-tion of the expression of mTOR, phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3Ⅱ( by Western blot) and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons ( by TUNEL) . The p-mTOR∕mTOR ratio and apoptosis index were calculated. Results Compared with group C, the time animals spent in the central square was significantly prolonged, the number of crossing the grid was reduced, the percentage of freezing time was decreased, the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3Ⅱwas up-regulated, and the p-mTOR∕mTOR ratio and apoptosis index were increased in group V ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion The mech-anism by which mechanical ventilation induces apoptosis in hippocampal neurons may be related to activation of mTOR signaling pathway in mice.

Association of Cord Blood Telomere Biology with Mother’s Education

Background:Telomere, the biological chronometer, has been found to be influenced by different parameters which are reprogrammed during fetal life.This study was designed to find out influence of education on relative telomere length (RTL) of the maternal and new born and to detect improvement in the genetic remodeling during the fetal life between low and high educational levels of mother.Methods:Pregnant females(18-37 years) and their newborns (n=250) were recruited from Karachi hospitals. In this cross-sectional study RTL (maternal and cord) was calculated by Quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis used were chi square tests and Mann Whitney U test for variables with two categories and then Kruskal Wallis for variables with more than two categories to examine mean difference between relative telomere length(RTL) and maternal education. The relationship between predictor variable(education) and RTL was done by linearregression.Results: A significant association of education and RTL revealed shorter mean maternal RTL(base pair(bp)) 6380±1128 among females with low education and longer 6553±945 in high education females respectively (p=0.071) (B= 0.009 p= >0.05). Similarly, cord RTL were shorter 6600±1218 in low and longer 7154±1585 in high educationgroup(p=0.007)(B= 0.184 p = <0.05) at 95% confidence level.It was also found that newborn among high education with upper middle Socioeconomic status (SES) have significantly longest RTL 7262±1804(p=<0.05).Conclusion: Overall longer newborn RTL than mothers were observed among different levels of education in targeted population of Karachi where higher education have a shielding effect on telomere remodeling during the fetal development

Six versus twelve months of dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent in elderly patients / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To explore the eff cacy and safety of 6-month and 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)after implantation of biodegradable polymer-drug eluting stents(BP-DES) in elderly patients. Methods This study was a subgroup analysis of the I-LOVE-IT 2 trial, which was a prospectively randomized study enrolling 2737 patients receiving either a BP-SES or a DP-SES in a 2:1 ratio. This studied further divided the patients who were randomized to the BP-SES group,whose age ≥ 65 year old, in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 6-month DAPT (n=319) or 12-month DAPT (n=308)randomly before the index PCI. The primary end point of this study was 12-month target lesion failure (FhF, including cardiac death,target vessel myocardial infarction and clinically indicated target lesion revascularization)and the secondary end points was 12-month net adverse clinical and cerebral events (including all-cause death, all myocardial infarction, stroke and all bleeding). Results Rates of TLF at 12 months were 7.1% in the 6-month DAPT group and 7.2% in the 12-month DAPT group (P=0.980). No diff erences were observed in the occurrence of events in the secondary endpoint at 12 months follow-up between the 6-month DAPT group and 12-months DAPT group(14.1% versus 13.0%, P=0.726). There were no signifi cant diff erences in stent thrombosis or bleeding complications between the 2 groups. Conclusions This study shorted that 6-month DAPT did not increase the risk of TLF at 12 months after implantation of DES in elderly patients compared with 12-month DAPT. Elderly patients are at high risk of bleeding and ischemic events and study show that 6-month DAPT would be adequate. These results need to be confi rmed with trials of scale in the future.

Role of acid-sensing ion channel 1a in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases / 中国药理学通报

Acid-sensing ion channels ( ASICs) are proton-gated channels expressed widely in the central nervous systems and pe-ripheral tissues, among which ASIC1a is a core part and plays an important role in many physiological and pathological proces-ses.As a key receptor for extracellular protons , ASIC1a is in-volved in a variety of pathophysiological processes involving tis-sue acidosis, such as pain, inflammation, seizures and multiple sclerosis.Autoimmune disease is a chronic inflammatory dis-ease , and the excessive activation of T , B cells leads to multiple tissue and organ damage when the body responds to autoantigen immune response . In recent years , studies have found that ASIC1a plays an important role in the development of various au-toimmune diseases.In this paper, the biological characteristics of ASIC1a are briefly reviewed , and the research progress of ASIC1a in the development and progression of autoimmune dis-eases is discussed .

Role of PI3K∕Akt signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of lung ischemia-reper-fusion injury in rats undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the role of PI3K∕Akt signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-in-duced reduction of lung ischemia-reperfusion ( I∕R ) injury in rats undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Twenty-four healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 350-450 g, were di-vided into 3 groups (n＝8 each) using a random number table method: group I∕R, dexmedetomidine group ( group D) and dexmedetomidine plus wortmannin group (group D+W). Rats were anesthetized with pento-barbital sodium. Lung I∕R was induced by clamping the left hilum of lung for 60 min starting from 10 min of CPB, followed by 120-min reperfusion. Dexmedetomidine was injected via the tail vein in a dose of 3 μg∕kg at 10 min before clamping the left hilum of lung, followed by a continuous infusion of 1. 5 μg·kg-1·h-1 until the end of CPB in group D. Dexmedetomidine was injected via the tail vein in a dose of 3 μg∕kg at 10 min before clamping the left hilum of lung, followed by a continuous infusion of 1. 5 μg·kg-1·h-1until the end of CPB, and wortmannin was simultaneously injected via the tail vein in a dose of 15 μg∕kg, fol-lowed by a continuous infusion of 2. 0 μg·kg-1·min-1until the end of CPB in group D+W. Arterial blood samples were collected immediately before CPB ( T1), immediately after opening the left hilum of lung (T2) and at 1. 5 h after the end of CPB (T3), and oxygenation index (OI) and respiratory index (RI) were calculated. The rats were sacrificed at T3, and the left lung was removed for examination of the patho-logical changes which were scored and for determination of apoptosis rate ( by flow cytometry) and Akt, Bad, activated caspase-3, phosphorylated Akt ( p-Akt) and phosphorylated Bad ( p-Bad) in lung tissues ( by Western blot). Results Compared with the baseline at T1, OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at T2and T3in the three groups (P＜0. 05). OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at T3than at T2in the three groups ( P＜0. 05). Compared with group I∕R, OI was significantly increased and RI was decreased at T3, the pathological damage score and apoptosis rate were decreased, ratios of p-Akt∕Akt and p-Bad∕Bad were increased, and the expression of activated caspase-3 was down-regulated in group D, and OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at T2in group D+W ( P＜0. 05). Com-pared with group D, OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at T3, the pathological damage score and apoptosis rate were increased, ratios of p-Akt∕Akt and p-Bad∕Bad were decreased, and the ex-pression of activated caspase-3 was up-regulated in group D+W ( P＜0. 05). Conclusion Dexmedetomi-dine can reduce dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of lung I∕R injury through activating PI3K∕Akt signa-ling pathway and inhibiting cell apoptosis in rats undergoing CPB.

Variations in Iron Status Indicators in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle – A Study of Two Age-Matched Socio- Economic Groups of 18 – 25 Years of Age.

Background: Iron requirements are increased in adolescent girls with growth and the onset of menarche and remain high in women until menopause. Methods: We conducted a study on two study groups of girls in age group 18-25 years belonging to different socioeconomic classes as per the Modified Kuppuswamy’s Scale to study the effect of the phases of menstrual cycle & socioeconomic class on the iron status indicators (Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC, MCV & TS%).Menstrual phases were defined and blood samples were drawn from all the girls in all the 3 phases (menstrual, follicular & luteal) and Hb, Serum iron & Total iron binding capacity were assessed on a semi-auto-analyzer & MCV was estimated using a fully automated CBC machine. Transferrin Saturation was derived as Serum Iron / TIBC × 100. Results: We found significant (p< 0.01) difference in iron status indicators in both our groups, the values of iron status indicators varied significantly according to the menstrual cycle, with values highest during the luteal phase and lowest during the menstrual phase. From our observations we can conclude that the nutritional status (assessed by the height, weight & BMI) and the iron status indicators both differ significantly in the two age-matched comparable socio-economic groups. Conclusion: socioeconomic class has a major determining role on an individual’s health. The effect of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle also has a part to play in the variation of iron status measures, which has to be considered while measuring them in a female during her reproductive years

Study of Iron Status Indicators in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Females of Lower Socio-Economic Group.

Background: Iron requirements are increased in adolescent girls with growth and the onset of menarche and remain high in women until menopause. Methods: We conducted a study on 18-25 years females of lower socioeconomic status as per the Modified Kuppuswamy’s Scale to study the effect of the phases of menstrual cycle & socioeconomic class on the iron status indicators (Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC, MCV & TS%).Menstrual phases were defined and blood samples were drawn from all the girls in all the 3 phases (menstrual, follicular & luteal) and Hb, Serum iron & Total iron binding capacity were assessed on a semi-auto-analyzer & MCV was estimated using a fully automated CBC machine. Transferrin Saturation was derived as Serum Iron / TIBC × 100. Results: We found that the values of iron status indicators varied significantly according to the menstrual cycle, with values highest during the luteal phase and lowest during the menstrual phase. From our observations we can conclude that the nutritional status (assessed by the height, weight & BMI) and the iron status indicators both are significantly lower in the females of lower SES. Hence, socio-economic class has a major determining role on an individual’s health. Conclusion: The effect of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle also has a part to play in the variation of iron status measures, which has to be considered while measuring them in a female during her reproductive years.

Effect of Individual and District-level Socioeconomic Disparities on Cognitive Decline in Community-dwelling Elderly in Seoul

This study was to investigate the effects of individual and district-level socioeconomic status (SES) on the development of cognitive impairment among the elderly. A 3-year retrospective observational analysis (2010–2013) was conducted which included 136,217 community-dwelling healthy elderly who participated in the Seoul Dementia Management Project. Cognitive impairment was defined as 1.5 standard deviations below the norms on the Mini-mental status examination. In the individual lower SES group, the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of cognitive impairment was 8.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.64–8.70), whereas the CIR in the individual higher SES group was 4.1% (95% CI, 4.08–4.10). The CIR for lower district-level SES was 4.7% (95% CI, 4.52–4.86), while that in the higher district-level SES was 4.3% (95% CI, 4.06–4.44). There were no additive or synergistic effects between individual and district-level SES. From this study, the individual SES contributed 1.9 times greater to the development of cognitive impairment than the district-level SES, which suggests that individual SES disparities could be considered as one of the important factors in public health related to cognitive impairment in the elderly.

An Observational Study on the Patients of Sailan Ur Rehm (Vaginal Discharge) According to Socio-Economic Status

Background and Objectives: Sailanur rehm refers (pathological vaginal discharge) refers to the disease entity in which there is flow of infected discharge from uterus. Method: The study is an observational study performed in the Gynae OPD of AKTC, AMU, Aligarh. All the patients were randomly allocated according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Prevalence of Sailanur rehm is seen among 45 patients according to the Socio-economic Status(SES). Results: In the present study most of the patients 36(80%) belong to lower SES, while only 9 (20%) belongs to upper SES. Interpretation and Conclusion: In the present study most of the patients 36(80%) belong to lower SES, while only 9 (20%) belongs to upper SES.

Protective effects of kaempferol against fatty acid-induced islet microvessel endothelial function injury and the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the protective effects of kaempferol against the fatty acid-induced islet microvessel endothelial function injury and the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 (PARP-1). Methods Mouse islet microvessel endothelial MS-1 cells were divided into normal control group, solvent (DMSO) group, fatty acid group (0. 25 mmol/L palmitic acid+0. 5 mmol/L oleic acid), kaempferol group (50 µmol/L), fatty acid + kaempferol group, PARP-1 inhibitor (8 µmol/L BYK204165)+fatty acid group and PARP-1 inhibitors+fatty acidVkaempferol group. The changes of cell viability, apoptosis, nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and oxidative stress related indicators were examined in each group. Results After treatment with fatty acid, the survival rate of MS-1 cells was significantly decreased and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0. 05); meanwhile, fatty acids also increased NO production and promoted the activities of the total NOS (tNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and constitutive NOS (cNOS) in the MS-1 cells (P<0. 05). Treatment with fatty acid also significantly increased the lipid peroxidation products-malondialdehyde (MDA), while significantly decreased the levels of antioxidants, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0. 05); and t also increased the mRNA and protein expression of PARP-1, iNOS and cNOS (P <0. 05). Kaempferol significantly attenuated the toxic effects of fatty acidsconcerning all the detected indicators (P<0. 05). Moreover, pretreatment with PARP-1 inhibitor (BYK204165) for 1 h markedly enhanced the protective effects of kaempferol, and all the detected parameters were similar to those of the control group(P<0. 05). Conclusion Fatty acid can directly trigger islet microvessel endothelial function injury, and kaempferol shows a protective effect against the toxicity of fatty acid. Inhibition of PARP-1 can significantly promote the protective effects of kaempferol.

Renal damage caused by Rhupus syndrome associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplas-mic antibodies vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia / 北京大学学报(医学版)

SUMMARY We analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of one patient with Rhupus syndrome as-sociated nephropathy in Peking University People ’s Hospital, and reviewed the related literature .The pa-tient was a middle aged female .She developed rheumatoid arthritis first , and then manifested mild sys-temic lupus erythematosus together with positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( ANCA ) and cryoglobulinemia several years later .The renal biopsy was performed and manifested as lupus nephritis . The transmission electron microscopy revealed cryoglobulinemia associated renal damage .This report shows that the clinicopathological characteristics in patients with Rhupus syndrome associated nephropathy are complicated .The renal pathology can be used as a diagnostic tool .

Validación de las escalas de inhibición sexual/excitación sexual-forma breve (SIS/SES-SF) / Validation of the sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales-short form (SIS/SES-SF)

Se plantea la adaptación y validación española de la versión breve de la Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales que evalúan la propensión hacia la excitación e inhibición sexuales. Fue contestada a través de Internet, junto a otras medidas de funcionamiento sexual, por 796 sujetos de la población general (18-84 años). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio dio lugar a una estructura factorial similar a la original (Escala de Excitación Sexual, ESS; y dos Escalas de Inhibición Sexual, SIS1 y SIS2), que fue ratificada mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Además, la escala resultó equivalente para hombres y mujeres al alcanzar un nivel de invarianza estricta. La consistencia interna es adecuada. La dimensión SES se relaciona positivamente al deseo sexual, mientras que SIS1 y SIS2 lo hacen de forma negativa. Las dos medidas de inhibición sexual se asocian a peor funcionamiento sexual. Los hombres muestran mayor puntuación en SES y las mujeres en SIS1.

This study proposes the adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales for the assessment of individual propensity for sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. The scale was located online and it was administered with other measures of sexual functioning. The questionnaires were answered by 796 individuals from the general population (18-84 years old). The Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded a factorial structure which was similar to the one proposed originally (Sexual Excitation Scale, SES; and two Sexual Inhibition Scales, SIS1 and SIS2), which was confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The scale was equivalent between men and women, as it reached strict invariance. Internal consistency is adequate. The SES dimension is positively related to sexual desire, while SIS1 and SIS2 are negatively related to it. The two measures of sexual inhibition are associated with worse sexual functioning. Men show higher scores on SES and women on SIS1.

Modulation effect of β1-adrenergic receptor on rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current in ventricular myocytes of chronic heart failure / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of β1-ad-renergic receptor (β1-AR ) on rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current ( IKr ) in ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs with chronic heart failure ( CHF) . Methods The CHF model of guinea pigs was established by descending thoracic aortic banding . Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record IKr in ventricular myocytes. The effects ofβ1-AR on IKr in CHF ventricular myocytes were detected and its mechanisms were studied by pretreatment with protein kinase A ( PKA ) inhibitor and calmodulin kinase II( CaMK II) inhibitor. Results In CHF ventricular myocytes, xamoterol, the selectiveβ1-AR agonist, de-creased IKr by (52±8)% and prolonged action poten-tial duration. These effects were completely abolished by pretreatment of myocytes with CGP20712A, a selec-tive β1-AR antagonist. íamoterol only decreased IKr by (28±3)% by pretreatment of CHF myocytes with specific PKA inhibitor KT5720 . KN93 , an inhibitor of CaMKII, did not attenuate the inhibitory effect on CHF ventricular myocytes. Conclusion IKr is inhibi-ted by β1-AR activation in CHF ventricular myocytes. PKA, but not CaMKII signaling pathway is involved in, at least in part, the inhibitory effect ofβ1-AR acti-vation on IKr.

Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome.

Background & Objectives: 1} To describe thyroid hormone profile in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) 2} To find, If any, short term prognostic significance of Thyroid diseases. Materials & Methods The study has been carried out at Shree Sayajirao General Hospital and Medical College Baroda during period of March 2011 to May 2012. The study comprised of patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted in ICCU of SSG, Hospital. Inclusion criteria were patients with acute coronary syndrome, irrespective of gender, race, ethnic group, age, and clinical severity, giving consent for being included as a part of the study. Exclusion criteria included patients using corticosteroids, amiodarone, or thyroid disease drugs, who had received any iodinated contrast agent within the previous two weeks, Patients with established diseases, such as neoplasias, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring antibiotic therapy, liver cirrhosis, active infection, and decompensated diabetes mellitus, conditions that are known to affect thyroid function tests. Results: Of total 30 pts of STEMI, 30 % had increased level of Free T4 on day 0 and 23.07% had increased values on day 4. Of total 30 pts of NSTEMI/UA, 20 % had increased level of Free T4 on day 0 and 14.28% had increased values on day 4. The levels of TSH, free and Total T3 as well as Total T4 were not significantly different in either STEMI/NSTEMI group either Day 0 or Day 4. 21.67% of pts had evidence of Sick Euthyroid Syndrome on day of admission. Of the total 6 pts expired before day 4, 3 patients had evidence of Sick Euthyroid Syndrome at the time of admission. The association of Sick Euthyroid syndrome was found to be significant for mortality in patients of STEMI with 3 out of 4 expired patients of STEMI having SES at the of admission with significant p value {p <0.05} .There was no significant difference in mortality in patients of NSTEMI/UA having SES. Conclusion: Our results show the importance of recognizing the “Euthyroid Sick Syndrome” in coronary heart disease patients, suggesting an association with poorer prognosis in patients with ST elevated Myocardial Infarction in form of increased mortality and no association was found with mortality in patients having Non ST elevated Myocardial Infarction or Unstable Angina.

The socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in the Bahamas / Las determinantes socioeconómicas de la obesidad en los adultos de Bahamas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in The Bahamas. DESIGN AND METHODS: A subpopulation of adults 21 to 60 years was analysed for socio-economic differences in obesity levels. Data from the 2001 Bahamas Living Conditions Survey, a nationwide comprehensive household survey which included anthropometric measurements, were used. Bivariate and binary logistic regression methods for complex samples were employed. FINDINGS: Overall obesity prevalence was 32% (38% female, 25% male, p = < 0.0001). An inverse relationship by education appeared to be the strongest predictor for all persons (OR = 0.78, CI 0.67, 0.90; p < 0.0001). This relationship was also evident for females (OR = 0.71, CI 0.59, 0.85; p< 0.0001) while a positive relationship existed by economic level for males (OR = 1.23, CI 1.07, 1.41; p = 0 .005). There was a difference in food group expenditure for starchy vegetables only (p = 0.049). Other food group household expenditure, urban residence and female headed households showed no significant differences by obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In line with international trends, obesity rates are high in The Bahamas, and especially affect females of lower socio-economic status. Public policy that targets this group is necessary to address this health concern.

OBJETIVO: Establecer cuáles son las determinantes socio-económicas de la obesidad en los adultos en Bahamas. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó una subpoblación de adultos de 21 a 60 años en busca de las diferencias socio-económicas según los niveles de obesidad. Se usaron los datos de la Encuesta 2001 sobre las condiciones de vida en Bahamas - una encuesta general doméstica nacional que incluyó mediciones antropométricas. Se emplearon métodos de regresión logística bivariados y binarios para las muestras complejas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de obesidad global fue de 32% (38% hembras, 25% varones, p =< 0.0001). Una relación inversa para la educación pareció ser el predictor más fuerte para todas las personas (OR = 0.78, CI 0.67[N1], 0.90; p < 0.0001). Esta relación también se hizo evidente en las hembras (OR = 0.71, CI 0.59, 0.85; p < 0.0001) mientras que una relación positiva existió en el nivel económico para los varones (OR = 1.23, CI 1.07, 1.41; p = 0 .005). Hubo una diferencia en el gasto del grupo de alimentos en cuanto a verduras ricas en fécula solamente (p = 0.049). Otro gasto doméstico de grupo de alimentos, residencia urbana, y casas encabezadas por mujeres, no mostraron diferencias significativas en obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: En concordancia con las tendencias internacionales, las tasas de obesidad son altas en Bahamas, y afectan sobre todo a las mujeres de más bajo estatus socio-económico. Se necesitan políticas públicas dirigidas a este grupo, a fin de abordar este problema de salud.