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@#Many species of helminths and protozoa caused intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). It belongs to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and remains a major public health problem in several Southeast Asian countries. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among the population in Kratie Province in northeastern Cambodia and Phnom Penh is the capital that locates in southern Cambodia. Fecal specimens (n=366) were collected in 10 villages in Kratie Province and Phnom Penh from 2019 to 2021. They were processed using the formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique (FECT) to investigate parasites at egg and cyst stages and then examined under a light microscope. The results revealed that the prevalence of IPIs among the population in Kratie Province (n=317) and Phnom Penh (n=49) was 16.12% (n=59); of Kratie Province (n=50, 13.66%) and Phnom Penh (n=9, 2.46%), 12.02% (n=44) were helminths and 4.10% (n=15) were protozoa. The parasitic infection rate was higher in males (9.02%) than in females (7.10%) and more likely to be due to helminths (7.38%) than protozoa (1.64%). Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini was the highest (5.74%), followed by those of Entamoeba coli (4.10%), hookworm (3.83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.10%), Hymenolepis nana (1.09%), Taenia spp. (0.54%), Trichuris trichiura (0.55%), and Enterobius vermicularis (0.27%), respectively. Moreover, O. viverrini infection was the most common infection in the >20-year age group in Kratie Province. In addition, the bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that the association between gender. Gender was a significant risk factor positively associated with O. viverrini and hookworm infections (ORadj=0.318, 95% CI=0.122-0.8270, P=0.019 and ORadj=0.085, 95% CI=0.017-0.436, P=0.003, respectively). In conclusion, the IPIs were highly prevalent, especially O. viverrini and hookworm infections, among the population in Cambodia. These IPIs impact the public health burden but can be prevented by education regarding good sanitary practices in this community.
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Objective: Inflammation is the underlying cause of most of the chronic diseases that occur with aging. Although many drugs are available for the management of inflammatory disorders and their symptoms, most ofthese drugs possess serious adverse effects that limit their usefulness. This has encouraged the unending search for potent anti-inflammatory drugs from plant sources as alternatives to conventional drug treatment of inflammation. This studyinvestigated the anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol leaf extract of E. indicaand the ethylacetate fraction in rodents. Materialsand Methods: The leaves were extracted with ethanol by cold maceration and the extract was fractionated with n-hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. The oral acute toxicity (LD50) of the extract and the phytochemical constituents of the extract and the fractions were determined. The anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract (EE) and ethylacetate fraction (ETF)and their possible mechanisms of actions were investigated Results: The oral LD50of the extract was above 5000 mg/kg. Both the EE and ETF displayed dose-dependent inhibition of the rat paw edema, with ETF producing between 48-54% edema inhibition. Xylene-induced topical edema was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by both the EE and ETF, with ETF causing between 48 and 65% inhibition. The EE and ETF preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa. Their average ulcer index (1.37±0.02) was significantly lower than that of indomethacin (5.20±0.23).Pre-treatment with the EE and ETF significantly (p < 0.05) reduced leucocyte migration, especially the neutrophils. Both heat-and hypotonicity-induced hemolysis of RBC membrane were remarkably inhibited.Conclusion: The mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity may involve among others inhibition of leukocyte migration and membrane stabilization
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Abstract Trichilia catigua A. Juss., Meliaceae, known as "catuaba" in Brazil, has been popularly used as a tonic for fatigue, impotence and memory deficits. Previously, we have demonstrated that T. catigua ethyl-acetate fraction exerted antidepressive-like effects in mice. Affective-like symptoms are also well recognized outcome of cerebral ischemia in clinical and preclinical settings. Therefore, here we evaluated the effects of ethyl-acetate fraction on the emotional outcomes and its relation with hippocampal neurogenesis in ischemic mice. Male Swiss mice were subject to the bilateral common carotid occlusion during 20 min. The animals received ethyl-acetate fraction (400 mg/kg, orally) 30 min before and once per day during 7 days after reperfusion. Emotional outcomes were assessed using the open field test, elevated zero maze, and the tail suspension test. After the behavioral testing, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were processed to immunohistochemistry and Nissl staining. Ischemic mice exhibited anxiogenic-like behaviors in the elevated zero maze, hippocampal neurodegeneration and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis. The anxiogenic-like effect was counteracted by ethyl-acetate fraction administration. Furthermore, ethyl-acetate fraction restored the number of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus of ischemic mice. In conclusion, T. catigua ethyl-acetate fraction promoted functional recovery and restored hippocampal neurogenesis in ischemic mice.
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To improve kitasamycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces kitasatoensis Z-7, the addition of two precursors, sodium acetate and ethyl acetate, to the fermentation medium was evaluated. Ethyl acetate was the most effective precursor compared with control conditions; In a 15-L fermentor, the kitasamycin titer was 21% higher when 0.48% ethyl acetate was added compared to control conditions. Content of the A5 component increased by 5.1%, and the A4 content decreased slightly compared to that of the control. During kitasamycin synthesis, intracellular and extracellular concentrations of acetic acid were higher for S. kitasatoensis Z-7 supplemented with ethyl acetate than for the non-supplemented strain, and the activities of acyl-CoA synthetases, acyl-phosphotransferases, and acyl-kinases were also significantly increased, suggesting that increased acetyl-CoA levels can explain the high kitasamycin titer. These findings may improve the industrial-scale production of kitasamycin for clinical use, and the addition of 0.48% ethyl acetate as precursors in the medium at the beginning of cultivation was a new method to mitigate the negative influence on the cell growth of excess precursor.
Para melhorar a biossíntese de kitasamicina por Streptomyces kitasatoensis Z-7, a adição de dois precursores, acetato de sódio e acetato de etila, ao meio de fermentação foi avaliada. O acetato de etila foi o precursor mais efetivo em comparação com as condições de controle; Em um fermentador de 15 L, o título de kitasamicina foi 21% maior quando 0,48% de acetato de etila foi adicionado em comparação com as condições de controle. O conteúdo do componente A5 aumentou 5,1%, e o conteúdo A4 diminuiu ligeiramente em comparação com o do controle. Durante a síntese de kitasamicina, as concentrações intracelulares e extracelulares de ácido acético foram maiores para S. kitasatoensis Z-7 suplementado com acetato de etila do que para a cepa não suplementada, e as atividades de acil-CoA sintetases, acil-fosfotransferases e acil-cinases também foram significativamente aumentadas, sugerindo que níveis aumentados de acetil-CoA podem explicar o alto título de kitasamicina. Esses achados podem melhorar a produção em escala industrial da kitasamicina para uso clínico, e a adição de 0,48% de acetato de etila como precursores no meio no início do cultivo foi um novo método para mitigar a influência negativa no crescimento celular do excesso de precursor.
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Streptomyces , Kitasamicina , Fermentación , AntibacterianosRESUMEN
Objective: To evaluate the antimalarial activity of the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Combretum nigricans (C. nigricans) leaf extract in mice. Methods: C. nigricans solvent (butanol and ethylacetate) fractions were screened for their phytochemical constituents using standard procedures illustrated by Harborne and Evans. The Peters' 4-day suppressive test against early malaria infection, Rane's curative test against established malaria and prophylactic test for residual activity were employed for evaluating the antimalarial potential in mice. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids in both fractions at different intensity. Both fractions exhibited significant antimalarial activity in all test models (P<0.05). The ethylacetate fraction of C. nigricans had better chemosuppressive and curative effects compared to the butanol fraction, which however, elicited a better chemoprophylactic effect. The chemosuppressive effect of C. nigricans ethylacetate fraction (200-800 mg/kg) was 77.6%, 69.1% and 86.1%; curative effect was 62.3%, 71.3% and 72.4%; while the chemoprophylactic activity was 32.1%, 48.6% and 61.2% respectively. C. nigricans butanol fraction (200-800 mg/kg) had 40.3%, 54.1% and 69.1% chemosuppression; 26.2%, 36.9% and 34.5% curative effect; and 48.4%, 70.0% and 87.4% chemoprophylaxis. Conclusions: Both solvent fractions of C. nigricans possess antimalarial activity, and may be useful at different stages of malaria therapy.
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Objective: To evaluate the antimalarial activity of the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Combretum nigricans (C. nigricans) leaf extract in mice.Methods: C. nigricans solvent (butanol and ethylacetate) fractions were screened for their phytochemical constituents using standard procedures illustrated by Harborne and Evans.The Peters' 4-day suppressive test against early malaria infection, Rane's curative test against established malaria and prophylactic test for residual activity were employed for evaluating the antimalarial potential in mice.Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins,and flavonoids in both fractions at different intensity. Both fractions exhibited significant antimalarial activity in all test models (P<0.05). The ethylacetate fraction of C. nigricans had better chemosuppressive and curative effects compared to the butanol fraction, which however,elicited a better chemoprophylactic effect. The chemosuppressive effect of C. nigricans ethylacetate fraction (200-800 mg/kg) was 77.6％, 69.1％ and 86.1％; curative effect was 62.3％, 71.3％ and 72.4％; while the chemoprophylactic activity was 32.1％, 48.6％ and 61.2％ respectively. C. nigricans butanol fraction (200-800 mg/kg) had 40.3％, 54.1％ and 69.1％ chemosuppression; 26.2％, 36.9％ and 34.5％ curative effect; and 48.4％, 70.0％ and 87.4％ chemoprophylaxis.Conclusions: Both solvent fractions of C. nigricans possess antimalarial activity, and may be useful at different stages of malaria therapy.
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To study the influence of ethyl-acetate extract of Polygonum amplexicaule var. sinense (EAEP) on lung cancer cellular proliferation and apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The cell growth of A549 and H1299 cells was measured by cell counting kit-8 experiment and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The treated cellular total mRNAs and proteins related to the apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells were extracted, and then used for qRT-PCR and Western blotting experiments. Results The apoptosis rate of A549 and H1299 cells was observed to be markedly promoted by EAEP, and flow cytometry statistics suggested that this effect may mainly be produced by its pro-apoptotic procedures. qRT-qPCR and Western blotting assays also proved that EAEP significantly promoted expression of Bax and Caspase-3, and inhibited expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion EAEP may contain components that play a role in regulating cellular growth via influencing Bax and Bcl-2 pathway.
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Objective To investigate the effect of Curcuma aromatica ethylacetate extracts (CAEE) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Methods The myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model was established by the ligation and release of descending coronary artery in rats. I/R rats were equally divided into seven groups (i.e model group, four CAEE groups with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg, two positive control groups with Di’ao Capsule or isosorbide mononitrate) with 10 rats in each group. In addition, 10 rats without I/R were arranged as Sham group. Each group was treated with corresponding drugs once daily for 7 d. The myocardial infarction area, cardiac function and cardiac geometric alteration were measured. Serum LDH and CK-MB were measured by chemical method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. The oxidative stress cytokines involving serum SOD, MDA, and GSH were measured by chemical methods. The myocardial tissue lesion was observed by histopathology. Results Compared with model group, myocardial infarction area was decreased in CAEE group with 1, 2, and 4 g/kg (crude drug), and the ejection fraction (EF) and the left ventricular pressure maximum rise/fall rates ( ± LVdp/dtmax) were increased in different degree treated with CAEE. Serum CK-MB and LDH were decreased in CAEE group. The oxidation/anti-oxidation balance can be adjusted by CAEE administration, the ratios of serum SOD/MDA and GSH/MDA were increased accompanying with trend increasing of SOD and GSH. The light microscopic myocardial tissue edema levels and inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly lightened in the CAEE group than the model group. Conclusion CAEE showed therapeutic benefits on rats in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the potential mechanism of balance status of oxidation and anti-oxidation.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds residual ethanol,acetone,ethylacetate,N,N-diisopropylethylamine and toluene in favipiravir.METHODS:Headspace GC was adopted.The determination was performed on DB-624 capillary column,temperature programmed.The inlet temperature was 220 ℃,and detector was flame ionization detector with temperature of 250 ℃.Nitrogen was used as carrier gas at flow rate of 2.0 mL/min,split ratio was 10 ∶ 1,headspace equilibrium temperature was 80 ℃,equilibrium time was 20 min and headspace sample size was 1 mL.RESULTS:The linear range was 10.0-501.4 μg/mL for ethanol(r=0.999 9),10.0-501.4 μg/mL for acetone (r=0.999 9),10.1-502.6 μg/mL for ethylacetate (r=0.999 9),0.2-11.4 μg/mL for N,N-diisopropylethylamine (r=0.999 9)and 1.8-89.4 μg/mL for acetone(r=0.999 7).The limits of quantification were 5.3,3.4,5.2,6.1 and 20.4 μg/mL,and the limits of detection were 1.4,1.1,1.3,1.6,5.9 μg/mL.RSD of precision test was lower than 4.0％,and RSDs of acetone in stability and reproducibility tests were both lower than 4.0％.The recoveries were 96.61％-99.70％ (RSD=1.01％,n=9),95.81％-99.50％ (RSD=1.29％,n=9),96.42％-99.76％ (RSD=1.24％,n=9),96.36％-99.30％ (RSD=1.19％,n=9),97.00％-99.51％ (RSD=0.82％,n=9).CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,accurate,reproducible and can be used for simultaneous determination of 5 organic solvents in favipiravir.
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Objective To establish the method for quality control of ethyl-acetate parts of Ferula sinkiangesis. Methods HPLC was used to detect the contents of ferulic acid, farnesiferol A and farnesiferol C. Waters XTerra RPC18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used; acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid was as mobile phase with gradient elution; flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; detective wavelength was 324 nm; temperature was 30℃; sample volume was 10 μL ResultsFerulic acid, farnesiferol A, and farnesiferol C showed a good linear relationship range from 0.05– 1.0 mg/mL, 0.132–2.64 mg/mL, and 0.118–2.36 mg/mL, respectively. The average recovery rates were 99.34%, 98.96% and 99.24% respectively. The contents of ferulic acid, farnesiferol A and farnesiferol C were 33.4, 76.5, 72.3 mg/g respectively.Conclusion The method was simple, accurate and repeatable, with good repeatability and stability, which can be used for the quality control of ethyl-acetate parts ofFerula sinkiangesis.
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The present study investigated the chemical composition of ethylacetate extracts from an endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces sp. A0916 and its host Polygonum cuspidatum. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the extracts was also conducted. 32 compounds of P. cuspidatum and 23 compounds of Streptomyces sp. A0916 were isolated and identified by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated using eight microbial strains (3 Gram-positive bacteria, 3 Gram-negative bacteria, and 2 fungi). The Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities and presented greater antimicrobial effectiveness than the P. cuspidatum extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts against the ampicillin-resistant strain Enterococcus faecium SIIA843 was 32 μg·mL(-1). Furthermore, the extracts had greater antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts was equal to that of the P. cuspidatum extracts. In conclusion, our results suggest that the endophytic actinomycetes of the medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive substances.
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Antiinfecciosos , Química , Farmacología , Antioxidantes , Química , Farmacología , Bacterias , Fallopia japonica , Química , Microbiología , Hongos , Extractos Vegetales , Química , Farmacología , Streptomyces , Química , Clasificación , GenéticaRESUMEN
Objective To analyze the chemical components of the liposoluble constituent of Holotrichia diomphalia lar-vae .Methods Essential liposoluble compounds were extracted from H .diomphalia through ethylacetate .GC-MS analysis was used to identify its main components .Results 33 peaks were separated and 33 compounds were identified from ethylacetate-ex-tracted H .diomphalia .The main compounds were pentadecylic acid ,Z-11-Hexadecenoic acid ,hexadecanoic acid ,heptade-canoic acid ,oleic acid and octadecanoic acid .Conclusion This work will contribute to the study of medicinal animals and con-firmation of active compounds in H .diomphalia .
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Evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Acacia nilotica on alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats has been investigated. Two doses of the ethylacetate fraction 50 and 100 mg/kg was administered. As regard to 50mg/kg caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels when compared with control at 3,5,7,9 and 12 days of treatment with percentage glycaemia change of 49.1,54.8,60.5, 58.8 and 69.7 respectively. However, the dose of 100mg/kg ,there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) at 3 5 7, 9 and 12 days treatment when compared to control untreated with percentage glycaemia change of 50.1,56.8, 52.8, 69.9 and 59.6 . Also two doses of n-butanol, 100 and 200 mg/kg fraction was administered to the diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) after 7 and 12 days of treatment when compared to untreated control. As regard the dose of 200 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease ( p<0.05) at 3, 5 ,7,9 and 12 days of treatment when compared to control untreated with percentage glycaemic change of 20.7,35.3,52.3, 44.2 and 40.9 respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presences of saponin, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid. The median lethal dose (LD50) in mice was calculated to be 471.2 mg/kg bodyweight. This result suggests that the Ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica possess antidiabetic effects on alloxan - induced diabetic Wistar rats.
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Medicinal plants are the primary source of medicines and main ingredients used by traditional medicine practitioners. Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum and Thonn is one of such plants that have been used in Africa to treat different ailments including augmentation of labour. The aim of this study is to determine the acute toxicity and to screen the in vivo uterotonic effects of the ethylacetate leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus in pregnant rat uterus. Leaves of the Byrsocarpus coccineus were collected, air dried, pounded and extracted using ethanol, ethylacetate, N-butanol and water. The extracts obtained were then used for the acute toxicity study, while the ethylacetate extract was used to assess the in vivo activity in pregnant rat uterus. Ethylacetate and aqueous leaf extracts Byrsocarpus coccineus was found to be relatively non toxic, whereas N-butanol was found to be toxic in rats and mice. Ethanol leaf extract was found to be only relatively toxic in mice. Ethylacetate leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus potentiated the delivery of pregnant rats on days 21 of pregnancy. The results of the abortificient effect of the ethyl acetate extract on the pregnant rats showed no significant difference between the treatment groups compared with the control (p>0.05). There was a significant increase in haemoglobin, white blood cell, platelets and aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.05). Ethylacetate leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus is relatively safe and was found to potentiate the delivery of pregnant rats with no significant change in hepatic and renal functions and this supports the traditional use of this plant to induce labour at terms.
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We previously reported that Hydnocarpi Semen (HS) has a wound healing effect on diabetic foot ulcer lesion in mice. In this study, ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction from HS extract were evaluated for their wound healing activity by using in vitro acute inflammation model. GC and GC/MS analysis shows that the main constituents in EtOAc fraction are chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic acid, and gorlic acid. EtOAc fraction activated macrophages to increase the production of TNF-alpha. The fraction also increased the production of TGF-beta and VEGF, which induced fibroblast activation and angiogenesis. These results suggest that the mechanism that the fraction helps to enhance healing of skin wound is possibly associated with the production of TNF-alpha, as well as secretion of VEGF, TGF-beta and HS may have a new bioactive material for the treatment of skin wound.
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Animales , Ratones , Citocinas , Pie Diabético , Ácidos Grasos , Fibroblastos , Inflamación , Macrófagos , Semen , Piel , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Úlcera , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laubach is a wild plant found in lowland Peninsular of Malaysia and used widely in traditional medicines. The main objective is to screen antibacterial activity of Rafflesia cantleyi extract. The plant was extracted with cold extraction involving three stages of extraction with solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and finally ethanol. All extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella typhimurium using well diffusion method. As a result, ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed antibacterial inhibition against tested bacteria whereas petroleum ether failed to show any. Most bacteria are more susceptible to ethyl acetate compared to ethanol extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) MICrodilution test and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was carried out on both of the extract. Ethyl acetate extract has MIC ranging between 6.25 – 12.5 mg/ml and MBC between 25.0 – 50.0 mg/ml. Ethanolic extract has much higher MIC and MBC value, which ranges between 25.0mg/ml to 50.0 mg/ml for it’s MIC and has the MBC of 100.0 mg/ml.
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Se realizó la validación del método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución para la determinación cuantitativa de catequina como sustancia marcador en las tabletas obtenidas a partir del extracto seco de las cortezas de Rhizophora mangle L, empleadas en el tratamiento de úlceras gastroduodenales. Considerando que el método se clasifica como tal para la determinación cuantitativa del compuesto mayoritario o ingrediente activo en formulaciones o materia prima, se evaluaron los parámetros: especificidad, linealidad, exactitud, sensibilidad y precisión expresada en sus 2 formas: repetibilidad y precisión intermedia. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el método empleado es confiable, pues permitió la determinación del compuesto en presencia de otras sustancias, incluyendo excipientes y sustancias auxiliares, y detectó la presencia de productos de degradación. Además, el procesamiento estadístico de los resultados evidenció la linealidad, precisión, sensibilidad y exactitud del método.
Authors made the high-performance liquid chromatography method validation to the quantitative assessment of cathechin as a marker substance in tablets obtained from the bark of Rhizophora mangle L dry extract used in gastroduodenal ulcers treatment. Considering that this method as such is classified to quantitative assessment of the major compound or active ingredient in formulae or raw material, the following parameters were assessed : linearity, accuracy, sensitivity and precision expressed in its two ways: repetition and intermediate precision. Results obtained showed that this method is reliable allowing the compound assessment in presence of other substances, including excipients and auxilliary substances and to detect the presence of degradation products. Also, the statistical processing of results evidenced the linearity, precision, sensitivity and accuracy of this method.