Influence of tobacco, alcohol and diabetes on the collagen of cremaster muscle in patients with inguinal hernias / Influência do tabaco, álcool e diabete sobre a interação célula-colágeno em músculo cremaster de humanos com hérnias inguinais

ABSTRACT Background: New findings point out that the mechanism of formation of the hernias can be related to the collagenous tissues, under activity of aggressive agents such as the tobacco, alcohol and diabetes. Aim: To analyze the collagen present in the cremaster muscle in patients with inguinal hernias, focusing the effect of tobacco, alcohol, and diabetes. Methods: Fifteen patients with inguinal hernia divided in three groups were studied: group I (n=5) was control; group II (n=5) were smokers and/or drinkers; and group III (n=5) had diabetes mellitus. All subjects were underwent to surgical repair of the inguinal hernias obeying the same pre, intra and postoperative conditions. During surgery, samples of the cremaster muscle were collected for analysis in polarized light microscopy, collagen morphometry and protein. Results: The area occupied by the connective tissue was higher in groups II and III (p<0.05). The collagen tissue occupied the majority of the samples analyzed in comparison to the area occupied by muscle cells. The content of total protein was higher in groups II and III compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The tobacco, alcohol and diabetes cause a remodel the cremaster muscle, leading to a loss of support or structural change in this region, which may enhance the occurrences and damage related to inguinal hernias.

RESUMO Racional: Estudos recentes sinalizam que o mecanismo de formação das hérnias pode estar relacionado aos tecidos colagenosos, sob a ação de agentes agressores como o tabaco, o álcool e o diabete. Objetivo: Avaliar o colágeno presente no músculo cremaster em pacientes com hérnias inguinais enfocando o efeito do tabaco, álcool e diabete. Métodos: Foram estudados 15 pacientes com hérnias inguinais divididos em: grupo I (n=5) controles; grupo II (n=5) indivíduos fumantes e/ou etilistas; e grupo III (n=5) indivíduos que apresentavam diabete melito. Todos foram submetidos à correção cirúrgica das hérnias inguinais obedecendo às mesmas condições pré, intra e pós-operatórias. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico, amostras do músculo cremaster foram coletadas para análises em microscopia de luz polarizada, morfometria do colágeno e de proteínas. Resultados: A área ocupada por tecido conjuntivo foi maior nos grupos II e III (p<0,05). O tecido colágeno ocupou a maior parte das amostras analisadas, em comparação à área ocupada pelas células musculares. O conteúdo de proteínas totais foi maior nos grupos II e III, quando comparado com o grupo controle (p<0,05). Conclusão: O tabaco, o álcool e o diabete ocasionam remodelação no músculo cremaster, levando à perda de suporte ou alteração estrutural nesta região, podendo intensificar as ocorrências e os danos relacionados às hérnias inguinais.

Green banana pasta diet prevents oxidative damage in liver and kidney and improves biochemical parameters in type 1 diabetic rats

ABSTRACT Objective In this study, the effects of a green banana pasta diet on the oxidative damage from type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) were investigated. Materials and methods Formulations containing 25 (F25), 50 (F50), and 75% (F75) of green banana pasta were prepared and included in a 12-week diet of Wistar rats with alloxan-induced type 1 DM. The effects of these formulations in preventing oxidative damage in kidneys and liver homogenates of rats were evaluated using the TBARS assay (lipid peroxidation in liver) and the DNPH assay (protein oxidation in liver and kidneys). Furthermore, the effects of the formulations on the fasting glycemia, fructosamine levels, renal function (creatinine), liver function (enzymes aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), and lipid profile (total cholesterol and fractions) in the serum of rats were evaluated in addition to the evaluation of the centesimal composition and microbiological analysis of the produced green banana pasta. Results An F75 diet prevented hyperglycemia in diabetic rats (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic rats fed a standard diet (commercial feed). Notably, the protein oxidation in both the liver and kidneys were prevented in diabetic rats on the F50 or F75 diets compared to the control group, whereas the lipid peroxidation was only prevented in the liver (p < 0.05). Moreover, all formulations prevented an increase in the amount of triglycerides in the serum of the rats. The F25 and F50 diet prevented the increase of cholesterol, and the F75-based diet of ALT and fructosamine (p < 0.05) supported the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the protection against oxidative damage. Conclusion The green banana pasta (F75) diet showed great potential for preventing complications associated with diabetes.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis is increasing in China: A ten-year retrospective study

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about metabolic factors in cirrhotic patients in China. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the prevalence of both metabolic factors and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis in China. METHODS: The medical records of 1,582 patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis from June 2003 to July 2013 at Daping Hospital (Chongqing, China) were retrospectively reviewed through a computer-generated search. RESULTS: Serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen was present in 1,083 (68.5%) patients, and hepatitis B was found to be the only etiological factor in 938 (59.3%) of all patients. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension were observed in 229 (14.5%), 159 (10.1%), and 129 (8.2%) patients, respectively. From 2012-2013, the proportion of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis increased to 3.2%, whereas the average proportion of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis in the previous ten years was 1.9%. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was much higher in males than in females (6.3% vs. 3.7%, respectively, p=0.036). Obesity and diabetes mellitus did not significantly increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the whole cirrhotic group. The presence of hepatitis B virus was the only risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although hepatitis B virus remains the main etiology of liver cirrhosis in China, steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis is increasing in frequency. Hepatitis B virus was the sole significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in the whole cirrhotic group in the present study, in contrast to obesity and diabetes mellitus, for which only a trend of increased hepatocellular carcinoma was found. .

Insulin Signaling Network in Cancer.

The primary function of insulin is viewed as a hormone that controls blood glucose level. However, there is growing evidence that aberrant insulin level and insulin-mediated signaling can lead to cancer development and progression. The insulin-cancer relationship has stemmed from various observational and epidemiological studies, which linked higher incidence of cancer with central obesity, type II diabetes and other conditions associated with increased levels of circulating insulin, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemic states. Increased risk of developing a range of cancers is also seen with a certain treatment options used to lower blood glucose level in diabetic patients. While metformin monotherapy has the lowest risk of developing cancer, in comparison, treatment with insulin or insulin secretagogues shows more likelihood to develop solid cancers. Cellular signaling initiated by insulin provides a clue regarding these diverse cellular outcomes. This review discusses how the insulin enacts such diverse physiological effects and the insulin-cancer relationship, with focus on the role of insulin signaling in cancer.

Implications of Fundamental Signalling Alterations in Diabetes mellitus-associated Cardiovascular Disease.

The chronic diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The incidence of cardiovascular disease might be a foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in patients afflicted with DM. In fact, DM is associated with multi-factorial cardiovascular signalling alterations via significant modulation of expression pattern, activation or release of PI3K, PKB, eNOS, EDRF, NADPH oxidase, EDHF, CGRP, adenosine, iNOS, ROCK, PKC-β2, CaMKII, microRNA (miR)-126 and miR-130a, which could result in inadequate maintenance of cardiovascular physiology and subsequent development of cardiovascular pathology. This review highlights the possible adverse implications of fundamental cardiovascular signalling alteration in DM-associated cardiovascular disease pathology.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e disfunções tireoidianas / Diabetes Mellitus type 1 and thyroid dysfunction

Os pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) apresentam maior prevalência de doenças tireoidianas que a população geral. A autoimunidade certamente é um fator-chave na relação entre essas disfunções endócrinas. Entretanto, outros mecanismos, como redução da captação de iodeto, da atividade tireoperoxidase e aumento do estresse oxidativo na glândula tireoide, também parecem contribuir para este fato. O presente trabalho visa rever aspectos importantes na relação entre DM e doenças tireoidianas, com especial ênfase nos mecanismos envolvidos no aumento do estresse oxidativo na glândula tireoide decorrente do DM...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients show a greater prevalence of thyroid disorders than general population. Autoimmunity is a key factor in the relation between these endocrine diseases. However, additional mechanisms, such as reduction of iodide uptake and thyroperoxidase activity, besides increased oxidative stress in the thyroid gland seem to contribute for this fact. The present work aims to review important aspects in the relation between DM and thyroid disease, with special emphasis in the mechanisms involved in the increased oxidative stress in the thyroid gland due to DM...

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Rutin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: An effect mediated through cytokines, antioxidants and lipid biomarkers.

Administration of rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) orally for 3 weeks treatment significantly improved body weight, reduced plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), restored the depleted liver antioxidant status and serum lipid profile in high fat diet + streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Rutin treatment also improved histo-architecture of ß islets and reversed hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Rutin exhibited significant antidiabetic activity, presumably by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, improving antioxidant and plasma lipid profiles in High fat diet + streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic model and may be useful as a diabetic modulator along with standard antidiabetic drugs. However, such effects need to be confirmed on human subjects in clinical condition.

Micronutrientes antioxidantes e risco cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes: uma revisão sistemática / Antioxidant micronutrients and cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review

FUNDAMENTO: Associações inversas entre a ingestão de micronutrientes e desfechos cardiovasculares foram demonstradas previamente na população geral. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente o papel de micronutrientes no desenvolvimento/presença de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Medline, Embase e Scopus (Janeiro/1949-Março/2012) por estudos observacionais que avaliaram micronutrientes antioxidantes e desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes e, em seguida, os dados foram selecionados e extraídos (dois revisores independentes). RESULTADOS: Dos 15658 estudos identificados, cinco foram incluídos, sendo três de caso-controle e dois de coorte, com um acompanhamento de 7-15 anos. Uma metanálise não foi realizada devido aos diferentes micronutrientes antioxidantes (tipos e métodos de medição) e os desfechos avaliados. Os micronutrientes avaliados foram: vitamina C (dieta e/ou suplementação), cromo e selênio em amostras de unha, e α-tocoferol e zinco no soro. A ingestão de > 300 mg de vitamina C a partir de uplementos esteve associada a um risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular, doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e acidente vascular cerebral (RR 1,69-2,37). Altos níveis de α-tocoferol no soro foram associados a um risco 30% inferior de DAC em outro estudo (RR 0,71, IC 95% 0,53-0,94). Entre os minerais (zinco, selênio e cromo), foi observada uma associação inversa entre o zinco e a DAC: níveis inferiores a 14,1 μmol/L foram associados a um risco aumentado para DAC (RR 1,70, IC 95% 1,21-2,38). CONCLUSÃO: A informação disponível sobre essa questão é escassa. Estudos prospectivos adicionais são necessários para elucidar o papel desses nutrientes no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Inverse associations between micronutrient intake and cardiovascular outcomes have been previously shown, but did not focus on diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the role of micronutrients in the development/presence of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and Scopus (January/1949-March/2012) for observational studies that evaluated micronutrients and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, and then selected and extracted the data (two independent reviewers). RESULTS: From the 15 658 studies identified, five were included, comprising three case-control and two cohorts, with a follow-up of 7-15 years. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the different antioxidant micronutrients (types and measurement methods) and outcomes evaluated. The micronutrients assessed were vitamin C intake in diet and/or supplementation, chromium and selenium in toenail samples, and α-tocopherol and zinc in serum levels. Intake of >300 mg of vitamin C through supplementation was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke (RR 1.69-2.37). High levels of α-tocopherol in serum were associated with 30% lower CAD risk in another study (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.53-0.94). Among minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium), an inverse association between zinc and CAD was observed; levels lower than 14.1 µmol/L were associated with an increased risk for CAD (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.21-2.38). CONCLUSION: The information available on this issue is scarce. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these nutrients in the cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes.

Estados hiper e hipoglicêmicos agudos: conduta atual / Acute hyper and hypoglycaemic states: current conduct

Os estados hiperglicêmicos e hipoglicêmicos agudos são exemplos das mais comuns emergências médicas com que nos deparamos no campo das alterações do metabolismo. Os estados hiperglicêmicos agudos compreendem a cetoacidose diabética e o coma hiperosmolar hiperglicêmico não cetótico. Neste artigo, analisamos essas condições hiperglicêmicas, que representam um desafio para o clínico e o médico generalista que trabalham no terreno nas emergências médicas

The acute hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic situations are examples of the most common medical emergencies that we face in the field of metabolic disorders. The acute hyperglycemic situations include diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma hyperosmolar nonketotic. In this article, we analyze these two hyperglycemic conditions that represent a challenge to the clinician and general practitioner working in the field in medical emergencies

Benefits of early glycemic control by insulin on sensory neuropathy and cataract in diabetic rats.

While there is an emphasis on the early glycemic control for its long-term benefits in preventing microvascular complications of diabetes, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the long-lasting effects are not clearly understood. Therefore the impact of early insulin (EI) versus late insulin (LI) treatment on diabetic sensory neuropathy and cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar male rats were evaluated. EI group received insulin (2.5 IU/animal, once daily) treatment from day 1 to 90 while LI group received insulin from day 60 to 90. Early insulin treatment significantly reduced the biochemical markers like glucose, triglyceride, glycated hemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, advanced glycation end products and ratio of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione in diabetic rats. The late insulin treatment failed to resist the biochemical changes in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats developed sensory neuropathy as evidenced by mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and showed a higher incidence and severity of cataract as revealed by slit lamp examination. Early insulin treatment protected the rats from the development of neuropathy and cataract, but late insulin administration failed to do so. The results demonstrate the benefits of early glycemic control in preventing neuropathy and cataract development in diabetic rats.

Exercise alleviates hypoalgesia and increases the level of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treadmill training on nociceptive sensitivity and immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of diabetic rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic and trained diabetic. Treadmill training was performed for 8 weeks. The blood glucose concentrations and body weight were evaluated 48 h after diabetes induction and every 30 days thereafter. The nociceptive sensitivity was evaluated using the tail-flick apparatus. The animals were then transcardially perfused, and the spinal cords were post-fixed, cryoprotected and sectioned in a cryostat. Immunohistochemistry for calcitonin gene-related peptide analysis was performed on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. RESULTS: The nociceptive sensitivity analysis revealed that, compared with the control and trained diabetic animals, the latency to tail deflection on the apparatus was longer for the diabetic animals. Optical densitometry demonstrated decreased calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in diabetic animals, which was reversed by treadmill training. CONCLUSION: We concluded that treadmill training can alleviate nociceptive hypoalgesia and reverse decreased calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of diabetic animals without pharmacological treatment.

Oral health status in geriatric diabetics / Condições de saúde bucal em pacientes diabéticos geriátricos

OBJECTIVE: To determine if any difference exists in the oral health status between geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus and the normal population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The oral health status of 100 metabolically controlled geriatric diabetic patients attending the Diabetes Clinic of the Manipal Hospital, were prospectively assessed over six months and compared with that of 50 non-diabetic acting as controls. RESULTS: The mean duration of diabetes was 100.5±85.1 months. The degree of hyposalivation between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the taste, burning mouth sensation, angular cheilitis, glossitis, and stomatitis status of the two groups and no pathgnomonic lesions or alterations could be observed in relation to the disease. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, with adequate metabolic control, the oral health status of a diabetic may not be significantly different from that of a non-diabetic except for xerostomia.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar possíveis diferenças na saúde bucal de pacientes geriátricos com diabetes mellitus em comparação a uma população normal. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: A condição de saúde bucal de 100 pacientes geriátricos diabéticos, metabolicamente controlados, atendidos na Clínica de Diabetes do Hospital Manipal foram avaliados prospectivamente durante seis meses e comparados com 50 pacientes geriátricos não diabéticos (grupo controle). RESULTADOS: A duração média do diabetes foi 100 m5 +- 85,1 meses. O grau de hiposalivação entre os dois grupos foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no paladar, sensação de queimação bucal, queilite angular, glossite e estomatites entre os dois grupos. Não foram observadas lesões patognômicas ou alterações relacionadas ao diabetes. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que, com controle metabólico adequado, as condições bucais de pacientes diabéticos geriátricos pode não ser significativamente diferente das de um não diabético, com exceção da xerostomia.

Perfil de pacientes diabéticos em diálise / Profile of diabetic patients in dialysis

Introdução: Atualmente, diabetes mellitus (DM) representa a principal causa mundial de doença renal crônica. No Brasil, aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes em diálise são diabéticos. Objetivo: Este estudo visa a determinar as características clínicas e sociais dos pacientes diabéticos em diálise na cidade de Curitiba, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no período de março a agosto de 2006 na nossa instituição. Foram identificados 97 pacientes diabéticos (46% mulheres; média de 9,4 anos). As informações clínicas e socioeconômicas dos pacientes com idade de ± 58 anos foram obtidas por meio de questionário e revisão de prontuário. Resultados: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) foi relatada por 75% dos pacientes e o tabagismo, em 25% das respostas. Renda familiar e nível de escolaridade baixos foram verificados em 85% dos pacientes (1 a 5 salários mínimos/mês). O diagnóstico de DM foi realizado por médico clínico geral em 86% dos casos, e o intervalo entre o diagnóstico de DM e a referência para o nefrologista foi maior que 10 anos (80%). Observou-se também que 48% e 70% dos pacientes em diálise já tinham avaliação prévia, por um endocrinologista e oftalmologista, respectivamente. Entretanto, somente 9% e 35% ainda mantêm acompanhamento regular com esses profissionais. Finalmente, 65% dos pacientes nunca receberam informações sobre cuidados do pé diabético. Conclusão: Diabéticos em diálise apresentam baixa escolaridade e maior prevalência de HAS. Além disso, o treinamento e acompanhamento de uma equipe multidisciplinar poderiam melhorar os cuidados dos pacientes diabéticos em diálise.

Introduction: Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM) represents the main cause of chronic disease worldwide. In Brazil, approximately 25% of dialysis patients are diabetic. Objective: This study was performed to determine the clinical and social characteristics in diabetic dialysis patients in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in our institution between March and August 2006. Ninety-seven diabetic (46% female: mean age 58 ± 9.4) patients were identified. Clinical and socialeconomic information was assessed through a questionnaire and by files review. Results: Systemic hypertension (High Blood Pressure HBP) was reported by 75% of patients, and smoking habit was present in 25% of the answers. Low income and low schooling were verified in 85% of the patients (between 1 and 5 minimal wage/month). Moreover, the DM diagnosis was performed by a general physician in 86% of the cases, and the interval between DM diagnosis and referral to the nephrologist was more than 10 years (80%). It has also been observed that 48% and 70% of the patients during dialysis had a previous evaluation by endocrinologist and ophthalmologist, respectively. However, only 9% and 35% of them are still being followed by these professionals regularly. Finally, 65% of the patients never received any information about diabetic foot care. Conclusion: Diabetic patients on dialysis have low income and schooling, with an increased prevalence of HBP. Moreover, management and training of a multiprofessional team could lead to an improvement in diabetes care in diabetic patients on regular dialysis.

Factores Cardiometabólicos en una Comunidad de Valencia, Venezuela / Cardiometabolic factors in a comunity located at Valencia city, Venezuela

Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de factores cardiometabólicos en residentes de una comunidad situada al norte de la ciudad de Valencia-Venezuela y establecer los patrones de asociación de las alteraciones cardiometabólicas. Métodos Se estudiaron 100 individuos con edades entre 19-77 años. Se determinó el peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, presión arterial, glicemia, perfil lipídico e insulina. Se estimó la resistencia a la insulina a través de HOMA. Resultados Los cinco factores cardiometabólicos más prevalentes fueron HDLc baja (90 por ciento), sobrepeso/obesidad (78 por ciento), obesidad abdominal (68 por ciento), hipercolesterolemia (59 por ciento) y resistencia a la insulina (54,8 por ciento). La frecuencia de valores bajos de HDLc fue significativamente superior en las mujeres (p<0,01). El grupo etario que demostró mayor prevalencia de factores cardiometabólicos fue el comprendido entre 35 y 55 años. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue de 57 por ciento, predominando en las mujeres. La mayoría de los sujetos presentó tres a cuatro factores asociados. Los factores comunes en los diferentes patrones de asociación identificados fueron el sobrepeso/obesidad, hipercolesterolemia y antecedentes familiares entre los factores tradicionales y en el caso de los no tradicionales la obesidad abdominal y la HDLc baja. El índice de masa corporal y la resistencia a la insulina predijeron el síndrome metabólico en el grupo evaluado. Conclusión Se observó una alta prevalencia de factores cardiometabólicos en la comunidad estudiada así como una elevada tendencia a la asociación simultánea de varios de ellos, indicando la necesidad de ejecutar programas enfocados a reducir el riesgo cardiometabólico.

Objective Assessing the prevalence of cardiometabolic factors in residents from a community in the north of Valencia city, Venezuela, and establishing clustering patterns for the cardiometabolic alterations. Methods One hundred people aged 19 to 77 were studied. Weight, height, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile and insulin were all measured. Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA. Results The five most prevalent cardiometabolic factors were low HDLc (90 percent), overweight/obesity (78 percent), abdominal obesity (68 percent), hypercholesterolemia (59 percent) and insulin resistance (54,8 percent). Low HDLc frequency was higher in women (p <0,01). Subjects aged 35 to 55 demonstrated higher cardiometabolic factor frequency. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 57 percent, prevailing in women. Three or four factors were found in most individuals. The most commonly occurring factors in the identified clusters were overweight/obesity, hypercholesterolemia, abdominal obesity and low HDLc. The body mass index and insulin resistance predicted metabolic syndrome in the evaluated group. Conclusions High cardiometabolic factor prevalence was found in the community being studied as well as a high tendency for several of these factors to cluster, thereby indicating the need to execute programmes focusing on reducing cardiometabolic risk.

Tear film and ocular surface changes in diabetes mellitus: [review] / Alterações do filme lacrimal e da superfície ocular no diabetes mellitus: [revisão]

Diabetes mellitus and its clinical association with dry eye and ocular surface are becoming a frequent and sometimes complicate problem in Ophthalmology. Epidemiological data show that an increase in the number of patients with this association is expected following the trend to rise of the disease. The present work reviews the clinical and functional aspects of this problem. The observations indicate that metabolic, neuropathic and vascular tissue damages lead to an inflammatory process and functional degeneration. The physiopathological mechanism include hyperglycemia, advanced glycated end product accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by NF-κB signaling pathways. Potential treatments enlightened by those findings would include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, secretagogues and/or anabolic agents that would mimic insulin effects.

O diabetes mellitus e sua associação clínica com olho seco e doença da superfície ocular estão se tornando um problema freqüente e muitas vezes complicado em oftalmologia. Os dados epidemiológicos mostram que o número de casos deve crescer acompanhando a tendência de aumento da incidência da doença. Esse trabalho revê seus aspectos clínicos e funcionais. As observações indicam que as lesões metabólicas, neuropáticas e vasculares levam a um processo inflamatório e degeneração funcional. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos incluem hiperglicemia, acúmulo de produtos finais de glicosilação avançada, estresse oxidativo e inflamação mediada pelas vias de sinalização do NF-kB. Os tratamentos potenciais sugeridos por essas observações incluiriam antioxidantes, antiinflamatórios, secretagogos e/ou agentes anabólicos com efeitos miméticos ao da insulina.

Estresse oxidativo: revisão da sinalização metabólica no diabetes tipo 1 / Oxidative stress: a review on metabolic signaling in type 1 diabetes

O diabetes melito e suas complicações apresentam origem multifatorial. Mecanismos bioquímicos e patológicos estão associados com hiperglicemia crônica no diabetes e o aumento do estresse oxidativo tem sido postulado com papel central nestas desordens. Evidências sugerem que a lesão celular oxidativa causada pelos radicais livres contribuem para o desenvolvimento das complicações no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) e a diminuição das defesas antioxidantes (enzimáticas e não-enzimáticas) parecem correlacionar-se com a gravidade das alterações patológicas no DM1. Nesta revisão, relata-se como o estresse oxidativo pode exercer efeitos deletérios no diabetes e são apresentadas as opções terapêuticas em estudo para modulação da injúria vascular.

Diabetic complications appear to be multifactorial process. The biochemical and pathological mechanisms are associated with chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes and the increased oxidative stress which has been postulated to play a central role in these disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative cell injury caused by free radicals contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes (DM1) complications and decreased efficiency of antioxidant defenses (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) seems to correlate with the severity of pathological tissue changes in DM1. In this review, we report as oxidative stress may exert deleterious effects in diabetes, as well as address current strategies in study to down-regulating vascular injury.

Avaliação da prevalência do diabetes e da hiperglicemia de estresse no infarto agudo do miocárdio / The prevalence of diabetes and stress hyperglycemia in the acute myocardial infarction patients

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência do diabetes melito (DM) e da hiperglicemia de estresse (HE) em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) admitidos em unidade de emergência cardiológica. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 2.262 pacientes com IAM, avaliando, além da prevalência de diabetes referido, o diagnosticado e a hiperglicemia de estresse. RESULTADOS: Apesar de referido em 12,1 por cento dos pacientes (H: 10,7 por cento, M: 15,8 por cento), o DM ocorria efetivamente em 24,8 por cento (H: 22,9 por cento, M: 29,7 por cento) e a HE em 13,6 por cento (H: 14,3 por cento, M: 11,7 por cento) dos indivíduos dessa população. Portanto, alterações glicêmicas ocorreram em 37,4 por cento dos indivíduos com IAM (H: 37,2 por cento, M: 41,4 por cento). Nos pacientes com DM, observou-se maior precocidade etária do IAM, maior prevalência de óbitos (DM: 20,7 por cento, ND:13,8 por cento, HE: 13,4 por cento) e de procedimentos cirúrgicos (ND: 33,8 por cento, HE: 18,0 por cento, DM: 21,7 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A elevada prevalência de DM e hiperglicemia de estresse observada em nosso estudo indica que as alterações glicêmicas constituem um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para o IAM.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in our population the real prevalence of diabetes (DM) and stress hyperglycemia (HE) in patients with myocardial infarction (IAM) admitted in a cardiologic emergency unit. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 2262 patients with AMI evaluating the prevalence of DM (referred and diagnosed) and stress hyperglycemia. RESULTS: Besides 12,1 percent of subjects were previously referred to be diabetic (men: 10.7 percent and women: 15.8 percent), diabetes was effectively diagnosed in 24,8 percent (M: 22,9 percent, W: 29,7 percent) and stress hyperglycemia in 13,6 percent HE of the patients (M: 14,3 percent, W: 11,7 percent) indicating that glycemic alterations were effectively observed in 37.2. percent of the patients with IAM (M: 37,2 percent, W: 41,4 percent). In DM subjects IAM events occurred earlier, total intra-hospital mortality was higher (DM: 20.7 percent, ND: 13,8 percent, HE: 13,4 percent) and less surgical procedures were performed (ND 33.8 percent, DM: 21.7 percent, HE: 18.0 percent). CONCLUSION: The elevated DM and stress hyperglycemia prevalence observed in our study indicates that glycemic alterations is one of the most important risk factors for IAM.

Obesidad, inflamación y diabetes / Obesity, inflammation and diabetes

La integración de metabolismo e inmunidad bajo condiciones normales es benéfica para mantener la homeostasis, pero puede ser deletérea bajo condiciones de cambio metabólico como en la inmunosupresión característica de la desnutrición. Con el incremento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, nuevos problemas de la intersección del metabolismo e inmunidad han emergido: obesidad asociada a enfermedades inflamatorias, diabetes, hígado graso y aterosclerosis. Existe un alto nivel de coordinación entre las vías metabólica e inflamatoria y destacan en este sentido los macrófagos y los adipocitos en la obesidad. Las señales intracelulares activadas en la respuesta a la inflamación pueden inhibir la señal de la insulina. La pérdida de mediadores o moléculas de señalización inflamatorios previene la resistencia a la insulina. En ausencia de obesidad, una infusión de citocinas inflamatorias o lípidos causa resistencia a la insulina. Entender los mecanismos que conducen de obesidad a inflamación tendrá importantes implicaciones para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la obesidad a través de prevenir su asociación con inflamación.

Integration of metabolism and immunity in normal physiology is beneficial to maintain homeostasis. It can also become deleterious under conditions such as the immunosuppression observed among the malnourished. With the increase of excess weight and obesity, a new set of problems and complications has emerged at the intersection of metabolic activity and immunity. As examples of the latter we find obesity associated with inflammatory diseases, diabetes, fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Obesity is characterized by inflammation; there are common factors at the crossroads of inflammation and metabolic disease. Obesity is characterized by an inflammatory response and many inflammatory mediators exhibit expression patterns that interfere with insulin action. The high level of coordination of inflammatory and metabolic pathways is highlighted by the overlapping biology of macrophage and adipocite function observed in obesity. The intracellular signaling pathways activated by inflammatory and stress responses inhibit insulin signaling and the loss of inflammatory mediators prevents insulin resistance. In the absence of obesity, an infusion of inflammatory cytokines or lipids causes insulin resistance. Understanding the mechanisms leading from obesity to inflammation will have important implications to help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity by preventing its association with inflammatory disorders.

Mecanismos patogênicos da doença periodontal associada ao diabetes melito / Pathogenic aspects of the periodontal disease associated to diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVO: Revisão sistemática do conhecimento atual sobre a associação entre diabetes melito (DM) e doença periodontal (DP) com ênfase na sua fisiopatogenia. FONTE DE DADOS: Pesquisa bibliográfica, nos últimos cinco anos, através dos bancos de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, usando as palavras-chaves "diabetes mellitus", "periodontal disease" e "periodontitis". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os tecidos periodontais são as estruturas bucais mais afetadas pelo DM. O DM predispõe ao desenvolvimento da DP, a qual leva ao descontrole glicêmico, o que ressalta a importância da relação bidirecional entre essas duas doenças. Vários mecanismos estão envolvidos na fisiopatologia da DP associada ao DM: produção de produtos de glicosilação avançada, deficiente resposta imune, herança de determinados polimorfismos genéticos, alterações dos vasos sanguíneos, tecido conjuntivo e composição salivar. Na fase inicial predominam a gengivite e periodontite. Se não detectados precocemente, esses problemas podem evoluir para doença periodontal avançada. Puberdade, maior duração da doença, mau controle metabólico e higiene bucal inadequada são fatores que contribuem para progressão e agressividade da DP. CONCLUSÃO: O melhor conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatogenia da DP associada ao DM auxiliará na instituição de medidas preventivas e terapêuticas precoces. É importante que médicos e dentistas orientem os pacientes com DM sobre a necessidade de bom controle glicêmico e higiene bucal adequada para minimizar os riscos de doença periodontal.

OBJETIVE: Systematic review of present knowledge about the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease (PD) with emphasis on their physiopathogenesis. DATA SOURCES: Bibliographic search through MEDLINE and LILACS databases, in the last five years, using the following descriptors: "diabetes mellitus", "periodontal disease", and "periodontitis". SUMMARY OF DATA: Periodontal tissues are the oral structures most affected by DM. DM predisposes to the development of PD, which leads to loss of glycemic control, which emphasizes the importance of the two-way relationship between these two diseases. Several mechanisms are involved in the physiopathology of PD associated with DM: production of advanced glycosilation products, deficient immune response, inheritance of certain genetic polymorphisms, alterations in blood vessels, conjunctive tissue and salivary composition. In the initial phase, gingivitis and periodontitis predominate. If not detected early, these problems can develop into advanced periodontal disease. Puberty, with its hormonal alterations, longer duration of the disease, poor metabolic control and inadequate oral hygiene are factors that contribute to PD progression and aggressiveness. CONCLUSION: Better knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the physiopathogenesis of PD associated with DM would help to institute early preventive and therapeutic measures. It is important for doctors and dentists to instruct their patients with DM about the need for good glycemic control and adequate oral hygiene, to minimize the risks for the appearance of periodontal disease and consequent loss of glycemic control.