Diagnóstico de infección por VIH por el hallazgo incidental de alteraciones ultraestructurales en una biopsia renal: Report of one case / Ultrastructural alterations in renal biopsy leading to the diagnosis of HIV infection

HIV infection has different clinical presentations. We report a 21-year-old male with longstanding isolated microscopic hematuria attributed to thin glomerular basement membrane disease, who after 15 years of follow-up presented with significant proteinuria. A kidney biopsy was performed, revealing the presence of tubulo-reticular inclusions in the glomerular endothelial cells. This finding led to suspect an HIV infection, which was verified. Antiretroviral therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blockers were prescribed. At 6 years of diagnosis the patient is asymptomatic and has normal kidney function. Microscopic hematuria and low level proteinuria persists.

Chronic renal failure in Jamaican children: an update (2001-2006) / Insuficiencia renal crónica en niños jamaicanos: actualización (2001-2006)

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the incidence, epidemiology, aetiology and outcome of chronic renal failure (CRF) in Jamaican children < 12 years old between 2001 and 2006. METHODS: The required data on all children who fulfilled inclusion criteria were obtained from their medical records at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Bustamante Hospital for Children and from practitioners in hospitals serving children islandwide. RESULTS: Eighteen new children (72.2% male) presented with CRF. The cumulative annual incidence was 4.61/million child population under age 12 years or 1.14/million total population. Congenital urological disease (44.5%) was the commonest cause of CRF, followed by glomerulonephritis (33.3%). Half of the cases of glomerulonephritis were secondary to HIV-associated nephropathy. Although all children with posterior urethral valves were diagnosed before age 6 months and promptly treated, renal failure present at birth proved irreversible. The mean age at diagnosis of CRF was 6.72 years. Ten children (55.6%) were already in CRF at first presentation with renal disease. Of these, the five with non-urological disease were already in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Mortality was 44.4%. Five children died in ESRD without the benefit of dialysis. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CRF has increased from the 1985-2000 local study and is mainly due to urological pathology which progresses despite early diagnosis and treatment. Non-urological renal disease is presenting too late for therapeutic intervention. Greater public awareness of symptoms of renal disease is needed. Children's access to dialysis is unpredictable. A paediatric dialysis and transplantation programme is needed.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio evaluó la incidencia, epidemiología, etiología y resultado de la insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en niños jamaicanos menores de 12 años entre 2001 y 2006. MÉTODOS: Los datos requeridos sobre los niños que satisfacían los criterios de inclusión, fueron obtenidos a partir de sus historias clínicas en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies y en el Hospital Pediátrico Bustamante, así como a partir de médicos en hospitales que prestan atención a niños en todo el país. RESULTADOS: Dieciocho nuevos niños (72.2% varones) presentaron IRC. La incidencia acumulada anual fue de 4.61 por millón de población infantil menor de 12 años de edad o 1.14 por millón de población total. La enfermedad urológica congénita (44.5%) fue la causa más común de IRC, seguida por la glomerulonefritis (33.3%). La mitad de los casos de glomerulonefritis fueron secundarios a la nefropatía asociada al VIH. Aunque todos los niños con válvulas uretrales posteriores fueron diagnosticados antes de los 6 meses de edad y puestos bajos tratamiento, la insuficiencia renal presente al nacer resultó irreversible. La edad promedio al momento del diagnóstico de la IRC fue 6.72 años. Diez niños (55.6%) se hallaban ya con IRC desde que se les presentara inicialmente la enfermedad renal. De estos, los cinco con enfermedad no urológica se hallaban ya en la fase terminal de la enfermedad renal (ERT). La mortalidad fue de 44.4%. Cinco niños murieron en la ERT sin el beneficio de la diálisis. CONCLUSIÓN: La incidencia de la IRC ha aumentado desde el estudio local de 1985-2000, principalmente debido a patologías urológicas que progresan a pesar del diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento. La enfermedad renal no urológica se está presentando demasiado tarde para una intervención terapéutica. Se requiere mayor conciencia pública de los síntomas de la enfermedad renal. El acceso de los niños a la diálisis es imprescindible. Hace falta una diálisis infantil y un programa de transplante.

Prevalence of persistent proteinuria in stable HIV/AIDS patients and its association with HIV nephropathy

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related glomerular disease is a cause of end-stage renal disease, though there is no recent data from Brazil concerning this syndrome. Persistent proteinuria (PPt) is the main marker for glomerular disease, especially levels above 1.5 g. We examined the prevalence of and associated risk factors for PPt, along with the prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) among AIDS patients. We interviewed 411 patients who were attended at the HIV/AIDS section of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil) from January through June 2004. PPt was defined as a positive urine dipstick exam on at least two occasions. The analyzed risk factors were: black race, a low CD4 lymphocyte count (<200 cells/mm³), an HIV RNA level of >100,000 copis/mL and patients on highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The patients were classified according to urineary protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Uc) < 1.0, 1.0-3.0 and > 3.0. Patients with Up/Uc >3.0 were submitted to renal biopsy. Among the 411 HIV/AIDS patients, the mean age was 37 years, 70 percent were male, 37.5 percent were black, the mean CD4 count was 363 cells/mm³ (± 95), the mean RNA HIV count was 44,475 copies/mL (± 40,369), and 92 percent were on HAART. The prevalence of PPt was 5.6 percent (95 percent CI = 3.6 to 8.3 percent), and it was significantly associated with a low CD4 lymphocyte count (p<0.048). HIVAN was found in just one patient, and two patients improved after HAART.

Nefropatía asociada a HIV en paciente de raza blanca / Renal disease associated with HIV in a white patient

Se analiza la nefropatía asociada a HIV (NAHIV) en Uruguay, su baja incidencia en relación a la casuística en EE.UU. que vinculamos a un subdiagnóstico, pero sobre todo a factores genéticos y ambientales. Se describe el primer caso de diagnóstico anatomopatológico de NAHIV en nuestro país, con la particularidad de ser de raza blanca, tener mala evolución y asociarse a múltiples complicaciones infecciosas oportunistas

Efeito da insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) no prognóstico da síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA) / Effect of acute renal failure in the prognosis of AIDS patients

Para investigar se a instalaçäo de IRA no curso da SIDA adiciona peso negativo no prognóstico, foi estudado o curso de 55 pacientes com IRA/SIDA, comparado ao de 154 pacientes com SIDA, divididos ambos os grupos em dois estratos, conforme estivessem nos estágios 2 e 3 da classificaçäo de estagiamento prognóstico proposta por Justice e cols.(20). O estudo indicou que o prognóstico foi pior entre os pacientes classificados no estágio 3, independentemente da ocorrência de IRA. Indicou também que a ocorrência de IRA näo adicionou peso negativo no prognóstico. No entanto, a ocorrência da sepsis associada à IRA determinou menor probabilidade de sobrevida.

Pathology of AIDS in children.

AIDS in children is a multisystem disease. The various infections, degenerative, proliferative and vascular lesions can be classified into three categories based on the known, presumed or undetermined pathogenesis. The primary lesions are due to HIV infection. The associated lesions are related to direct or indirect sequelae of HIV infection or its treatment. The third category is of lesions of undetermined pathogenesis. The pediatric pathologist plays an important role in the study and management of AIDS by demonstrating new pathologic lesions, by making the etiologic diagnosis of infection in children with AIDS, and by providing clinicopathologic correlation which leads to better understanding of the disease process and its natural history. Diagnosis of neoplastic disorders is also made by the pathologist. There is a dearth of systematic pathologic study of AIDS in children in developing countries. Although no basic differences between pathologic lesions in pediatric AIDS in Western countries, and in developing countries is expected, such a study would lead to better understanding and better management of the disorder as it affects children from the developing countries.

Nefropatia relacionada ao HIV / HIV related nephrophaty

A sindrome de Imunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1981. Tres anos mais tarde RAO associada a Nefropatia ao HIV (NRHIV), caracterizando-a pelos achados de proteinuria e glomeruloesclerose focal, na ausencia de outras causas. A NRHIV acomete com maior frequencia homens negros e viciado em droga. Sua patogenese e desconhecida e clinicamente, tanto os portadores do HIV como os pacientes com SIDA podem apresenta-la...

Compromiso renal en el síndorme de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA)

Se estudió la función renal en 65 pacientes con SIDA, los factores de riesgo fueron homosexualidad (83 por ciento), transfusión (6.1 por ciento), drogadicción intravenosa (1.5 por ciento) desconocido (9.2 por ciento). En 12 pacientes se practicó biopsia renal percutánea realizándose microscopía de luz (ML) e inmunofluorescencia (IF); se revisó la ML de los cortes de riñon de siete autopsias. La depuración de creatinina osciló entre 48 y 100 ml/min. El 50 por ciento de los pacientes presentó proteinuria inferior a 800 mg en 24 horas, ningún paciente presentó síndrome nefrótico. Los hallazgos en el sedimento urinario fueron hematuria, cilindruria, leucocituria y bacteriuria. la biopsia renal fue normal en 50 por ciento de los casos; se encontró proliferación mesangial en 33 por ciento, esclerosis gomerular en 8 por ciento y nefritis tubulointersticial en 8 por ciento. La IF mostró IgG en el 75 por ciento de las biopsias, fibrinógeno en el 8 por ciento; fue negativa para IgA, IgM y C3. Las autopsias mostrarón proliferación mesangial en 42 por ciento de los casos, nefritis tubulointersticial en 28 por ciento, infección por citomegalovirus en 28 por ciento, por criptococo en 28 por ciento y melanoma metastásico en 14 por ciento de los especímenes