Photosynthesis of Physalis peruviana under different densities of photons and saline stress

Physalis peruviana L. is a solanacea that has been gaining prominence due to its fruits presenting good acceptance in the national and international market. However, several abiotic factors, such as salinity, can cause physiological disturbances in plants, and these changes may be of greater or lesser intent according to species. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological behavior of P. peruviana submitted to different fluxes of photosynthetically active photons (PPFD) and saline stress. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three saline levels (ECw) (0.5, 2.75 and 5.00 dS m-1) with four replications. Gas exchange measurements were performed with a portable infrared gas analyzer. Liquid CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were measured. Data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and in cases of significance applied to regression analysis. The increase in PPFD provided reductions in stomatal conductance up to the density of approximately 400 µmol m-2s-1, being more pronounced in ECw of 2.75 and 5.0 dS m-1. The maximum CO2 assimilation rates in the three salinities are different according to the PPFD. The salinity of irrigation water reduced the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in P. peruviana plants.

Chemical constituents of Physalis minima / 中国中药杂志

Fifteen compounds(1-15) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the whole herb of Physalis minima by various chromatography techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, middle chromatogram isolated gel(MCI), octadecyl silica(ODS), and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy(IR), ultraviolet spectroscopy(UV), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic re-sonance(NMR), and circular dichroism(CD) as(5S)-5,11-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one(1), withaphysalin R(2), withaphysalin Q(3), withaphysanolide A(4), phaseic acid(5), grasshopper ketone(6), 3S,5R-dihydroxy-6S,7-megastigmadien-9-one(7), vanillic acid(8), 2-trans,4-trans-abscisic acid(9), capillasterolide(10), 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone(11),(-)-loliolide(12), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(13), acetosyringone(14), and aurantiamide acetate(15). Compound 1 was a new butenolide, and compounds 5-7 and 10-12 were isolated from the Physalis for the first time. Compounds 4, 13, and 15 were isolated for the first time from P. minima. Moreover, their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro. Compound 12 was found to possess an inhibitory effect on the transcription of an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene in LPS-induced 293 T/NF-κB-luc cells at 10 μmol·L~(-1), showing an inhibitory rate of 62.31%±4.8%.

Tolerance to irrigation water salinity in physalis plants: productive aspects / Tolerância à salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de fisális: aspectos produtivos

The cultivation of non-traditional fruits has gained ground in the horticulture sector, but which, in certain situations, are plants that require previous studies related to soil adaptability, climate, and irrigation water quality. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity on Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) plants in the different growth phases. The experimental area was installed on the premises of the Federal University of Campina Grande, adopting a casualized block design, with four saline levels of irrigation water (0.3; 1.2; 2.1 and 3.0 dS m-1) and five repetitions per treatment. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, plant height and number of leaves every 15 days, leaf area at 55 days after transplanting, number of side branches, number of flower buds, number of flowers, average fruit weight, polar diameter, and equatorial diameter of fruits, number of fruits per plant and productivity. According to the results, the plants were tolerant to saline levels of irrigation water of up to 3.0 dS m-1, without prejudice to the phenological and productive characteristics of the crop. The unitary increase in the salinity of the irrigation water did not result in damage to the physiological characteristics of the plants until the 60 days of transplanting. (AU)

O cultivo de frutas não tradicionais tem ganhado espaço no setor de hortifrútis, mas que, em determinadas situações, são plantas que requerem estudos prévios relacionados a adaptabilidade de solo, clima e qualidade da água de irrigação. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) nas distintas fases de crescimento. A área experimental foi instalada nas dependências da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, adotando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis salinos da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,2; 2,1 e 3,0 dS m-1) e cinco repetições por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do caule, altura das plantas e número de folhas a cada 15 dias, área foliar aos 55 dias após o transplantio, número de ramos laterais, número de botões florais, número de flores, peso médio dos frutos, diâmetro polar e diâmetro equatorial dos frutos, número de frutos por planta e produtividade. Conforme os resultados, as plantas se mostraram tolerantes a níveis salinos da água de irrigação de até 3,0 dS m-1, sem prejuízos nas características fenológicas da cultura e produtivas. O aumento unitário da salinidade da água de irrigação não resultou em danos nas características fisiológicas das plantas até os 60 dias de transplantio. (AU)

Effect of light and sucrose on photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic micropropagation of Physalis angulata / Efeito da luz e sacarose na micropropagação fotoautotrófica e fotomixotrófica de Physalis angulata

The biotechnological interest in genus Physalis has increased in the last decades, however, there are still few micropropagation studies of this genus. The objective of this study was to evaluate P. angulata photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic micropropagation with gas exchange under seven light spectra and five concentrations of sucrose. Lighting were yellow, blue, white, red, green, red + blue LEDs and natural light filtered by mesh. Sucrose concentrations were 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 g.L-1. Phytotechnical, anatomical features and photopigment contents were evaluated through stem and root segment length, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b contents, carotenoids, adaxial epidermis, palisadic and spongy parenchyma and abaxial epidermis. The data were compared by Scott-Knott's mean test and principal components analysis using the R software. Comparing the variables within lighting types, it was observed that only the screen treatment, screen-filtered natural illumination, obtained assessment in all variables. Comparing the levels of sucrose, it was observed that the treatment 15 g.L-1 sucrose obtained the highest number of averages with maximum evaluation. It was concluded that the natural light filtered by screen with 50% of shading allowed the photoautotrophic micropropagation of P. angulata. Better development results were observed in photomixotrophic micropropagation with 15 g.L-1 of sucrose.

O interesse biotecnológico em Physalis aumentou nas últimas décadas, porém, ainda existem poucos trabalhos de micropropagação desse gênero. Objetivou-se avaliar sua micropropagação fotoautotrófica e fotomixotrófica com troca gasosa sob sete tipos de iluminação e cinco concentrações de sacarose. Foram utilizados LEDs amarelo, azul, branco, vermelho, verde, vermelho + azul e luz natural filtrada por malha. As concentrações de sacarose foram 0, 7,5, 15, 22,5 e 30 g.L-1. Características fitotécnicas, anatômicas e teor de fotopigmentos foram avaliados através de comprimento de segmento de caule e raíz, número de folhas, área foliar, teores de clorofilas a e b, carotenoides, epiderme adaxial, parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso e epiderme abaxial. Os dados foram comparados por teste de média Scott-Knott e análise de componentes principais utilizando-se o software R. Comparando-se as variáveis dentro de tipos de iluminação, observou-se que apenas o tratamento screen, iluminação natural filtrada por malha, obteve avaliação máxima em todas as variáveis. Comparando-se os níveis de sucrose, observou-se que o tratamento 15 g.L-1 sacarose obteve o maior número de médias com avaliação máxima. Concluiu-se que a luz natural filtrada por tela com 50% de sombreamento permitiu a micropropagação fotoautotrófica de P. angulata. Observou-se melhores resultados de desenvolvimento na micropropagação fotomixotrófica com 15 g.L-1 de sacarose.

Polyploidy induction in Physalis alkekengi / Indução de poliploidia em Physalis alkekengi

Physalis alkekengi is an ornamental plant that can also be used as a medicinal plant due to its anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antitumor and fungicidal properties. Polyploidization can be an important tool in the genetic improvement of this species. The objective this work was to obtain tetraploids in vitro and to evaluate the phytotechnical traits of P. alkekengi. For this, nodal segments of P. alkekengi var. Franchettii were inoculated into petri dishes containing 100 ml of MS medium supplemented with colchicine at concentrations 0; 0.04; 0.08; 0.12; and 0.16% and kept in the dark for 24 and 48h. After the respective treatment periods with colchicine the segments were inoculated into test tubes. The tetraploids were identified by flow cytometry and classical cytogenetics. In vitro seedlings were measured: root length, nodal segment length, leaflet number and total leaf area. In the acclimatization phase, the area of the second leaf and total leaf, petiole radius, stem length, fruit weight with calyx, without calyx, fruit diameter, number of seeds and brix of the pulp were evaluated. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, total chlorophyll / total carotenoid ratio and chlorophyll a / b ratio were also estimated. The treatment that most produced tetraploid seedlings was with 0.08% colchicine per 24h. No significant difference was observed in 7 (seven) variables, these being all variables of photopigments, stem diameter (steam) and brix. In general, diploid (2x) plants were better in 9 (nine) while tetraploid seedlings were better in 6 (six) of the phytotechnical variables. It was concluded that the MS medium supplemented with 0.08% colchicine for 24 h allowed P. alkekengi tetraploides to be obtained with better phytotechnical qualities.

Physalis alkekengi é uma planta ornamental que também pode ser usada como planta medicinal devido às suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, bactericidas, antitumorais e fungicidas. A poliploidização pode ser uma ferramenta importante para o melhoramento genético dessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter tetraplóides in vitro e avaliar as características fitotécnicas de P. alkekengi. Para isso, segmentos nodais de P. alkekengi var. Franchettii foram inoculados em placas de Petri contendo 100 ml de meio MS suplementado com colchicina nas concentrações 0; 0,04; 0,08; 0,12; e 0,16% e mantido no escuro por 24 e 48h. Após os respectivos períodos de tratamento com colchicina, os segmentos foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio. Os tetraplóides foram identificados por citometria de fluxo e citogenética clássica. As plântulas in vitro foram medidas: comprimento da raiz, comprimento do segmento nodal, número de folhetos e área foliar total. Na fase de aclimatação foram avaliadas a área da segunda folha e área foliar total, raio do pecíolo, comprimento do caule, peso do fruto com cálice, sem cálice, diâmetro do fruto, número de sementes e brix da polpa. Também foram estimadas clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total, carotenóides totais, razão clorofila total / carotenóide total e razão clorofila a / b. O tratamento que mais produziu mudas tetraplóides foi com colchicina a 0,08% por 24 horas. Não foi observada diferença significativa em 7 (sete) variáveis, sendo todas variáveis de fotopigmentos, diâmetro do caule (vapor) e brix. Em geral, as plantas diplóides (2x) foram melhores em 9 (nove) variáveis fitotécnicas, enquanto as mudas tetraplóides foram melhores em 6 (seis). Concluiu-se que o meio MS suplementado com colchicina a 0,08% por 24 h permitiu obter tetraploides de P. alkekengi com melhores qualidades fitotécnicas.

Sustancias bioactivas y actividad antioxidante de frutales nativos de páramos y bosques de neblina del norte peruano / Bioactive substances and antioxidant activity of native fruit trees from moorlands and cloud forests in northern Peru

Objetivos. Determinar los principales tipos de sustancias bioactivas, contenido de polifenoles y actividad antioxidante de cinco frutales nativos de paramos y bosques de neblina del norte peruano. Materiales y métodos. Cinco frutales nativos (Gaultheria reticulata «ushpa¼, Hesperomeles obtusifolia «sachón¼, Physalis peruviana «tungay¼, Rubus robustus «muyaca¼ y Symplocos nuda «chimicuno¼") fueron evaluados mediante análisis fitoquímico preliminar, contenido de polifenoles por el método de Folin-Ciocalteau y la actividad antioxidante, mediante tres métodos (DPPH, ABTS y CUPRAC) en tres sistemas de extracción (decocción, etanol 45% y etanol 96% acidulado). Resultados. Los frutales nativos «ushpa¼ y «sachón¼ de los páramos; «muyaca¼ y «chimicuno¼ de los bosques de neblina contienen de 4 a 5 tipos de sustancias bioactivas (compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, saponinas y triterpenoides/ esteroides). Las especies contienen valores significativamente altos de polifenoles en el extracto acuoso por decocción que se encontraron entre 62,30 ± 2,49 y 5,36 ± 0,20 mg de equivalentes ácido gálico/g de fruto liofilizado. La actividad antioxidante, bajo tres sistemas de extracción y tres métodos de análisis mostró valores significativamente altos entre 1,43 ± 1,19 y 413,92 ± 4,09 mg de equivalentes de Trolox/g fruto liofilizado. Conclusiones. Las sustancias bioactivas identificadas, el contenido de polifenoles y la actividad antioxidante por DPPH, ABTS y CUPRAC, determinan las potencialidades fitoquímicas que le dan valor nutraceútico a estos frutales nativos.

Objectives. To determine the main types of bioactive substances, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of five native fruit trees of Paramos and Cloud Forests of Northern Peru. Materials and methods. Five native fruit trees (Gaultheria reticulata "ushpa", Hesperomeles obtusifolia "sachón", Physalis peruviana "tungay", Rubus robustus "muyaca" and Symplocos nuda "chimicuno") were evaluated by preliminary phytochemical analysis, polyphenol content by Folin-Ciocalteau method and antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC) in three extraction systems (decoction, ethanol 45% and ethanol 96% acid). Results. The native fruit trees "ushpa" and "sachon" of the Paramos; "muyaca" and "chimicuno" from Cloud Forests contain 4 to 5 bioactive substances (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoids/steroids). The species contain significantly high values of polyphenols in the aqueous extract by decoction that were found between 62.30 ± 2.49 and 5.36 ± 0.20 mg Gallic Acid equivalents/g of lyophilized fruit. The antioxidant activity, under three extraction systems and three analysis methods, showed significantly high values between 1.43 ± 1.19 and 413.92 ± 4.09 mg of Trolox equivalents/g lyophilized fruit. Conclusions. The bioactive substances identified, the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC, determines the phytochemical potentialities that give nutraceutical value to these native fruit trees.

Efecto antidiabético de los extractos liofilizados de Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Dracontium loretense Krause, Physalis angulata L, y Handroanthus obscurus (Bureau & K. Schum) Mattos, mediante la inhibición in vitro de la alfa α-glucosidasa / Antidiabetic effect of freeze-dried extracts of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Dracontium loretense Krause, Physalis angulata L, and Handroanthus obscurus (Bureau & K. Schum) Mattos, through in vitro inhibition of alpha α-glucosidase

La etnomedicina es una disciplina idónea para elegir especies vegetales con el fin de ser estudiadas farmacológicamente; las cuatro especies seleccionadas para el presente estudio se usan como hipoglucemiantes en la medicina tradicional de la Amazonía peruana. Objetivos. Estudiar la capacidad inhibitoria in vitro de los extractos de cuatro plantas de uso tradicional, sobre la actividad de la α-glucosidasa, una enzima importante involucrada en la regulación de la glicemia. Materiales y métodos. Mediante el ensayo de inhibición de la enzima α-glucosidasa se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de cada extracto para determinar la concentración inhibitoria media (IC50) y compararlos con la droga control acarbosa. Resultados. El extracto acuoso liofilizado de Guazuma ulmifolia mostró significante efecto inhibitorio (IC50 :13,49±3,65 µg/mL), al compararlo con la droga control, acarbosa (IC50: 858,67±29,73 µg/mL) y los otros extractos. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que la actividad antidiabética de la Guazuma ulmifolia estaría mediada por la inhibición de la α-glucosidasa, lo que implicaría su potencial en la reducción de la glucosa posprandial.

Ethnomedicine is an ideal discipline for choosing plant species to be studied pharmacologically; the four species selected for this study are used as hypoglycemics in the traditional medicine of the Peruvian Amazon. Objectives. To study the inhibitory capacity in vitro of the extracts of four plants of traditional use, on the activity of α-glucosidase, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of glycemia. Materials and methods. Using the inhibition test of the enzyme α-glucosidase, different concentrations of each extract were evaluated to determine the average inhibitory concentration (IC50) and to compare them with the control drug acarbose. Results. The freeze-dried aqueous extract of Guazuma ulmifolia showed a significant inhibitory effect (IC50:13,49±3,65 µg/mL) when compared with the control drug, acarbose (IC50: 858,67±29,73 µg/mL), and the other extracts. Conclusions. The results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of Guazuma ulmifolia would be mediated by the inhibition of α-glucosidase, which would imply its potential in the reduction of postprandial glucose.

Actividad antioxidante in vitro, de diferentes extractos del fruto de Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) / Antioxidant activity in vitro of different extracts from Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) fruits

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antioxidante in vitro de los diferentes extractos obtenidos del fruto de Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) y fruto fresco mediante el método DPPH, ABTS; los componentes fitoquímicos cualitativamente y cuantificar el contenido ácido ascórbico (vitamina C). Materiales y Métodos: Se obtuvo el extracto acuoso y acuoso liofilizado a partir del fruto de Physalis peruviana L., y el zumo fresco del cual se determinó el screening fitoquímico preliminar, la captación del radical DPPH, ABTS y el contenido de ácido ascórbico. Resultados: En el screening fitoquímico se hallaron compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, alcaloides, saponinas y aminoácidos. El fruto y los extractos evidenciaron moderada capacidad antioxidante frente al trolox y presentó un porcentaje de capacidad antioxidante menor al 50% frente al trolox. A partir del porcentaje de inhibiciónconcentración en el DPPH y mediante un análisis lineal se determinó la CI50; Se demostró que el extracto acuoso liofilizado posee mayor capacidad antioxidante (20,55 µg/mL) en comparación con el extracto acuoso y fruto fresco. Mediante el método del ABTS también se observó mayor capacidad antioxidante del extracto acuoso liofilizado (2,48 ± 0,04 µmol trolox/g muestra), pero presentó menor cantidad de vitamina C en comparación con el extracto acuoso y fruto fresco. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso liofilizado posee mayor capacidad antioxidante y menor cantidad de ácido ascórbico en comparación con el extracto acuoso y el fruto fresco y la mayor cantidad de vitamina C se encuentra en el fruto fresco.

Objetive: To evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro of different extracts obtained from the fruit of Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) by DPPH, ABTS method, the phytochemical components qualitatively and quantifying the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Material and Methods: The aqueous and lyophilized aqueous extract from the fruit of Physalis peruviana L. was obtained, and fresh juice which the preliminary phytochemical screening, recruitment of radical DPPH, ABTS and ascorbic acid content was determined. Results: Phytochemical screening in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and amino acids were found. The fruit and extracts showed moderate antioxidant capacity compared to Trolox and presented a lower percentage of antioxidant capacity by 50% compared to Trolox. From the % inhibition-concentration DPPH by a linear analysis and IC50 was determined; It was demonstrated that the lyophilized aqueous extract has a higher antioxidant capacity (20.55 ug / mL) compared with the aqueous extract and fresh fruit. By the method of ABTS higher antioxidant capacity lyophilized aqueous extract (2.48 ± 0.04 µmol Trolox / g sample) was also observed, but showed a lower amount of vitamin C as compared with the aqueous extract and fresh fruit. Conclusions: The lyophilized aqueous extract has a greater antioxidant capacity and a lower amount of ascorbic acid in comparison with the aqueous extract and the fresh fruit and the greater amount of vitamin C is found in the fresh fruit.

Withaminimas A-F, six withanolides with potential anti-inflammatory activity from Physalis minima / 中国天然药物

Withaminimas A-F (1-6), six new withaphysalin-type withanolides were isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis minima L.. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through a variety of spectroscopic techniques including HR-MS, NMR, and ECD. Compound 1 belongs to rare 18-norwithanolides, and 2-3 were 13/14-secowithanolides. According to the traditional usage of P. minima, inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccaride-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and compounds 1-4 exhibited significant inhibitory effects with IC values among 3.91-18.46 μmol·L.

Application of DNA molecular marker technologies in study of medicinal Physalis species / 中国中药杂志

As traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, Physalis plants have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects, and have been used for the treatment of malaria, rheumatism, hepatitis, asthma, and cancer. In addition to the medicinal value, many Physalis species are also the high-grade nutrition health care fruits, can be made canned and candied etc. In the study, the application progress of DNA molecular marker technologies in medicinal Physalis plants in recent years was reviewed, in order to provide an important molecular technical basis for the identification, classification and rational development and protection of medicinal Physalis resources.

Evaluación de la bioactividad de plantas medicinales cultivadas en el Perú usando la prueba de letalidad de Artemia salina / Bioactivity of medicinal plants cultivated in Peru using Artemia salina lethality test

Objetivo. Determinar la bioactividad de trece plantas medicinales peruanas a través de su capacidad citotóxica. Materiales y métodos. Se elaboraron extractos acuosos, hidroalcohólicos, o zumos liofilizados de las especies vegetales seleccionadas. La citotoxicidad in vitro fue evaluada usando la prueba de letalidad de Artemia salina, con la determinación de la concentración letal media (CL50). El potencial citotóxico de las muestras de extractos evaluados, se clasificaron en: a) no tóxico: CL50 > 1000 µg/ mL; b) baja toxicidad: 500 < CL50 ≤ 1000 µg/ mL; c) toxicidad moderada: 100 < CL50 ≤ 500 µg/ mL, y d) alta toxicidad: CL50 < 100 µg/ mL. Resultados. Los diferentes extractos del rizoma de Curcuma longa mostraron una potente actividad citotóxica, con CL50 entre 20,67 ± 7,04 y 98,14± 2,64 ug/mL. Los extractos de rizoma de Zingiber officinale, del fruto de Physalis angulata y la planta entera de Physalis angulata también mostraron actividad citotóxica con CL50 de 87,15±18,17, 323,48±18,85 y 328,92±23,08 ug/mL, respectivamente. Conclusión. Se encontró actividad citotóxica en los extractos de los rizomas de Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, así como el fruto y planta entera de Physalis angulata. Futuros estudios podrán determinar si la flora cultivada en el Perú puede ser una fuente para el desarrollo futuro de agentes antitumorales.

Objective. To determine the bioactivity of 13 Peruvian medicinal plants through their cytotoxic capacity. Material and methods. Aqueous, hydroalcoholic extracts or lyophilized juices of the selected plant species were elaborated. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Artemia salina lethality test, with the determination of the mean lethal concentration (LC50). The cytotoxic potential of the samples of evaluated extracts was classified into: a) non-toxic: LC50> 1000 µg / mL, b) low toxicity: 500 < LC50 ≤ 1000 µg / mL, c) moderate toxicity: 100 < LC50≤ 500 µg / mL, and d) high toxicity: LC50 <100 µg / mL. Results. The different extracts of the Curcuma longa's rhizome showed a potent cytotoxic activity, with LC50 between 20.67 ± 7.04 and 98.14 ± 2.64 µg / mL. Zingiber officinale rhizome, Physalis angulate fruit and Physalis angulata whole plant extracts, also showed cytotoxic activity with LC50 of 87.15 ± 18.17, 323.48 ± 18.85 and 328.92 ± 23.08 µg / mL, respectively. Conclusion. Cytotoxic activity was found in the extracts of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, as well as Physalis angulata fruit and whole plant extracts. Future studies will be able to determine if the flora cultivated in Peru could be a source for future development of antitumoral agents.

Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in Physalis peruviana L / Sintomas visuais de deficiências nutricionais em fisalis, Physalis peruviana L

The physalis production has caused interest of producers, consumers and traders due to its easy growing, high nutritional value and economic value added. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and characterize the symptoms of macro and micronutrient deficiencies in physalis seedlings (Physalis peruviana L.). The seedlings were grown in complete nutrient solution and also in solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, using the missing element technique. Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency and the dry matter production of shoot and root, respectively taken at 68 and 150 days after treatment application were evaluated. Omissions of macro and micronutrients caused visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies common to other species. Nutrient deficiencies limited the total dry matter production in the following order: N > S> P> K > Ca > Mg for macronutrients and Fe > B > Zn > Mn > Cu for micronutrients, respectively.

A produção de fisalis tem despertado interesse de produtores, consumidores e comercializadores devido seu fácil cultivo, grande valor nutricional e econômico agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e caracterizar os sintomas de deficiências de macro e micronutrientes em mudas de fisalis (Physalis peruviana L.). As mudas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa e, também em soluções com omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, pelo uso da técnica do elemento faltante. Foram avaliados os sintomas visuais de deficiência de nutrientes, e a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes aos 68 e 150 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, respectivamente. As omissões de macro e micronutrientes provocaram sintomas visuais de deficiências nutricionais comuns a outras espécies. As deficiências limitaram a produção de matéria seca total na seguinte ordem: N > S > P > K > Ca > Mg para macronutrientes e Fe > B > Zn > Mn > Cu, para micronutrientes, respectivamente.

Optimization of the spray drying process for obtaining cape gooseberry powder: an innovative and promising functional food / Optimización del proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención uchuva en polvo: un alimento funcional innovador y promisorio

Background: currently, functional foods are the type of foods of most interest to the modern consumer, due to the health benefits they provide. Objectives: Optimize the spray drying process to obtain cape gooseberry powder added with active compounds. Methods: A process of spray drying was carried out to obtain a powder from cape gooseberry suspensions added with vitamin C, iron, folic acid, isolated soy protein and dietary fiber. The drying process was optimized according to the characteristics of food formulations and operating conditions, obtaining a product with low hygroscopicity, high solubility and high levels of physiologically active compounds. Response surface methodology was used, considering a central composite design with four factors: maltodextrin (0-40%p/p), inlet air temperature (170-210°C), atomizer disc speed (16000-24000 rpm) and outlet air temperature (75-95°C). Results: The results showed a higher retention of vitamin C (69.7±0.7%), folic acid (90.9±1.8%) and iron (90.8±1.0%) with the food formulation containing a 24.4% of maltodextrin and the drying process defined by an atomizer disc speed of 19848 rpm and inlet and outlet air temperature of 194.2°C and 87.7°C, respectively. Conclusions: The spray drying process is an effective technology that provides added value to the fruit of cape gooseberry, allowing the incorporation and conservation of active compounds such as iron, folic acid and ascorbic acid.

Antecedentes: Actualmente, los alimentos funcionales son la gama de alimentos de mayor interés para el consumidor moderno, debido a los beneficios saludables que estos proporcionan. Objetivo: Optimizar el proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención de uchuva en polvo adicionado con componentes activos. Métodos: Suspensiones de uchuva adicionadas con vitamina C, hierro, ácido fólico, proteína de soya texturizada y fibra fueron sometidas a secado por aspersión para la obtención de un producto en polvo fortificado. El proceso de secado fue optimizado de acuerdo con las características de formulación de la suspensión y condiciones de operación del secador con el objetivo de obtener un producto en polvo con baja higroscopicidad, alta solubilidad y altos niveles de compuestos fisiológicamente activos. Se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, considerando un diseño central compuesto con 4 factores: maltodextrina (0-40%p/p), temperatura del aire de entrada (170-210°C), velocidad del disco atomizador (16000-24000 rpm) y temperatura del aire de salida (75-95°C). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una mayor retención de vitamina C (69,7±0,7%), ácido fólico (90,9±1,8%) e hierro (90,8±1,0%) con la formulación de la suspensión que contiene un 24,4% de maltodextrina y condiciones de operación del proceso de secado definidas por una velocidad de disco atomizador de 19848 rpm y temperatura del aire a la entrada y salida de 194,2°C y 87,7°C, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El proceso de secado por aspersión es una tecnología efectiva que proporciona valor agregado al fruto de uchuva, permitiendo la incorporación y conservación de componentes activos como hierro, ácido fólico y ácido ascórbico.

Actividad inmunoestimulante del extracto acuoso liofilizado de la planta entera de Physalis angulata L. en ratas albinas cepa Holtzman / Immunoestimulant activity of Physalis angulata L whole plant-lyophilized aqueous extract in albino Holtzman rats

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad inmunoestimulante del extracto acuoso liofilizado (EAL) de la planta entera de Physalis angulata L. "bolsa mullaca". Materiales y Métodos: Se usaron 32 ratas albinas divididas en cuatro grupos: agua destilada 3 mL (control); Metisopinol (Isoprinosine) 14.7 mg/Kg; EAL Physalis angulata L. 8.6 mg/Kg; y EAL Physalis angulata L. 17.2 mg/Kg. El modelo de inmunoestimulación usado fue el de Delaveau y col. Se midió el porcentaje de linfocitos, neutrófilos segmentados; porcentaje de activación de la respuesta del sistema inmune (%ARSI) y absorbancia basal y a la 1h, 3h, 6h y 24 h después de las intervenciones. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de absorbancias cuando se realizó la comparación de todos los grupos de experimentación con el grupo control (p<0.001). Los grupos Physalis angulata 8.6 mg /Kg y Physalis angulata 17.2 mg/Kg presentaron sus %ARSI más altos a las seis horas de exposición (50.45% y 58.79% respectivamente). Los porcentajes de linfocitos y neutrófilos segmentados en los grupos Isoprinosine 14.7 mg/Kg, P. angulata 8.6 mg/kg, P. angulata 17.2 mg/kg fueron significativamente diferentes en comparación con los controles a las 3h, 6h y 24h de intervención. Conclusión: El EAL de Physalis angulata L, a dosis de 17.2 mg/Kg mostró la mejor actividad inmunoestimulante, siendo quien más se acercó al efecto del Isoprinosine 14.7 mg/Kg.

Efecto antibacteriano del aceite esencial de Physalis peruviana vs clorhexidina sobre cepas de Streptoccocus Mutans / Antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Physalis peruviana vs chlorhexidine on strains of Streptoccocus Mutans

La medicina tradicional se ha venido utilizando en odontología por muchos años, debido a la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas naturales que sean más accesibles y que posean menos efectos colaterales, para prevenir y tratar enfermedades con la inhibición de microorganismos patógenos. La evidencia científica ha demostrado que el aceite esencial de Physalis peruviana, posee gran efecto inhibitorio contra bacterias Gram positivas. Entre ellas tenemos al Streptococcus mutans, que es responsable de una de las enfermedades con mayor prevalencia en salud pública, la caries dental, debido a su gran virulencia y patogenicidad. Por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto inhibitorio del aceite esencial de Physalis peruviana (uvilla), que se obtuvo mediante la técnica arrastre por vapor de agua, comparado con la clorhexidina sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 35668™. Se utilizaron concentraciones del 25%, 50%, 75% y 100% del aceite esencial, tomando como control positivo a la clorhexidina al 0.12% y control negativo al agua destilada. Se midió los halos de inhibición a las 24 y 48 horas de exposición; obteniendo resultados mediante pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskal Wallis, que el aceite esencial de Physalis peruviana al 75% y 100% posee efecto antibacteriano, sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 35668™

Efecto del consumo de Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) sobre el perfil lipídico de pacientes con hipercolesterolemia / Effect of consumption of Physalis peruviana L. (goldenberry) on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients

La hipercolesterolemia es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Physalis peruviana L. (aguaymanto) tiene alto contenido en fibra dietética y fitoesteroles, que disminuyen el nivel de colesterol y triglicéridos en sangre en ratas. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto del aguaymanto en el perfil lipídico de pacientes con hipercolesterolemia. Método. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado simple ciego, en 28 pacientes hipercolesterolémicos de la ciudad de Trujillo, entre 20 y 65 años de edad, divididos al azar en dos grupos: experimental (GE) y control (GC). Durante ocho semanas, el GE recibió jugo de aguaymanto (100 g) y el GC, placebo; ambos siguieron una dieta baja en grasas. Se determinó el perfil lipídico al inicio y a las cuatro y ocho semanas de tratamiento. Se aplicó la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes y relacionadas. Resultados. El GE y el GC no tuvieron diferencia significativa en peso e ingesta calórica durante el tratamiento. El GE inició con un promedio de colesterol de 231,71 mg/dL y cLDL 154,21 mg/dL; a las ocho semanas, el colesterol fue 208,71 mg/ dL y cLDL 131,4 mg/dL. El GC inició con colesterol de 230,21 mg/dL y cLDL 145,49 mg/dL; a las ocho semanas el colesterol fue 226,29 mg/dL y cLDL 146,54 mg/dL. La disminución de niveles de colesterol total y cLDL al término del tratamiento en el GE fue 9,93% y 14,79%, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Conclusión. El consumo de aguaymanto reduce los niveles séricos de colesterol total y cLDL en pacientes hipercolesterolémicos...

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Physalis peruviana L. (goldenberry) has high­amount dietary fiber and phytosterols that reduces cholesterol and triglycerides levels in blood in rats. Objective. To determine the effect of P. Peruviana L. on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients. Methods. Single­ blind randomized controlled trial was performed, in 28 hypercholesterolemic patients of Trujillo, between 20­65 years old; they were randomly divided in two groups: experimental (EG) and control (CG). For 8 weeks, EG received goldenberry juice (100 g) and CG, placebo; both groups followed a low fat diet. Lipid profile was determined at begin, after four weeks and eight 8 weeks of treatment. The Student t test was applied for independent and related samples. Results. EG and CG didnÆt have significant difference in weight and caloric intake during treatment. EG began average cholesterol about 231,71 mg/dL, cLDL 154,21 mg/dL; at 8 weeks cholesterol were 208,71 mg/dL, cLDL 131,4 mg/dL. CG began average cholesterol about 230,21mg/dL, cLDL 145,49 mg/dL; at 8 weeks cholesterol were 226,29 mg/dL, cLDL 146,54 mg/dL. Decreased blood levels of total cholesteroland cLDL levels in the conclusion del treatment in EG were 9,93% y 14,79% respectively, being significant (p < 0,05). Conclusion. The consumption of goldenberry juice significantly reduces serum total cholesterol and cLDL levels in hypercholesterolemic patients...

Influência da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento do camapu (Physalis angulata L. ) / Influence of phosphorus fertilization over the growth of the camapu (Physalis angulata L. )

RESUMO A espécie Physalis angulata L., pertencente à família Solanaceae, tem despontado como uma planta extremamente promissora para uso medicinal, em razão da produção do composto fisalina. No entanto, aspectos importantes do seu cultivo ainda permanecem pouco conhecidos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influencia do fósforo para o seu crescimento. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Amarelo de textura média, submetido a três doses de P: 8, 16 e 64 mg kg-1 de P. Usou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Foram realizadas duas colheitas: aos 30 e 42 dias após o plantio. Verificou-se que as plantas cultivadas sob deficiência (8 mg kg-1 de P no solo) apresentaram 26,3 folhas, enquanto as cultivadas com a maior dose (64 mg kg-1 de P no solo) produziram 80,17 folhas. Aumento semelhante (201%) foi obtido para a área foliar, cujos valores variaram de 436,4 cm2a 1.313,9 cm2. Sob deficiência, a produção da massa seca total foi de apenas 1,72g, enquanto para a dose de 64 mg kg-1 de P no solo esse valor foi de 7,58g, significando um aumento de 340%. Plantas cultivadas com 8 mg kg-1 de P no solo não apresentaram flores ou frutos; já para o tratamento em que se utilizou 64 mg kg-1 de P no solo, o início do florescimento antecedeu ao das plantas cultivadas com 16 mg kg-1 de P no solo. A razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica foram maiores para as plantas cultivadas sob deficiência, enquanto a taxa de crescimento relativo e a taxa assimilatória líquida não foram estatisticamente influenciadas. Conclui-se que a deficiência de P no solo pode comprometer sobremaneira o crescimento das plantas de Physalis. Além disso, como a deficiência de P reduziu sensivelmente a produção de folhas, órgão responsável pela produção da fisalina, também é possível concluir que a deficiência de P pode, mesmo que indiretamente, reduzir a concentração desse importante composto na planta.

ABSTRACT The specie Physalis angulata L., who belongs to the Solanaceae family, has stand out as an extremely promising plant in terms of medical use, due to the production of the physalin compound. However, important aspects of its production still remain unknown. Thus the objective of this work was to assess the influence of phosphorus for the growth of these species. The experiment was performed with three doses of P (8, 16 e 64 mg kg-1 de P), in a completely randomized experimental design. Two harvests were performed: at 30 and 42 days after planting. The deficiency of P reduced the number of leaves and leaf area. The total dry matter (DM), as well as a MS from all parts of the plant, was significantly higher for plants grown under the highest levels of phosphorus. Plants grown with 8 mg P kg-1 showed no flowers or fruit; but, for the treatment which used 64 mg of P kg-1 the beginning of flowering happened before than with the plants grown with 16mg. The ratio of the leaf area and the specific leaf area were higher for plants grown under stress, while the values of the relative growth rate and the net assimilatory rate were not statistically influenced. We conclude that the deficiency of P in soil may considerably affect the growth of Physalis plants. Moreover, since the deficiency of P significantly reduced the leaf production, which is responsible for creating the physalin, it is also possible to conclude that P deficiency may, even indirectly, reduce the concentration of this important compound in the plant.

Optimización experimental del proceso de liofilización de uchuva adicionada con componentes activos por impregnación al vacío / Experimental optimization of the freeze dry process of cape gooseberry added with active compounds by vacuum impregnation

Antecedentes: Los procesos de optimización experimental, representan una herramienta efectiva para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los productos, contribuyendo en la diversificación de productos en la cadena de uchuva, como frutos promisorios de exportación. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue optimizar el proceso de liofilización para obtener uchuvas (Physalis peruviana L.) semiesféricas adicionadas con componentes activos y de excelentes atributos de calidad. Métodos: Las muestras semiesféricas (3 - 4 g) fueron tratadas inicialmente por impregnación al vacío con una emulsión que contenía proteína de soja, sucralosa, tensoactivos, calcio, vitamina D3 (Colecalciferol), vitamina E (DL-α-tocoferol acetato) y vitamina B9 . La optimización experimental del proceso de liofilización se realizó con un diseño factorial 22 con el fin de determinar la condición óptima de operación, utilizando como variables independientes la velocidad de calentamiento de la placa (ºC/min) y el tiempo de sostenimiento a la temperatura de la placa para cada segmento del proceso y como variables dependientes: concentración de los componentes con actividad fisiológica, actividad de agua, humedad, textura, color y tiempo total de proceso. Resultados: Se identificó una influencia de las condiciones del proceso sobre las variables de respuesta, donde una porción de 49 g de uchuvas liofilizadas alcanzó contenidos superiores al 20% del valor diario de referencia de vitamina D y entre el 10 y 20% del valor diario de referencia en calcio y vitaminas B9, C y E; permitiendo identificar al producto como "Excelente fuente de vitamina D" y "Buena fuente de calcio y vitaminas B9, C, E", según la normativa colombiana. La condición óptima de proceso se alcanzó a una velocidad de calentamiento de placa de 0,04 ºC/min y un tiempo de sostenimiento de la temperatura de la placa de 1,2 h. Conclusiones: La aplicación integrada de procesos de impregnación al vacío y liofilización, representan una alternativa importante en el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales en el fruto de uchuva.

Introduction: Experimental optimization processes represent an effective tool for improving the quality of products, contributing to the diversification of products in the agricultural value chain of cape gooseberry, as promising export fruit. Aim: The aim of this study was to optimize the freeze-drying process to obtain hemispherical cape gooseberries (Physalis peruviana L.) with added active compounds, and with excellent quality attributes. Methods: The hemispherical samples (3 - 4 g) were initially treated by vacuum impregnation with an emulsion containing soybean protein, sucralose, surfactants, calcium, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin E (DL-α-tocopherol acetate) and vitamin B9. The experimental optimization of the freeze-drying was performed using a factorial design 22 to determine the optimum operating condition, using as independent variables the rate of heating plate (°C/min) and holding time at the temperature of the plate for each segment of the process and as dependent variables: concentration of physiologically active components, water activity, moisture content, texture, color and total processing time. Results: An influence of process conditions on the response variables was identified, where a portion of 49 g of freeze-dried gooseberries reached over 20% content of daily reference value (DRV) of vitamin D and between 10 and 20% of DRV in calcium and vitamin B9, C and E; allowing to identify the product as "Excellent source of vitamin D" and "Good source of calcium and vitamin B9, C, E", according to Colombian regulations. The optimal process condition was reached at a 0.04 °C/min heating rate of plate and a 1.2 h holding time of the plate temperature. Conclusions: The application of the integrated processes of vacuum impregnation and freeze-drying show an important technological alternative to development of functional foods from the fruit of cape gooseberry.