Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with renal function in apparently healthy young students: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) appear decades before developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and association between CMRFs and kidney function in apparently healthy young adults (18-25 years old). Methods: We included 5531 freshman year students. Data collected on CMRFs included central obesity, high body mass index (hBMI >25), blood pressure, glycemia, lipids, uric acid (UA >6.8 mg/dL), and insulin. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration formula. We used logistic regression and a log linear for odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence level) and probabilities. Results: The presence of any CMRF was observed in 78% (4312) of individuals; GFR ≥120/130 mL/min/1.73 m2sc was found in 33%, GFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2sc in 3%, and proteinuria in 3%. Factors associated with high GFR were hBMI (OR 1.3 [1.14, 1.47]), UA (OR 0.2 [0.15, 0.26]), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.4 [1.2, 1.6]), and insulin resistance (OR 1.3 [1.05, 1.7]). CMRF associated with low GFR was UA (OR 1.8 [1.3, 2.6]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.66 [1.05, 2.6]), and proteinuria (OR 3.4 [2.07, 5.7]). Proteinuria was associated with high UA (OR 1.59 [1.01, 2.5]) and hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.8 [1.03, 3.18]). The sole presence of hBMI+UA predicted low GFR with p = 0.6 and hBMI+UA+low HDL predicted proteinuria with p = 0.55. Conclusions: CMRFs were highly prevalent among this freshman student population and were associated with proteinuria and GFR abnormalities. Future studies should focus on public health programs to prevent or delay the development of CKD.

Prevalence of bullying by gender and education in a city with high violence and migration in Mexico / Prevalencia de intimidación desglosada en función del sexo y la escolaridad en una ciudad mexicana con índices altos de violencia y migración / Prevalência de bullying por gênero e escolaridade em uma cidade com altos índices de violência e migração no México

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the prevalence of bullying, by gender and educational level, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a city with high rates of violence and migration. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in 2012 – 2014 using a questionnaire known as the Bullying-Mexican. A probabilistic multistage cluster-sampling method obtained a study sample of 2 347 students (10 – 27 years of age) from the 400 000 enrolled in grade 5 – university level at the 611 public schools in Ciudad Juárez. Bullying prevalence and frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often, every day) were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The statistical differences between males and females was assessed using a chi-square test; associations between frequency and academic level were determined by correspondence analysis and the Spearman Rho correlation. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze whether gender and academic level acted independently in the frequency of bullying. Results Bullying prevalence was reported by 38% of females and 47% of males: ‘only victim’ represented 8.7%; ‘only aggressor,’ 13.2%; and ‘victim and aggressor,’ 21%. At higher levels of education, bullying prevalence declined; however, at the university, prevalence increased in the last semesters. Mockery and social exclusion were the two most dominant types of bullying, followed by beating, threats, and punishment. Conclusions The prevalence of bullying in Ciudad Juárez public schools is among the highest compared to other random studies and surveys. Bullying diminishes with age and educational level.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender la prevalencia de intimidación o bullying, desglosada en función del sexo y el nivel de escolaridad, en Ciudad Juárez (México), ciudad con índices altos de violencia y migración. Métodos Este estudio transversal de observación se realizó entre el 2012 y el 2014 con el cuestionario mexicano sobre la intimidación (Bull-M). Tras aplicar el método probabilístico polietápico de muestreo por conglomerados, se obtuvo una muestra de 2 347 estudiantes (de 10 a 27 años) de los 400 000 matriculados entre el quinto grado y el nivel universitario en las 611 instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez. Se analizaron la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la intimidación (nunca, rara vez, a veces, a menudo, todos los días) mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Se evaluó la diferencia estadística entre los hombres y las mujeres con la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y se determinó la asociación entre la frecuencia y el nivel académico mediante el análisis de correspondencias y la correlación ro de Spearman (R). Se aplicó una regresión logística polinómica para analizar si el sexo y el nivel académico eran variables independientes respecto de la frecuencia de la intimidación. Resultados La intimidación tuvo una prevalencia del 38% en las mujeres y del 47% en los hombres: refirieron ser “solo víctimas” el 8,7%; “solo agresores” el 13,2%; y “víctimas y agresores” el 21%. La prevalencia de la intimidación disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de escolaridad, aunque se registró un incremento en los últimos semestres de la universidad. Los dos tipos más predominantes de intimidación son la burla y la exclusión social, a los que siguen la agresión física, la amenaza y el castigo. Conclusiones La prevalencia de intimidación en las instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez se encuentra entre las más altas cuando se la compara con otros estudios y encuestas de diseño aleatorizado. La intimidación disminuye a medida que avanza la edad y aumenta el nivel de escolaridad.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender a prevalência de bullying, estratificada por gênero e escolaridade, em Ciudad Juárez, México, um município com altos índices de violência e migração. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional realizado em 2012-2014 usando o instrumento Bullying-Mexican. Utilizando um método probabilístico de amostragem multietápica por conglomerados, obteve-se uma amostra de 2 347 estudantes (10-27 anos de idade) do universo de 400 000 estudantes matriculados da 5ª série ao ensino superior nas 611 escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez. A prevalência e frequência (nunca, raramente, às vezes, frequentemente, todos os dias) de bullying foram analisadas mediante estatísticas descritivas. A diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres foi avaliada através do teste qui-quadrado; associações entre frequência de bullying e escolaridade foram determinadas mediante análise de correspondência e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (R). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística multinomial para determinar se gênero e escolaridade influenciaram independentemente a frequência de bullying. Resultados O bullying foi relatado por 38% das mulheres e 47% dos homens: 8,7% identificaram-se como “somente vítimas”, 13,2% como “somente agressor”, e 21% como “vítima e agressor”. Nos níveis mais altos de escolaridade, a prevalência de bullying foi menor; porém, no ensino superior, aumentou novamente nos últimos semestres. Assédio verbal e exclusão social foram os dois tipos mais comuns de bullying, seguidos de agressão física, ameaças e castigos. Conclusões A prevalência de bullying nas escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez está entre as mais elevadas já relatadas em estudos randomizados e levantamentos. O bullying diminui conforme a idade e escolaridade aumentam.

Mechanism of Relaxant Action of Ethyl 6-amino-5-cyano-2-methyl- 4-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate Mainly Through Calcium Channel Blockade in Isolated Rat Trachea.

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of relaxant action of Ethyl 6-amino-5-cyano-2-methyl-4-(pyridin- 4-yl)- 4H-pyran-3-carboxylate (1) in in silico study and ex vivo tracheal rat rings pre-contracted with carbachol (1 µM). Compound 1 was more active than theophylline [a phosphodiesterases (PDE’s) inhibitor] used as positive control. Moreover, pretreatment with 1 significantly shifted to the right the carbachol-induced contraction and did not allow to reach the maximum effect (p< 0.001). In addition, compound 1 (96.30 µM) produces significant (100%) relaxant effect on the contraction induced by KCl (80mM), and the CaCl2-induced contraction was completely abolished by 1 as nifedipine does (a L-type calcium channel blocker), used as positive control (p< 0.001). Meanwhile, in the presence of isoproterenol (a β-adrenergic agonist), propranolol (a β-adrenergic antagonist), and K+ channel blocker 2-AP the relaxant curve was significantly modified (p< 0.05). Compound 1 was docked on an outer cavity located on the intracellular side of the human L-type calcium channel model and interacts in the following chains and residues: chain IP (G51, W52, T53, D54), IVP (R45, E50, A51, Q53, D54) and IS6 (W4, F7). In conclusion, ex vivo and in silico approaches suggest that compound 1 induces its relaxant effect mainly by calcium channel blockade, but other mechanisms like potassium channel and cAMP accumulation could be involved.

Vasorelaxant effect of Laelia speciosa and Laelia anceps: Two orchids as potential sources for the isolation of bioactive molecules.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of several extracts from Laelia speciosa and Laelia anceps, on an ex vivo method using aorta rat rings with and without endothelium pre-contracted with norepinephrine (0.1 μM), in order to establish them as a real source for the isolation of bioactive compounds with potential use as antihypertensive agent. All extracts caused concentration-dependent relaxation in -precontracted aortic rings with and without endothelium; the most active extracts were the hexanic and dichlorometanic extracts from roots of L. anceps and L. speciosa (HERLanc, DERLanc, HERLspec and DERLspec, respectively), and were less potent than positive controls used (carbachol and sodium nitroprusside). These results suggest that secondary metabolites, responsible for the vasorelaxant activity, belong to a group of compounds of medium and low polarity, and the roots were the main tissues of the plant where the vasorelaxant compounds are stored. In conclusion, both orchids represent an ideal source for obtaining lead compounds for designing new therapeutic agents, with potential vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects.

Vascular Ó1D-Adrenoceptors: Are they related to hypertension?

Heterogenic of vascular Ó1D-adrenoceptor subtypes has been revealed by pharmacological and molecular biology studies (i.e., Ó1A- , Ó1B- , and Ó1D-adrenoceptors). The Ó1D-adrenoceptor subtype is predominantly involved in the contraction of a variety of vessels and its role in the control of blood pressure has been suggested, a phenomenon probably related to aging. Recent advances in the use of young pre-hypertensive rats and adult spontaneously hypertensive ratas with one kidney and Grollman-type renal hypertension suggest vascular Ó1D-adrenoceptor involvement in the increased blood pressure. The possible role of Ó1D-adrenoceptors in the genesis/maintenance of hypertension is discussed in this review

Vascular Ó1D-Adrenoceptor function is maintained during congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction in the rat

Background. During congestive heart failure, desensitization of ß-adrenoceptors is related to a lower adrenergic responsiveness in the heart; little is known about Ó1D-adrenoceptors in the vasculature under this condition. We evaluated Ó1D-adrenoceptor response in aorta and carotid arteries in a model of congestive heart failure (CHF) post-myocardial infarction. Methods. Noradrenaline-elicited contraction was determined in endothelium-denuded arterial rigs from young (10-week-old) Wistar rats in the absence and presence of the Ó1D-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 (8-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl) ethyl)-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane-7,9-dione dihydrochloride) in sham-operated rats and in rats that development CHF 4 weeks or 7 months after myocardial infarction. Results. In the thoracic aorta, BMY 7378 displaced noradrenaline affect to the right with PA2 values of: sham, 8.58 ñ 0.12; CHF, 8.36 ñ 0.13, and sham, 8.50 ñ 0.10; CHF, 7.99 ñ 0.13 at 4 weeks and 7 months after myocardial infarction, respectively. While in carotid arteries, the pA2 values were: sham, 8.43 ñ 0.19; CHF, 8,81 ñ 0.19, and sham, 8.35 ñ 0.18; CHF, 8,29 ñ 0.08 at 4 weeks and 7 months after myocardial infarction, respectively. Ehen adul (7-month-old) rats were subjected to myocardial infarction, CHF was not installed and pA2 values were similar and high in both sham and infarcted rats. Conclusions. These results indicate that Ó1D-adrenoceptors remained as the main receptors involved in contraction in aorta and carotid arteries, irrespective of CHF duration

Patterns of adrenoceptor change during liver regeneration of the wistar kyoto rat: A bunding study

Background. Adrenoceptors have been involved in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, as well as in primary culture. This report characterized Ó1 and ß-adrenoceptor change during the time-course of liver regeneration in adult Wistar Kyoto rats. Methods. Saturation binding assays with [3H]prazosin or [3H]dihydroalprenolol (for Ó1- and ß-adrenoceptors, respectively) were done in liver plasma membranes from 6-monthold rats subjected to 70 percent hepatectomy followed by hepatic regeneration. Results. [3H]Prazosin and [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding gave control Bmax values of 101 ñ 10 and 12 ñ 1 fmol/mg protein and Kd of 0.50 ñ 0.10 and 4.1 ñ 0.4 nM for Ó1- and ß-adrenoceptors, respectively. Ó1-Adrenoceptor number and Kd increades at 24 and 48 h and returned to control values at 72 and 96 h after surgery, whereas ß-adrenoceptors augmented at 48 and 72 h, with a Kd change at 24 and 48 h postherapetectomy. Conclusions.These results suggest that dual control of Ó1- and ß-adrenoceptor membrane expression could be involved in different steps during hepatocyte proliferation, and that Wistar Kyoto rats have a different adrenoceptor pattern expression from other rat strains

Effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on metabolic pathways in rat hepatocytes

Background. The mechanisms whereby rat hepatocytes undergo irreversible injury due to a lack of oxygen have not been established. Methods. Liver cells were used for reperfusion injury, and four compartmentalized pathways were evaluated durgin hypoxia (N2/CO2, 19:1) for 30 min followed by oxygen (O2/CO2, 19:1) for 30 min. Results. Cell viability decreased during the hypoxic, but not during the reoxygenation, phase. Glycogenolysis, as measured by glucose release, was significantly increased during hypoxia as compared to control in oxygen (205ñ15 vs. 155 ñ 10 mmol glucose/mg protein/h, respectiely), and did not return to normal levels by reoxygenation. Gluconeogenesis was importantly decreased during hypoxia (102 ñ 10 vs. 8 ñ 2 mmol glucose/mg protein/h) with partial recovery during reoxygenation. Ureagenesis diminished in hypoxia, but recovered during reoxygenation. Additionally, 3-hydroxy-butyrate formation was augmented by hypoxia, with some recovery when oxygen was present. Conclusions. These results suggest that compartmentalized pathways are protected from hypoxic injury in isolated hepatocytes, and also suggest it as a model to test the idea that enzymes of those parthways are organized into multienzyme complexes in vivo

Vascular effects of ipsapirone are related with subtypes of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors

The aim of this study was to provide further evidence about the participation of Ó1-adrenoceptors in the vascular responses elicited by impsapirone. This 5-HT 1A agonist displayed vasodilator activity only when aortic rings were precontracted by Ó-adrenergic compounds. The relaxant effect was particulary evident when rings were precontracted with methoxamine (selective Ó1A-adrenergic agonist).On the other hand, ipsapirone but chloroethylclonidine (selective Ó1B-adrenergic antagonist), clearly displaced norepinephrine and methoxaminevasocontractile concentration-response curves to the right. Fanally, ipsapirone protected the Ó-adrenoceptors from the irreversible blockade provoked by phenoxybenzamine, as judged by thenorepinephrine contraction and stimulated phosphatidylinositil labeling. Accordingly the relaxant effect elicited by ipsapirone in aortic rings precontracted with Ó-adrenergic agonists and the protective action against blockade by phenoxybenzamine shown by this agent are proof of its ability to occupy Ó1-adrenoceptors. Specifically, Ó1A-adrenergic receptors seem to be involved in ipsapirone vascular effects, since this agent selectively relaxed aortic preparation precontracted with methoxamine and unlike chloroethylclonidine, clearly inhibited the contractile effect of this agonist. In summary, the present findings can be explained by accepting that ipsapirone may act as an antagonist at Ó1A-adrenoceptors