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Objective:To explore the influence of substance abuse history on anxiety and depression of male prisoners during their imprisonment, and its relationship with violent behavior.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 455 prisoners from October to November 2019.Self-administered personal substance abuse history questionnaires were used to collect the information on substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, and drug use). The generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7) and patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to investigate anxiety and depression.All subjects were divided into substance abuse group ( n=871) and non substance abuse group ( n=584) according to whether they had a history of substance abuse or not.SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.The statistical methods were t-test, chi square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results:(1)The scores of GAD-7 ((4.95±5.88) vs (3.35±5.33), t=-5.407, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 ((6.69±6.50) vs (4.48±5.73), t=-6.821, P<0.01) scales in the substance abuse group were higher than those in the no-substance abuse group.(2)Somatic disease( β=0.700, OR=2.014, 95% CI=1.599-2.538, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.434, OR=1.543, 95% CI=1.176-2.025, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.387, OR=1.473, 95% CI=1.154-1.880, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.372, OR=1.450, 95% CI=1.118-1.881, P<0.05) were the risk factors of anxiety among prisoners.Somatic disease( β=0.686, OR=1.986, 95% CI=1.581-2.496, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.488, OR=1.629, 95% CI=1.286-2.063, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.484, OR=1.622, 95% CI=1.260-2.089, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.344, OR=1.410, 95% CI=1.073-1.854, P<0.05) were the risk factors of depression among prisoners.(3) Years of education ≤ 9 years( β=0.900, OR=2.459, 95% CI=1.855-3.261, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.788, OR=2.199, 95% CI=1.690~2.860, P<0.05), unmarried( β=0.683, OR=1.980, 95% CI=1.421-2.759, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.308, OR=1.361, 95% CI=1.053-1.758, P<0.05), history of drug abuse( β=0.557, OR=1.745, 95% CI=1.055-2.885, P<0.05) were risk factors for violent behavior of prisoners. Conclusion:The history of substance abuse may be a risk factor for anxiety and depression of prisoners during their imprisonment.Alcohol and drug abuse are both factors influencing the occurrence of violent behavior.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between Th17 immunoregulatory system and depression and reveal the mechanism of depression from the perspective of neuroimmunity, as well to look for biomarkers that can be used to diagnose, evaluate and predict recurrence of depression.Methods:A total of 91 patients with depression including 45 first-episode patients (FED group) and 46 recurrent episodes patients (RMDD group) were collected who were admitted to Psychiatry Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March 2019 to May 2020. And 40 healthy controls matched with depression patients in age, gender and education level were collected as control group (HC group). The levels of eight inflammatory cytokines in Th17 immunoregulatory system (five pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23; three anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β1, IL-10, and IL-27) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hamilton depression scale-24 (HAMD-24) was used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms. Data analyses were performed with SPSS 23.0.Two independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test were used for comparison between groups. Results:(1) Comparison of FED group, RMDD group and HC group showed that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (5.321(1.317, 21.287)ng/L, 11.277(4.315, 26.167) ng/L, 8.126(1.179, 9.287) ng/L), IL-6(7.787(2.077, 16.778) ng/L, 5.290(2.364.14.475) ng/L, 4.389(1.453, 4.491) ng/L), IL-21 (6.777(6.293, 9.198) ng/L, 7.261(6.293, 25.058)ng/L, 5.097(3.033, 6.507) ng/L) and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 (59.098(13.491, 125.368) ng/L, 46.230(18.852, 122.559) ng/L, 25.292(2.716, 31.874) ng/L), IL-10 (226.930(105.117, 449.444) ng/L, 193.929(109.014, 468.269) ng/L, 131.429(77.587, 157.497) ng/L) and IL-27 (0.968(0.651, 1.879)ng/L, 1.859(0.690, 6.221) ng/L, 0.865(0.679, 1.287)ng/L) in plasma were statistically different( H=7.219, 9.482, 18.989, 16.166, 11.511, 6.262, all P<0.05), while the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A (2.175(1.031, 7.975)ng/L, 3.576(1.896, 11.611)ng/L, 3.807(1.301, 4.710)ng/L)and IL-23 (15.708(2.898, 114.175) ng/L, 26.893(9.282, 58.592) ng/L, 17.041(5.027, 23.613)ng/L) were not statistically significant ( H=2.179, 4.305, both P>0.05). Further pairwise comparisons showed that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-21 and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 in plasma of FED group were higher than those of HC group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-21 and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-27 in RMDD group were higher than those in HC group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the eight inflammatory cytokines between FED group and RMDD group (all P>0.05). (2) Spearman correlation analysis showed that IL-1β was positively correlated with total score of HAMD-24 ( r=0.286, P<0.05). IL-6 was positively correlated with total score of HAMD-24 and factor score of anxiety or somatization ( r=0.390, 0.291, both P<0.05). TGF-β1 was negatively correlated with total score of HAMD-24 and factor scores of anxiety or somatization and cognitive impairment ( r=-4.200, -0.321, - 0.361, all P<0.05). IL-21 was positively correlated with factor score of sleep ( r=0.319, P<0.05); IL-10 was negatively correlated with total score of HAMD-24 and factor score of cognitive impairment ( r=-0.306, - 0.270, both P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between other inflammatory cytokines and total score of HAMD-24 and seven factor scores (all P>0.05). Conclusion:There is an imbalance in pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines of Th17 immunoregulatory system in patients with depression, which is more obvious in recurrent episodes patients.The level of immune activation of Th17 immunoregulatory system may be associated with the severity of clinical symptoms, in which the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 may be a biomarker of major depressive disorder; TGF-β1 and IL-21 may be associated with depressive cognitive impairment and sleep.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between somatic symptoms of major depressive disorder(MDD)and cortisol(COR) rhythm, C-reactive protein(CRP) and other immune-metabolism-related indicators, and understand its mechanism from the perspective of endocrine and immune regulation.Methods:A case-control study was conducted in hospitalized patients with MDD who met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.According to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15), PHQ-15 ≥10 were classified as the somatic major depressive disorder group(S-MDD group) and 73 patients were enrolled.PHQ-15 <5 was classified as the non-somatic depressive disorder group (NS-MDD group) and 70 patients were enrolled.Plasma cortisol (COR8, COR16 and COR24) levels were measured at 8∶00, 16∶00 and 24∶00 on the same day, plasma CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, serum uric acid (UA), blood glucose (GLU), blood lipid (TC, TG, HDL, LDL) level were detected at 8∶00.Independent sample t test, non-parametric test, chi-square test, repeated ANOVA, covariance analysis, and multivariate Logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results:①Time effect, grouping effect and the interaction effect of the time and grouping in the level of COR were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Covariance analysis excluded age as an influential factor, COR16, AUC(total cortisol output/area under the curve, AUC) and COR8-16 in S-MDD group ((90.50±40.57)μg/L, (1 425.12±564.78), (-6.43±5.76))were higher than those in NS-MDD group((68.74±31.51)μg/L, (1 251.57±456.61), (-8.77±5.48)), and the difference was statistically significant ( F=8.971, 4.320, 8.731, P<0.05). ②CRP in S-MDD group ((1.41±1.06)mg/L) were higher than that in NS-MDD group((0.61±0.53)mg/L), and the difference was statistically significant ( F=25.436, P<0.05). The proportion of patients with higher CRP level(CRP≥1 mg/L) in S-MDD group(58%) was higher than that in NS-MDD group(23%), and the difference was statistically significant(χ 2=17.824, P<0.01). ③Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that CRP ( OR=4.953, 95% CI: 2.407-10.193), COR8-16 ( OR=3.451, 95% CI: 1.380-8.633) were main risk factors of somatic symptoms of MDD ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Cortisol rhythm disturbance and high CRP level may be the biological basis of somatic symptoms in patients with MDD.
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Objective To explore the psychological process of cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent major depression disorder (MDD). Methods Patients with first-episode (n=30) and recurrent MDD (n=68) in the outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from Sep-tember 2016 to December 2017 were collected and healthy controls(n=30) were collected at the same time. According to HAMD-24 score,the group with recurrent attacks was further divided into recurrent attacks-on-set period (n=35) and recurrent attacks-remission period (n=33). All subjects were tested for cognitive function by MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery( MCCB). Results (1) In terms of cognitive function assessment,the scores of information processing speed ( 41. 27 ± 8. 44, 37. 00 ± 11. 68), working memory (40. 53±10. 33,41. 26±9. 37),attention/alertness ( 40. 50± 7. 25,39. 58± 8. 23),word learning ( 38. 83± 8. 39,38. 84±9. 57),visual memory(39. 30±14. 03,37. 57±10. 42),reasoning and problem solving(37. 80± 9. 55,38. 78±8. 66),and social cognition (34. 63± 9. 66) in the first-episode group and the recurrent group were lower than those in the control group ( information processing speed ( 48. 23±7. 63),working memory (50. 57±7. 84),attention/alertness (51. 63±7. 41),word learning (45. 57±9. 55),visual memory (50. 57± 8. 42),reasoning and problem solving (50. 03±9. 87) and social cognition (47. 90±19. 01)) (F=12. 818, 12. 173,26. 166,6. 004,15. 085,18. 331,10. 218,P<0. 05); (2) In working memory and social cognition, the difference was statistically significant in the first-episode group,repeated attacks-episodes(working mem-ory:37. 89±9. 15,social cognition:28. 48± 8. 35) and recurrent group-remission( working memory:44. 85± 8. 32,social cognition:40. 44 ± 11. 36, P=0. 010,0. 001). Further comparisons revealed that the score of working memory in repeated attacks-episodes was lower than that in recurrent group-remission (P=0. 003). the score of social cognition in the first-episode group was higher than that in the recurrent-attack period group (P=0. 038). The score of social cognition in the recurrent group-remission was higher than that in re-current-attack period group (P<0. 01). Conclusion There is cognitive impairment in the first episode and the recurrence MDD. The impairment in the recurrent episode is more serious than that in the first episode of depression. The impairment of social cognitive in the recurrent attacks-episodes is more serious than that in the first-episode of depression.
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Objective To explore the relationship between anxious depression and cortisol rhythm disorder and influencing factors of immune metabolism. And to look for biological markers that can be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment of anxious depression. Methods Totally 43 patients with anxious depres-sion(A-MDD group) and 44 patients with non-anxious depression matched by sex,age and years of education (NA-MDD group)were recruited. Electrochemiluminescence was used to detect the plasma levels of adreno-corticotropic hormone(ACTH),cortisol(COR),c-reactive protein(CRP) and IL-6. Automatic biochemical a-nalysis was used to detect plasma total TC,TG,HDL and LDL. Using logistic regression analysis to discuss the influencing factors of anxiety depression. Results The comparison between the two group showed that the age of first onset,BMI and SBP in the A-MDD group((35. 15±11. 56),(24. 11±3. 03)kg/m2,(130. 09 ±13. 33)mmHg) were significantly higher than those in the NA-MDD group((31. 34± 14. 08),( 22. 70± 3. 19)kg/m2,( 121. 89±12. 49)mmHg)(t=2. 631,2. 009,2. 964,all P<0. 05). The HAMD score and the factor scores of cognitive impairment,change of day and night,delay,sleep disorder and feeling of despair in the A-MDD group((31. 81±5. 39),(8. 03±3. 00),(1. 17±0. 70),(6. 88±1. 93),(4. 44±1. 44),(4. 67± 2. 37)) were significantly higher than those in the NA-MDD group((25. 25±5. 017),(3. 87±3. 12),(0. 79 ±0. 78),(4. 64±2. 22),(3. 34±1. 54),(3. 61±2. 02))(t=2. 297,6. 524,2. 505,5. 210,3. 452,2. 421,all P<0. 05). The plasma TG,CRP and IL-6 levels in the A-MDD group((1. 63±1. 11)mmol/L,(1. 20±0. 77) mg/L,(3. 54±1. 90) pg/L) were significantly higher than those in the NA-MDD group (( 1. 19 ± 0. 66) mmol/L,(0. 933±0. 89)mg/L,(2. 65±1. 34)pg/L) (t=2. 254,2. 250,2. 352,all P<0. 05). The incidence of cortisol disturbance was 72% in the A-MDD group,and 48% in the NA-MDD group,and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5. 369 P=0. 020). Multivariate Logistic regression found that sleep disorder (β=0. 729,OR=2. 072,95%CI=1. 018-3. 119),IL-6(β=0. 583,OR=1. 792,95%CI=1. 168-2. 748),cog-nitive impairment (β=0. 099,OR=1. 104,95% CI=1. 022-1. 193),cortisol rhythm disorders(β=0. 075, OR=1. 078,95%CI=1. 014-1. 146) were the risk factors for anxious depression. Conclusion Anxious de-pression has a high incidence of cortisol rhythm disorder. The COR and IL-6 may be mediators of cortisol rhythm disorder. IL-6 and cortisol rhythm disorder together with sleep disorder and negative cognition consti-tute maybe high risk factors for anxious depression.
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Objective@#To investigate the possible role of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in cAMP signaling pathway in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder in Chinese Han population.@*Methods@#1 030 patients with recurrent major depressive disorder according to the DSM-Ⅳ criteria were recruited as case group and 851 age- and gender- matched healthy volunteers were recruited as control group.The sequenom mass spectrometry method was adopted to explore the genotype and allele frequency distributions of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms of cAMP signaling pathway in the two groups.@*Results@#The differences of genotype and allele frequencies of the ADCY7 gene loci rs1064448 and HTR2A gene loci rs17068986 were significant between case group and control group(P<0.05). The difference of the genotype frequencies(492∶423∶112, 356∶401∶91; 538∶392∶94, 414∶371∶61; 24∶165∶838, 3∶150∶694; 219∶468∶337, 139∶418∶237; 153∶481∶393, 115∶446∶286; 53∶286∶688, 25∶296∶524)of the ADCY9 gene loci rs2531995, BDNF gene loci rs10835210, rs7124442, CREB1 gene loci 4675690, rs2551645 and the HTR2A gene loci rs3125 were significant in case-control group(P<0.05); while the rest tagSNPs had no statistical difference in genotype and allele distribution frequencies in case-control group(P>0.05). In gender-specific analyses, the differences of the genotype and allele frequencies of the ADCY7 gene loci rs106448 and CREB1 gene loci rs2551645 were significant in male case-control group(P<0.05); the differences of the genotype(195∶177∶49, 193∶423∶41; 221∶158∶42, 237∶201∶28; 83∶188∶148, 85∶237∶122; 24∶113∶284, 10∶176∶281)of the ADCY9 gene loci rs2531995, BDNF gene loci rs10835210, CREB1 gene loci rs4675690, and HTR2A gene loci rs3125 were significant in male case-control group(P<0.05); while the rest tagSNPs had no statistical difference in genotype and allele distribution frequencies in male case-control group(P>0.05). The differences of the genotype and allele frequencies of the ADCY7 gene loci rs1064448 and HTR2A gene loci rs17068986 were significant in female case-control group(P<0.05). The differences of the genotype(16∶94∶497, 1∶73∶308; 136∶280∶189, 54∶181∶115)of the BDNF gene loci rs7124442 and CREB1 gene loci rs4675690 were significant in female case-control group(P<0.05). The differences of the allele frequencies(840: 372, 493: 267) of the ADCY9 gene loci rs2531995 were significant in female case-control group(P<0.05), while the rest tagSNPs had no statistical difference in genotype and allele distribution frequencies in female case-control group(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#The ADCY7 gene loci rs1064448 and CREB1 gene loci rs4675690 are associated with recurrent major depressive disorder in Chinese Han population.
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Objective To explore whether the norepinephrine transporter(NET) gene T-182C and G1287A polymorphisms are involved in the etiology of schizophrenics among the Chinese Han population.Methods 249 schizophrenics(case group) and 309 healthy physical examiners(control group) of the Chinese Han population were collected.Ligase detection reaction was used to detect the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of NET rs2242446 and rs5569 polymorphisms in the two groups.The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of these two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were also compared in the case and control groups.Results In the case group,the TF genotype of the NET gene loci rs2242446 was the most,48.6％,and the CC genotype of which was the least,8.4％.In the control group,the CT genotype was the most,47.9％,and the C C genotype was the least,11.3％,the minimum allele frequency was 29.9％.In the case group,the GG genotype of the NET gene loci rs5569 was the most,46.2％,and the CC genotype was the least,9.6％.In the control group,GG genotype was the most,51.5％,and the AA genotype was the least,10.3％,and the minimum allele frequency was 29.4％.No significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution of NET rs2242446 and rs5569 were found in Chinese-Han patients with schizophrenia and control participants (all P＞ 0.05).In gender-specific analyses,similarly,no significant differences were found for rs2242446 and rs5569 genotype and allele distributions in either the male or the female case-control comparisons (all P＞ 0.05).Conclusion The NET rs2242446 and rs5569 polymorphisms are not associated with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population.
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Objective To investigate the interactions between cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 (CREB 1) gene polymorphisms (rs889895,rs3770704,rs2551645,rs4675690) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms (rs7124442,rs 10835210) and the association with recurrent major depressive disorder.Methods The blood samples were taken from 768 recurrent major depressive disorder patients and 511 healthy controls.The DNA was isolated from blood samples and was detected by SNP Sequenom Mass Array analysis.Chi-square test was used to compare differences in the frequency distribution of alleles and genotype between depression and controls.The generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method was used to analyze the gene-gene interaction.Binary logistic regression was used to verify the optimal model.Results After adjusting the factors of sex and age,the GMDR analysis showed rs10835210 was the optimal model.In this model,the testing balanced accuracy was 0.5319 and cross-validation consistency value was 10/10.And rs10835210 had a statistically significant effect on the risk of recurrent major depressive disorder(P=0.0107).There was no significant gene-gene interaction of five tag SNPs on recurrent major depressive disorder(P＞0.05).Binary logistic regression analysis showed the AC contributed to a significantly lower risk of recurrent major depressive disorder than did the CC (OR =0.772,95％ CI=0.608-0.980,P=0.033).It was failed to find the genetic polymorphism of CREB1 rs889895.Conclusion BDNF rs10835210 may be one of the biological markers of recurrent major depressive disorder.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore whether or not the antidepressant actions of fluoxetine [FLX] are correlated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 [ERK1/2] and nuclear factor k-light chain enhancer of activated B cells [NF-kB] in the hippocampus [HC] and prefrontal cortex [PFC] of rats
Materials and Methods: A total of 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 18 rats each. Group 1 was the control group, while group 2 comprised the depressed model in which rats were subjected to 28 days of forced-swimming stress [FST]; groups 3-6 were also subjected to 28 days of FST and treated with FLX once a day for 1 day [group 3; F1d], 1 week [group 4; F1w], 2 weeks [group 5; F2w], or 4 weeks [group 6; F4w]. The control group was not subjected to FST or treated with FLX. Behavior tests that included the Morris water maze [MWM] and sac- charin preference were performed, and ERK1/2 and NF-kB proteins were assayed using Western blot
Results: The rats in the control group and in groups 5 and 6 [F2w and F4w, respectively] had a significantly shorter average escape latency, needed more attempts in order to successfully cross the platform, and had a greater saccharin preference than those in the depressed group [p < 0.05]. In the depressed group, the phosphorylated ERK1/2 [p-ERK1/2] and phosphorylated NF-kB [p-NF-kB] expression in the HC and PFC were lower than in the control group [p < 0.05]. Treatment with FLX reversed the changes in the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-NF-kB in rats in the F2w and F4w groups
Conclusions: In this study, FLX treatment for 2 weeks or longer reversed the impaired spatial learning, memory, and anhedonia observed in the depressed model rats and upregulated the activities of the ERK1/2-NF-kB signaling pathway
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Objective To explore wbether there is an association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of phosphodiestierase-4A (PDE4A) and bipolar disorder in Han population.Methods A casecontrol association study was done in this study,432 bipolar disorder patients(patients group),and 569 age and gender-matched controls(control group)were recruited.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect genotypes and alleles distributive frequency of rs1051738 and rs7256672 of 432 bipolar disorder patients and 569 normal people.Results The PDE4A rs1051738 genotypes and alleles frequency distribution between patients group(AA,AC,CC genotypes:12％,8％,80％,A,C alleles:16％,84％) and control group (AA,AC,CC genotypes:2％,19％,79％,A,C alleles:12％,88％) showed statistically significance (P＜ 0.01).The frequency of PDE4A rs7256672 genotypes and alleles distribution between patients group(GG,GT,TT genotypes:18％,50％,32％,G,T alleles:43％,57％) and control group (GG,GT,TT genotypes:20％,48％,32％,G,T alleles:45％,55％)showed no significant difference(P=0.620,P=0.446).Conclusion The PDE4A rs1051738 polymorphism may be responsible for an increase in susceptibility to bipolar disorder,indicating that it maybe a functional site with marked significance to bipolar disorder.
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Objective To explore whether there is association between the polymorphisms of serotonin 2A receptor(5-HT2A) rs6311,rs6305 and adenylate cyclase rs2230739 with episode of bipolar disorder.Methods A case-control association study was done in this study,152 bipolar disorder patients (patients group),and 187 ageand gender-matched controls (control group) were recruited.Ligase detection reaction(LDR) was used to detect the distributive frequency of rs6311,rs6305 and rs2230739 of 152 bipolar disorder patients and 187 normal people.Results The 5-HT2A receptor rs6311 genotypes and alleles frequency distribution between patients group(11,12,22 genotypes:21％,61％,18％ ; 1,2 alleles:51％,49％) and control group(11,12,22 genotypes:44％,45％,11％ ; 1,2 alleles:66％,34％) showed statistically significance (P＜0.01).There were no differences of 5-HT2A receptor rs6305 genotypes and alleles between patients group and control group.The frequency of rs2230739 genotypes and alleles distribution between patients group (11,12,22 genotypes: 20％,43％,37％ ; 1,2 alleles: 42％,58％) and control group(11,12,22 genotypes: 17％,48％,35％ ; 1,2 alleles: 41％,59％) showed no significant difference(P=0.661,P=0.846).Conclusion The 5-HT2A receptor rs6311 polymorphism may be responsible for an increase in susceptibility to bipolar disorder,indicating that it maybe an marker to bipolar disorder.
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Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of oxygen inhalation combined with relaxation training on patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Methods A total of 188 GAD patients were divided into the study group and the control group randomly.The two groups were treated with conventional antianxiety drugs (paroxetine),in addition to conventional medical therapy.The study group was aided with oxygen inhalation and relaxation training,the control group was given benzodiazepine.The scores of Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA),global improvement(GI) [ a part of clinical global impression (CGI) ],and treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) were used to evaluate clinical effects and adverse reactions before and after 4-week treatment.The indexes of breathing,heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated before and after treatment.Results The scores of HAMA scale and GI in the two groups were significantly different after treatment( P ＜ 0.05 ),and the study group changed significantly( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ). The adverse reactions of the two groups were slight,there was no significant difference of TESS before and after treatment ( P ＞ 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in terms of breathing,heart rate and blood pressure between the two groups before treatment( P ＞ 0.05 ),but were all lower after treatment the study group changed more apparently and significantly(P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Based on conventional drugs treatment oxygen inhalation combined with relaxation training could improve anxiety and somatization rapidly,there was no obvious adverse reaction and the patients compliance was good,so the treatment was worth to use in clinic.
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The oral administration of bioactive macromolecular drugs such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids represents unprecedented challenges from the drug delivery point of view. One key consideration is how to overcome the gastrointestinal tract absorption barrier. Recent studies suggest that microfold cell (M cell), a kind of specialized antigen-sampling epithelial cell which is characterized by a high endocytic rate and low degradation ability, may play an important role in macromolecule oral absorption. The development of an in vitro M cell coculture system and its modified models greatly advanced the study of M cells and the development of oral delivery system for macromolecular drugs. The special structure, function and formation characteristics, and biomarkers of M cell are summarized in this review. The applications of in vitro M cell models in developing oral delivery system ofbioactive macromolecular drugs are discussed.
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Objective To measure the correlation between the levels of blood serum nitric oxide(NO) ,the activity of nitric oxide synthetase(NOS) and depression.Methods 136 patients with depression were diagnosed by CCMD-3 and 120 healthy control subjects were included in the study.NO and NOS levels in blood serum of both groups were tested, and the variation of NO and NOS between the two groups were compared.Results The blood se-rum NO levels[ (70.05±10.34)μmol/L w.(67.17±16.52) μmol/L] and the activity of NOS [(29.49±5.12)U/L vs.(26.99±2.87) U/L] in the patients with depression were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The blood serum NO levels and the activity NOS in the treatment patients was lower than the oth-er patients[(74.42±8.80) μmol/L vs.(78.81±12.28) μmol/L;(27.71±5.46)U/L vs.( 30.49±4.65 )U/L,P <0.05].Conclusion The blood serum NO levels and the activity of NOS increase in the patients with de-pression.NO might be involved in the pathogenesis of depression.The antidepressants might descend the NO levels so to relieving depression.
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Objective: To explore the relationships of personality characteristics, Anxiety trait, and general self-efficacy with anxiety disorders. Methods: By case-matched study, 144 patients with anxiety disorders and 144 normal controls were administered the Emotional Problems Factor of Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory II (CPAI2-E), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and General Self-efficacy Scale. Results: ①The scores of patients with anxiety disorders were higher than those of the normal controls in CPAI2-E (P
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Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of Emotional Problems Factor of Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory II(CPAI2-E).Methods:Item analysis of the test was carried out;internal consistency reliability, retest reliability and structure validity, differential validity were examined.Results:①Through factor analysis, 20 subordinate factors were got.②The Cronbach ? coefficient of the total was 0.948 and each factor ranged from 0.755 to 0.896;re-test reliability of the total test was 0.718.Conclusion:CPAI2-E can be used as an effective and reliable tool for assessing anxiety disorders.
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BACKGROUND: As indicated by experiments on animal, cytokine has regulatory effects on sleep. Clinical research has found abnormal level of cytokine in patients with depression. Sleep rhythm disorder is a common symptom of depression; however, the relationship between cytokine and sleep has hardly been conducted at home and abroad.OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between abnormal level of cytokine and clinical characteristics of sleep disorder so as to provide theoretical basis for early intervention and functional detection of sleep disorder in patients with depression.DESIGN: A case-controlled study using the patients with depression as the subjects and normal persons as the controls.SETTING: Two wards of the Department of Psychiatry of a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: The study was completed in the Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College. The subjects in this study were divided into depression group and control group. The patients in depression group were hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from September 2001 to December 2001. Inclusion International Classification of Diseases(10th edition) and Chinese Classifiliver function, electrocardiography and kidney function examination were quilizer or lithium salt were used in the past year; had the history of alcohol Had endocrine, heart, liver and kidney diseases and other serious somatic diseases. The 35 patients who met the above criteria were 14 males and 21females aged from 18 to 60 years with the average age of(36 ± 12) years in the depression group. In the control group there were 13 males and 17 females aged from 19 to 60 years with the average age of(34 ± 10)years.METHODS: The levels of plasma interleukin-2(IL-2) and solute interleukin-2 receptor(sIL-2R) were detected with enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay.disorder in patients with depression.RESULTS: The level of plasma IL-2 in the depression group(77.92± 36.85) pg/L was lower than that of the normal control group (98.98± 30. 72 ) pg/L( t = 2. 446, P ＜ 0.05). Moreover, IL-2 level was positively correlated to depth of sleep level( r = 0. 364, P ＜ 0. 05) . No significant difference in sIL-2R level was found between the two groups( P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The development of sleep disorder in patients with depression may be related with the level of cytokine, and the decrease of IL-2level can be the neurobiological basis of sleep level in depression.
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0.05), but each gene expression level was higher in schizophrenic or siblings than in normal controls(P0.05), and the correlation between the gene expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? were significant in all groups(r=0.847 or 0.942, P
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0.05), but each gene expression level was higher in schizophrenic or siblings than in normal controls (P