A Comprehensive Review on Cytoskeletal Organization and Its Interaction with Polysaccharides and Enzymes during Primary Cell Wall Development

A well-coordinated process is required to construct a complicated structure like the cell wall, which consists of several elements that must be joined appropriately from various sources inside the cell. In order to successfully moderate dynamic responses to developmental and environmental signals, further complexity is necessary. The plasma membrane is continually and actively transporting sugars, enzymes, and other cell wall elements throughout diffused development. Actin filaments and microtubules make up the cytoskeletal pathways used to transport cell wall elements in vesicles during cell division. In addition to these elements, other proteins, vesicles and lipids are transported from and to the cell plate while cytokinesis occurs. Adding additional cell wall material or building a new cell wall requires a rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, which we examine in this review first. We next look at the commonalities between these two processes. Our next topic is the transport of cell wall-building polysaccharides and enzymes via motor proteins and other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Final thoughts on cytokinesis-generated cell walls include a look at some of their unique properties.

Modified retrorectus procedure for repair of midline incisional hernias

Background: Incisional hernias develop after abdominal operations. Primary closure procedures carry high recurrence rates. Prosthetic repairs with different modifications have reduced the recurrence rates and are the procedures of choice for incisional hernia repair.Methods: Our study is a prospective study conducted on 30 patients of midline incisional hernia. Hernia repair was done by modified retrorectus technique with in which the mesh is placed between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath.Results: In our study, the hernia defect ranged from 25-40 cm2.The mesh size used ranged from 15×15 to 30×20 cm. Mean duration of hospital stay was 9.9±2.3 days. Operative time ranged from 90-150 minutes. Follow up period ranged from 3-15 months. There were no post-operative complications in 73.3% cases. Seroma formation occurred in 10% cases and wound infection was seen in 10% cases. One patient developed mesh infection which required partial removal of mesh. There was no recurrence, no mortality, no bowel injury or adhesion obstruction. Wound related complications and morbidity was higher in patients with risk factors and comorbidities like diabetes, obesity, anaemia, COPD, hypoalbuminemia and patients on steroids.Conclusions: The retrorectus technique for the repair of midline incisional hernia using polypropylene mesh is a safe and durable procedure with excellent long-term results, minimal comorbidities and least recurrence rates and is an open procedure of choice for the repair of large incisional hernias.

Histological development of human foetal shoulder joint.

Background: Shoulder joint is a multiaxial, diarthrodial joint of ball and socket variety. The various components of shoulder joint i.e. capsule, various ligaments, joint cavity and synovial tissue start developing in early embryonic and foetal life roughly in between 6th to 12th week of foetal development. The present study aims to analyze the sequences of development of various structures of shoulder joint in human embryo and compare the findings with other observers to gain some insight regarding its development and an attempt is made to correlate these observations clinically to analyze cause and management of recurrent shoulder dislocations. Methods: Shoulder joints of 32 foetuses collected from areas in and around Jammu were dissected properly and decalcified in Gooding and Stewart’s solution. Sections were cut after obtaining blocks by paraffin wax embedding method. Slides were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s trichrome and orcein staining and important findings were documented. Results: The bony structures - head of humerus and glenoid fossa and joint cavity appear by 10 weeks which prolongs into bicipital sulcus by 12-1/2 weeks. Synovial tissue appears by 10 weeks and synovial villi appear by 14 weeks. Glenoid labrum, capsular ligament, coracohumeral ligament and superior glenohumeral ligament are seen by 10 weeks. Middle glenohumeral ligament is seen at 12-1/2 weeks while inferior glenohumeral ligament is seen at 14 weeks. Tendon of biceps is seen at 10 weeks. Conclusions: By 10 weeks of gestational age various structures of shoulder joint develop in situ, resembling in form and arrangement as those of adults. From these early stages, development proceeds rapidly to achieve adult characteristics. There are no intermediate stages in between where structures similar to those of lower forms i.e. syn/amphi artroses appear temporarily.

Therapeutic evaluation of kalonji [nigella sativa] in dyslipidemia - a randomized control trial

Dyslipidemia is one of the most common risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. An increased level of cholesterol is responsible for atherogenesis, which ultimately leads to the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases. According to a survey report, 36.3% patients are dyslipidemic; therefore, the problem is increasing day by day as a huge cause of morbidity and carries economic burden for society. These days, dyslipidemia is treated using lipid-lowering agents with lifestyle intervention; however, lipid-lowering agents produce various side effects. In Unani system of medicine, several drugs are used as lipid-lowering agents, which are comparatively safe. However, such drugs are still not validated on scientific parameters. Thus, a clinical trial was conducted with the objective to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Unani drugs in the management of dyslipidemia. The study was designed as single-blind, randomized with standard control. Thirty patients of dyslipidemia were selected and randomly assigned to control and test groups, the test group comprising 20 patients and the control group comprising 10. The test group received the powder of Kalonji in the form of capsule [two capsules twice a day] and the control group received Lipotab[R] [two tablets once a day for 60 days]. All the patients were assessed on subjective and objective parameters. The result was analyzed statistically using appropriate statistical tests. The test drug shows significant results on few subjective and objective parameters in comparison to the control drug. Overall, improvement was observed in the test group without any clinically and statistically significant side effects or toxicity. The compliance to the treatment was found good. The study revealed that the comparative analyses of both test and control drugs were not statistically significant, but improvements in subjective and objective parameters were present in both groups

Effect of rosuvastatin on obesity-induced cardiac oxidative stress in Wistar rats—A preliminary study.

The prevalence of obesity has been rising alarmingly and it has now become a global concern causing an enormous economic burden on the health care system. Obesity is generally linked to complications in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg, po) on obesity-induced oxidative stress in high fat-fed Wistar rats. Oral administration of rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 21 days along with high fat diet brought about significant elevation in serum high density lipoprotein and cardiac antioxidant enzymes levels (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase-, glutathione reductase- and glutathione-S-transferase) while decreasing in serum lactate dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein-B, lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and atherogenic index) and cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels. The results were comparable with orlistat, a standard antiobesity drug. These preliminary results for the first time demonstrate that administration of rosuvastatin can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in high fat-fed Wistar rats.

Gabapentin for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of Gabapentin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Anticonvulsant drugs are regarded as useful treatment of neuropathic pain. In this study the efficacy and side effects of Gabapentin in comparison with Carbamazepine for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia were evaluated. The study was interventional and cross over comparison. Fifty six patients with Trigeminal neuralgia were administered Gabapentin in comparison to fifty seven control group with Carbamazepine. The clinical trial comprised of two phases of 4 weeks each with three days of washout period. The final titration dose for Gabapentin was 900mg and Carbamazepine 1200mg. the efficacy of these medications was determined by visual analogue scale [VAS] and side effects were recorded through marking of profiles encountered on initiation as well as termination of each of two phase of clinical trial. The Gabapentin benefited 55% [31/56] of the patients with pain relief [p<0.05] in contrast to 50% [29/57] who obtained relief of pain from Carbamazepine as control on visual analogue scale assessment. It was concluded that Gabapentin is more effective and safer drug for the treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Prevalence of chronic orofacial pain in a clinical sample

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of patients suffering from chronic orofacial pain but did not respond to any conventional therapy and therefore were referred to the Department of Oral Medicine, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. One hundred and eighty nine patients with overage age 39 years with persistent orofacial pain were recruited in this study. [135 females and 54 males]. The differential diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical examination and by applying the criteria laid down by International Association for the Diagnosis of Pain. Analysis showed the following results; Patients suffering from tempo mandibular disorders [TMD] 72[38%], trigeminal neuralgia [TN] 45 [23%], burning mouth syndrome 24[12.6%], atypical facial pain 18[9.5%] Dental pain 15[7.9%], tension type headache 6[3.17%], oro pharyngeal tumors 9[4.7%]. After diagnosis the patients showed relief from pain when appropriate treatment was provided except nine patients which were suffering from tumor

association between oral lichen planus and HCV infection

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible epidemiological relationship between Oral Lichen Planus [OLP] and Hepatitis C Virus [HCV] infection in Peshawar. This case control study was conducted on three groups of patients who were investigated for HCV infection. Group I [78 Patients clinically and histological confirmed OLP were tested for HCV infection.Group II [78 Patients] control group seeking treatment for other mucosal lesions were screened for HCV infection. Group III [1809 patients] volunteers control group consisted of healthy persons who came to Khyber college of dentistry, Peshawar for dental treatment were also screened for HCV infection. In group I, 1[1.28%] patients were found HCV positive with age range of 30-65 years. In group II, 2 [2.86%] patients were HCV positive while in group III, 56[3.09%] patients were HCV positive. The weak association between OLP and HCV infection was seen in these patients. The result was not significant in the participants P>0.05. This study suggested that no clear relationship could be established between OLP and HCV infection in Peshawar

Vitamin B12 for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis

The purpose of this study was to confirm the beneficial effects of Vitamin 12 in the treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. This study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar on 65 patients suffering from Recurrent Aphthous stomatitis. The patients were randomly divided in to two groups A sublingual dose of Vitamin B12 500 mcg and 1000 mcg was administered to the two groups for 6 months. There were 35 patients in Group-I who were given l000mcg Vitamin B 12 sublingually while in Group-II, 30 patients were given 500 mcg Vitamin B 12 sublingually for 6 months at bed time. The parameter has been recorded in each group on monthly basis for 6 months. The level, duration of pain, the number of outbreak and the size of ulcer was considerably reduced in patients who were treated with Vitamin B 12 l000mcg irrespective of blood Vitamin 12 level as compared to patients taking 500 mcg Vitamin B 12. There was no Recurrent Aphthous stomatitis in Group-I at the end of 6 months while in Group-II there was 30% relief. Thus Vitamin B 12 1 000 mcg sublingually in the treatment of Recurrent Aphthous ulceration is a safe, effective, inexpensive and low risk treatment regardless of serum Vitamin B 12 level in the blood

Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus and triamcinolone acetonide ointment - a comparative study

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical Tacrolimus ointment with that of Triamcinolone Acetonide ointment on patients suffering from oral lichen planus. A total of sixty patients [53 females and 07 males, means age 48 years; 30 patients per groups] were treated with Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppresor drug and Triamcinolone acetonide for three months in a randomized clinical trial. Thirty patients [group 1] were treated with topical Tacrolimus [0.1%, 0.003%] ointment four times daily and thirty patients [group II] were treated with Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% ointment four times daily. The clinical effects were graded after 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment. Visual analogue scale 0-10 was used to access the severity of pain before and after treatment. In group 1, Sixteen patients showed healed lesion, 10 showed improvement and 4 showed no improvement. In group II, 5 were healed, 9 patients showed 50% improvement and 16 showed no improvement. No side effects of these drugs were reported in these patients. Topical tacrolimus ointment induced a better initial therapeutic response than Triamcinolone acetonide ointment. However, relapse occured in 12 cases within 6-8 weeks of the cessation of the therapy

Nano-composition of riboflavin-nafion functional film and its application in biosensing.

A novel nafion-riboflavin membrane was constructed and characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric techniques. The estimated average diameter of the designed nanoparticles was about 60 nm. The functional membrane showed a quasi-reversible electrochemical behaviour with a formal potential of -562 +/- 5 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) on the gold electrode. Some electrochemical parameters were estimated, indicating that the system has good and stable electron transfer properties. Moreover, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on the riboflavin-nafion functional membrane. The electrochemical behaviour of HRP was quasi-reversible with a formal potential of 80 +/- 5 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). The HRP in the film exhibited good catalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2. It shows a linear dependence of its cathodic peak current on the concentration of H2O2, ranging from 10 to 300 (micro)M.

Electrochemical investigation of the effect of some organic phosphates on haemoglobin.

The effects of DPG,IHP,GTP,GDP and GMP on the structure and stability of haemoglobin were electrochemically investigated with an iodide-modified silver electrode in 0.01 M KNO 3 at pH 7.0.Anodic and cathodic peaks of haemoglobin were observed at 250 mV and 12 mV with a formal potential value of 133 mV vs.Ag/AgCl.The effects of different concentrations of DPG,IHP,GTP,GDP and GMP on the anaerobic redox reaction were determined. The results showed that DPG and IHP can lead to a positive shift in the reduction peak of haemoglobin,indicating that the oxidation peak shift of haemoglobin was small as a result of stabilization of the reduced state and destabilization of the R-like state of haemoglobin.GTP elicited a more positive shift in the cathodic and anodic peaks of haemoglobin at a higher concentration,signifying that it has a low-affinity binding site on haemoglobin.The positive shift of the cathodic and anodic peaks revealed a slight variation in the structure and indicated the unfolding of haemoglobin in the presence of high concentrations of GTP.Our study also showed that GDP and GMP did not cause significant shift the cathodic and anodic peaks of haemoglobin even at high concentrations,refuting the existence of specific GDP-and GMP-binding sites on the protein.Moreover,the iodide-modified silver electrode method proved to be easy and useful in investigating the effects of ligands or other effectors on haemoglobin in solution.

Profile of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction [EHPVO] in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

To study the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with EHPVO in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan and to differentiate EHPVO from cirrhosis of liver and to see the effect on liver function tests. This is a prospective observational study conducted at Department of Gastroenterology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad.Twenty five patients of 12-55 years of age with the features of portal hypertension were included in this study. After careful history and physical examination patients were subjected for laboratory investigations including liver function test, renal function test, blood CP, PT, APTT, HbsAg and anti HCV, other specialized procedures including endoscopy, liver biopsy and ultra sound was also done in all patients. Portal vein thrombosis was the predominant cause of EHPVO, accounting for 88% of cases. All patients were presented with upper GI bleeding, splenomegaly was observed in 88% of patients. None of the patients had clinical, biochemical or liver biopsy evidence of chronic liver disease. The diagnosis of extra hepatic portal venous obstruction and differentiation from cirrhosis can be easily made by characteristic clinical features, normal liver function tests and doppler ultrasound. Portal vein thrombosis [PVT] is the predominant cause of EHPVO in Pakistani patients, as seen at this tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Early detection of typhoid by polymerase chain reaction

Typhoid is a common problem in developing countries. Cultivation of bacteria and serology [especially Widal test] give unacceptable levels of false-negative and false-positive results, respectively. Patients and In this study, a recently introduced polymerase chain reaction-based technique [which has 100% specificity for Salmonella typhi] was compared with blood culture and Widal test during the first week of illness of 82 suspected cases of typhoid. The respective figures of positivity for PCR, blood culture and Widal test were 71.95%, 34.1%, and 36.5%. A control group of 20 healthy persons gave figures of 0%, 0%, and 33.3%, respectively. We conclude that this PCR-based technique is not only absolutely specific, but also very sensitive and, therefore, much superior to blood culture and Widal test for the early diagnosis of typhoid

new technique of decortication for chronic tuberculous empyema thoracis

Postoperative lung expansion after decortication of chronic tuberculous empyema thoracis is usually delayed due to multiple air leaks resulting from separation of the firmly adherent visceral pleura. A new technique is hereby to overcome these problems

Review of upper GI endoscopies January 1987 to December 1992

4599 upper G.I. Endoscopies were performed at PIMS [Gastroenterology Unit] between January, 1987 to December, 1992 [6 years]. 2306 [50.14%] patients were male and 2293 [49.86%] female main presenting complaints were epigastric pain 1852 [40.26%] haemetemesis 750 [16.30%] dysphagia 485 [10.54%], persistent vomiting 310 [6.74%] and nonspecific dyspepsia 633 [13.76%], non acidpeptic symptoms 569 [12.37%] about 72% procedures [3351/4599] were remarkable of a definitive diagnosis. The incidence of portal hypertension was found to be higher than acidpeptic disease [APD] in the local population. The data has been analysed

Celiac disease complicated by lymphoma

Celiac disease has world wide distribution. It is caused by gluten containing substances like wheat, barley and rye. These patients present with anemia, weight loss, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Small bowel biopsy will show villus atrophy. Patients are treated with gluten free diet and histological improvement is noted. Three main complications of celiac disease are malignancy, ulcerative jejunoileitis and neuropathy. A case of celiac disease complicated by lymphoma is presented

Pseudocyst of pancreas

Pancreatic pseudocyst is an important complication of pancreatitis from any cause. Its incidence has increased from 10% to 50%. This is probably because of newer and more sensitive imaging techniques. A wide spectrum of complications have been reported to occur in patients with untreated pancreatic pseudocysts. A case of pancreatic pseudocyst complicated by intracystic haemorrhage and infection is presented