Impact of maternal self efficacy on premature discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding

Over the last few decades numerous efforts have been made by researchers to identify the factors that determine how a woman will feed her infant and, if she chooses to breastfeed, how long breastfeeding will continue. However, many known predictors are nonmodifiable demographic variables. One possible modifiable variable is breastfeeding self efficacy which refers to a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed her infant. The saliency of breastfeeding confidence for breastfeeding outcomes has been demonstrated scarcely. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of maternal self efficacy on premature discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding. The study was conducted at the El-shatby maternity hospital throughout a period of about six months, using a longitudinal analytical design on almost available [300] women who were at their first postpartum day. Tools of data collection: [1] Socio-demographic and biological data sheet concerned with characteristics of the women, [2] maternal self efficacy breast feeding Scale. The main study findings showed that, there were variations in mean and standard deviation in relation to different levels of maternal. self efficacy among exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding women at one week and four months postpartum. For example, the mean and standard deviation for poor self efficacy women were [34.25 +/- 2.27] among exclusive breastfeeding women compared to [52.28 +/- 6.38] among non-exclusive breastfeeding women at one week post partum. While the mean and standard deviation were [33.18+9.65] for poor self efficacy women exclusively breastfeed their babies compared to [140.88 +/- 24.63] for women non-exclusively breastfeed their babies at four months postpartum. There was a highly statistically significant relation between maternal self efficacy and premature discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding at one week and four months postpartum. The researcher concluded that, maternal breast feeding self-efficacy is a significant predictor of breastfeeding duration and premature discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding. It is recommended that further research is suggested to evaluate these proposed confidence-building strategies to determine if breastfeeding self-efficacy can be enhanced to alter breastfeeding outcomes

Impact of maternity nurses attitudes and beliefs toward abortion patients on physical and psychological care from the women's perspectives

Maternity nurses' attitudes and beliefs towards abortion may remain as a potential obstacle to timely prompt, accurate and easily accessible abortion care. Therefore, the aim of study was to identify the impact of maternity nurses' attitude and beliefs toward abortion on physical and psychological care from the women's perspectives. the study was conducted at the El-shatby maternity hospital throughout a period of three months, using a cross-sectional analytical design on almost available [3o] maternity nurses who are working on abortion ward and [100] women who were recently undergoing abortion. Tools of data collection: [1] Socio-demographic and biological data sheet concerned with characteristics of both the maternity nurses and the women, [2] Abortion Attitude Scale, [3] Belief-based attitude scale and [4] Interviewing data sheet to elicit data about Physical and Psychological Care of abortion. The main study findings showed that, there were no significant associations between the maternity nurses' core attitude toward abortion for reasoning of protecting the women health and the main physical and psychological care provided for them in accordance with their perspectives. Meanwhile, there is significant association between previously identified attitude and one of main psychological care However, there is significant association between the nurses' believe toward abortion for the reasoning of unwanted child and the one of principal physical care. Moreover, there is highly significant association between the nurses' believe toward abortion for the reasoning of protecting women life and principal psychological care. Moreover, the study concluded that, there are significant associations between some of maternity nurses' main attitudes and believes and principal of both physical and psychological care from women's perspectives. In the light of the study results, it is recommended that further research is suggested to study quality of abortion care standards and the patient overall satisfaction regarding the care provided

Effect of two pushing techniques [Valsalva's maneuver and spontaneous pushing] during the second stage of labor on maternal and neonatal conditions as well as the progress of labor in nulliparous women

The second stage of labor has provided debates concerning when maternal pushing efforts should begin and how long they should last for, in order to safeguard maternal and neonatal wellbeing. Therefore, the aim of study was to contrast the effect of two pushing techniques [Valsalva's Maneuver and Spontaneous Pushing] during the Second Stage of Labor on maternal and neonatal conditions as well as the progress of labor in Nulliparous Women. The study was conducted at El- Shatby Maternity University Hospital throughout a period of three months, using a cross-sectional analytical design on purposeful sample of [60] women was further subdivided randomly into two groups, a study group were Valsalva's Maneuver was applied for them and a control group were Spontaneous Pushing is redemonstrated by them. Data were collected through an assessment sheet covering socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of women enrolled in the study sample plus the examination of women during labor. An observation form for birth outcomes was also used for evaluation of the effect of the two selected pushing techniques on maternal condition such as, [degree of perineal tearing, and blood loss more than 500 mL]. neonatal condition was evaluated through items including, [Apgar scores at I and 5 mm]. As well as progress of labor based on length of the second stage of labor. The main study findings showed that, there was a statistically significant differences between the Valsalva and Spontaneous Pushing groups in relation to incidence of extended episiotomy with tears, Apgar scoring at first minute and length of second stage ad expulsions phase of labor with positive results to the spontaneous pushing group. No statistical significant difference was found regarding incidence of post-partum hemorrahg and Apgar scoring at fifth minute. Moreover, the study concluded that, Spontaneous Pushing efforts are accompanied by adequate labor progress and result in less perineal trauma. In the light of the study results, it is recommended that further examination of the common practice of encouraging women to bear down spontaneously during the second stage, responding to their involuntary urge, is recommended

effect of two rhythmic breathing [cleansing and light breathing] on labor pains for primiparous women during the first-stage of labor

Rhythmic breathing is one way the women cope with labor. Labor Pains is frequently reported symptoms over witch women and caregiver had little control. This study research was utilized to examine the effect of cleansing breathing compared with light breathing, on labor pains during the active phase of the first stage of labor. Research design was a prospective quasi-experimental trial. Setting was labor ward of El-shatby maternity university hospital with a uniform active labor management. Participants' were 50 women primiparae, low risk women, at term, in true spontaneous labor, and have single viable fetus. 25 women had a cleansing breath -as a control group-. And 25 women had a light breathing -as a study group-. Labor pain [assessed by means of a visual analogue scale] [VAS] and cervical dilatation assessed in centimeter. The main study results were annoying pain was mentioned by 24% of the control group before demonstrating cleansing breathing compared to 52% after intervention. While, 12% of the study group mentioned annoying pain before and after the light breathing. On the other side agonizing pain was stated by 4% of the control group compared to one fifth [20%] of the study group before using the rhythmic breathing compared to none in both groups after practicing the breathing There was a highly significant difference between both the cleansing breathing group and the light breathing group in relation to mean VAS after using the rhythmic breathing were P = 0.000. From this research the researcher concluded that, labor pains can be greatly minimized with any of the two rhythmic breathing management techniques in respect to cervical dilatation. The researcher recommended that further researches are necessary to identify the effect of various non-pharmacological pain relieve methods on labor pains and its relation to maternal perception about these methods

Synthesis and characterization of new substituted adenines

The reaction of the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbonitrile 3 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, followed by cyclization with triethyl orthoformate gave the 6-aminopurine-l-oxide-derivative 5. Quarternization of 5 with alkyl iodides afforded the unexpected purinium iodide salts 7, which were obtained also from reacting the 6-aminopurine 6 with the same alkyl iodides. Treatment of 7 with alkali gave the rearranged products 9. The triazolopurines 15 and 16 were synthesized from the 6-hydrazinopurine 13 and 1-amino-6 iminopurine 12, respectively. Rearrangement of 15 to the triazole 16 was also carried out. The 3-[5-amino-1-[p-chlorophenyl] imidazol-4-yl]-1,2,4-triazole 17 was obtained from treating 16 with alkali. The imidazotriazolo-triazine 18 and substituted triazoles 19 and 20 were afforded from reacting 17 with nitrous acid and dimethyl sulfate, respectively. The reaction of 3 with methyl-, ethyl- and phenyl-isothiocyanates gave the imidazothiazine derivatives 22. Whereas, when the reaction was carried out with n-butyl- isothiocyanate, the 6-[-n-butyl] amino-2-[n-butyl] dithiocarbamylpurine 23 was obtained

Synthesis and antitumor properties of some 9-benzylpurine derivatives

During the past few years numerous synthetic purines have been claimed to have multitude of useful biological and pharmacological activities. For example, the antitumour [1-3] and antiviral [4,5]properties of many purine derivatives have been reported. Also, some alkoxy/aryloxycaffiene derivatives have been reported to exhibit cytostatic action against tumour cells in tissue culture [6]. Moreover, 6-methoxypurine has been proved to show activity at 250 and 125 mg/kg versus L 1210 leukaemia [7] Therefore, the interest in the present work was directed for synthesizing some newer purine derivatives with the target to evaluate their potential antitumour properties

Synthesis and biological activity of some new imidazolium, pyridinium salts and 6-purine derivatives

In a search for new antibacterial agents, the preparation of 5-amino-4-carboxamido-1-[3-chlorophenyl]-3-substituted imidazolium halides [2a-c] was proposed. The synthesis was achieved via two steps, preparation of 5-amino-4-carboxamido-1-[3-chlorophenyl] imidazole [1], followed by quaternization using either alkyl iodides or phenacyl bromide. Treatment of [2] with aqueous alkali yielded 5-carboxamido-4-[3-chlorophenyl]-1-substituted imidazoles [3a-c], in good yield. However, when ethyl bromoacetate was used in this reaction, the corresponding 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H-1-amino-2-[3-chlorophenyl]-6, 8-dioxomidazo [1,5-a] pyrazin-4-ium bromide monohydrate [5] was obtained, which on dehydrobromination yielded the dequaternized and rearranged product [6]. Treatment of [1] with ethyl chloroformate/dimethyl formamide mixture afforded 9H, 9-[3-chlorophenyl] purin-6-1 [8]. Chlorination of the later product yielded the corresponding 6-chloro derivative [10]. Nucleophilic substitution of [10] with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate afforded the dinitrile and the nitrile ester [12a and b], respectively. The structures of the products were assigned on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectroscopic data. Also, the biological activities of the prepared compounds were screened against several strains of bacteria

5-Methylthiazolo [5,4-d] pyrimidines: I-synthesis of newer thiazolopyrimidine derivatives with antimicrobial activity

5-methyl-2-[substituted thio] thiazolo [5, 4-d]-pyrimidinones 3 were obtained from reaction of 4-thiazolecarboxamides 1 with acetylacetone. Action of phosphorus oxychloride on 3 afforded 7-chlorothiazolo [5, 4-d] pyrimidines 4, upon reaction with hydrazinium hydroxide, gave the 7-hydrazino derivatives 5

Newer 1H- 2-pyrazolines and their related derivatives of anticipated biological activity

1 H-delta2-pyrazolines 2 were prepared from the reaction of 2- propen-1-ones 1 with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol at room temperature. Reactions of 2 with acetyl, benzenesulphonyl-, p- toluenesulphonyl-chlorides and ethyl chloroformate gave the corresponding 1-substituted pyrazolines 3 and 4. Compounds 2 reacted also with different isocyanates and isothiocyanates to give carbanilides and thiocarbanilides 5. The pyrazoles 6 were obtained by reaction of the pyrazolines 2 with tetrachloro-O-benzoquinone

New purine derivatives with useful plant-growth regulating properties

The corresponding 6-substituted amino-9-aryl-9H-purines 4a-k are synthesized from reactions of 6-chloro-9-[p-anisyl]-or 9-[p- chlorophenyl]-9H-purines 3c and d with primary amines. Products 4d and k are also obtained by fusing 6-methylthiopurines 5 a and b with benzyl and p-anisyl amines. Most of the products 4a-k have been screened for activity as plant-growth regulating factors for wheat plant. Ring closure of 5-acetylamino 1-arylimidazole-4-carboxamides 6 by methanolic sodium hydroxide solution afforded the corresponding 9-aryl 2-methyl-hypoxantlines 7. The action of phosphoryl chloride on the latter products gave their 6-chloro derivatives 8. Treatment of 8b with p-toludine yielded its 9-[p-anisyl]-2-methyl-6-[p-tolylamino] purine 4 I