Prevalence and patterns of hearing impairment in Egypt: a national household survey

We conducted a national household survey to estimate the prevalence and causes of hearing impairment in Egypt. From 6 randomly selected governorates [Alexandria, Dakahlia, Luxor, Marsa Matrouh, Minia and North Sinai], 4000 individuals were screened for hearing loss. The prevalence of hearing loss was 16.0% with no significant sex differences. There were significant differences between the age groups and governorates: Marsa Matrouh had the highest prevalence of hearing loss [25.7%] and North Sinai the lowest [13.5%]; those >/= 65 years had the highest prevalence [49.3%], but it was also high in those aged 0-4 years [22.4%]. Otitis media with effusion [30.8%] was the commonest cause of hearing loss, followed by presbycusis [22.7%]

Reactions with hydrazonoyl halides, XVIII: synthesis of pyrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazole, pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyridazine, imidazo [1,2-a] pyrimidine, pyrasolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine and other heterocyclic derivatives

A synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazine, 1,4-benzoxazine, 1,4-quinoxaline, imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine, imidazol [1,2-a] pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives was accomplished from the reaction of hydrazonoyl bromide I with 2-aminothiophenol, 2-aminophenol, 1,2-phenylenediamine, 2- aminopyridine, 2-aminopyrimidine and some active methylene. Also, compound 1 reacted with some dipolorophile to give pyrazolines and pyrrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazolines. All structures were elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data

New syntheses of pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine, Pyrazolo- [3,4-d] Pyridazine, Benzpyrrole and Pyrazole derivatives

Phenacyl malononitriles 2 reacted with hydrazines, acetichydrochloric acid and with diazotised primary aromatic amines to afford phenacylpyrazole, enaminofuran and enaminopyrazole derivatives respectively. The synthesized derivatives were the key materials for the synthesis of benzopyrrole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyrazolopyridazine derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized heterocycles were established on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data besides synthesis via other routes

Synthesis of several new 2,3,4, 6-tetrasubstituted pyridine derivatives of expected pharmacological activities

Phenacylpyridinium, phenacylsulfonium and phenacylphosphonium yields react with alpha-aroylcinnamonitrile derivatives or Alpha, B- unsaturated ketones in the presence of ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid to give tetrasubstituted pyridines in fair to good yields