Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential of seed extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica

Seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica in the form of Ethanol seed extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [EEVA], Hexane extract of Vernonia anthelmintica [HEVA] and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica [WDVA] were evaluated for their in-vivo anti-Inflammatory potential in carrageenan induced rat paw model. The results were compared to anti-inflammatory activity of standard drug [ibuprofen] and untreated groups. In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of EEVA and HEVA were also conducted by "DPPH scavenging assay". The results of present study depicts that HEVA and EEVA in higher dose possess a strong anti-inflammatory potential as compared to standard antiinflammatory drugs, whereas WDVA showed milder anti-inflammatory potential. DPPH assay has revealed strong antioxidant potential of EEVC with the percentage Radical Scavenging activity [%RSA] of 89.709 at concentrations of 500 ul as compared to standard drugs gallic acid [23.436+/-0.43] and acetyl salicylic acid [111.44+/-0.7] at concentrations of 95.95 micro M. The other extract HEVC has shown to have insignificant %RSA at the concentration of 500micro l. Hence the present study revealed that selected extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica exhibited significant in-vitro antioxidant and invivo anti-inflammatory potential

Anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus sinensis L., Citrus paradisi L. and their combinations

Citrus bioflavonoids embrace a wide group of phenolic compounds effecting the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species and the processes relating free radical-mediated injury. Keeping in view of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi, present study was undertaken to explore the effects of C. sinensis [orange juice] and C. paradisi [grapefruit juice] at three different doses alone and their two combinations with the objective to examine the effects of these compounds in an experimental model of rat colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid [TNBS]. Hence biochemical parameters e.g. myeloperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein [CRP] and glutathione were assessed. Data entry and analysis was accomplished by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17 and was presented as mean +/- S.E.M with 95 onfidence interval. Present result shows that these juices, mainly C. paradisi, may be efficacious for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. In acute colitis model, C. paradise encouraged a decrease in the extension of the lesion escorted by a decrease in the occurrence of diarrhea and reinstatement of the glutathione content. Related effects were produced by the administration of C. sinensis, which also prevented the myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase actions in acute intestinal inflammatory process. The effect of the citrus juices on the inflammatory process may be associated to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as revealed in present investigation. The favorable effects exerted were demonstrated both by histological and biochemical changes and were related with a progress in the colonic oxidative status

Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation

This study was carried out in shaking incubator and covers the optimization of culture conditions of Bacillus subtilis for the maximum production of amylase. Optimal activity was found to be 350 Uml[-1] when soluble starch was used as a substrate. Parameters taken into consideration to observe their effect on the optimum production of amylase include incubation time, incubation temperature, pH, inoculum size, carbon source, nitrogen source and metallic ions. All parameters were monitored in order to obtain high level of the enzyme units in cell-free broth. The established optimized conditions for Bacillus subtiliss train RM16 were found to be: incubation time 24 hours, temperature 40[degree]C and pH 8.0. Inoculum size was 5%, starch [1%] as a carbon source while yeast extract [1.5%] as a nitrogen source. Magnesium ions [0.1%] exerted maximum stimulating effect for the production of amylase which can be further used at large scale applications

Anti hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of native date fruit variety "Aseel" [Phoenix dactylifera]

Diet rich in saturated fats and sugars have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver disease. Especially high serum lipid levels are directly connected to the progression of cardiovascular disorders, which are the leading cause of death all over the world. Date palm fruit [Phoenix dactylifera] is known for numerous health benefits however little information is available about in vivo clinical and preclinical benefits, hence antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of native date variety Aseel has been assessed in hyperlipidemia induced albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups with 8 animals in each group. One group was kept as normal control while remaining four groups were fed high fat high sugar diet for 8 weeks; from this one group was reserved as disease control while two groups as treated which received 300 and 600mg/kg of date fruit suspension. The fourth group served as positive control and received standard drug atorvastatin in the dose of 2.1mg/kg. After 14 days serum lipid profile, hepatic profile and fasting blood sugar were determined for all groups. Fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL along with cholesterol- HDL and LDL-HDL ratio were significantly decreased at 300 mg/kg without any increase in liver enzymes as observed in positive control group. Animals received 600 mg/kg also revealed significant decline in fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, VLDL and alkaline phosphatase. Hence present results demonstrate ameliorative role of date fruit in hyperlipidemia and fatty liver however more studies are required to gain insight into the possible mechanism of action and confirmation of these effects on human subjects

Phytochemistry, Brine shrimp lethality and mice acute oral toxicity studies on seed extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica

Despite the widespread use of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in traditional medicine, the need to establish the safety of the Vernonia anthelmintica is required to ascertain the safe use of this herbal medicine. The aim of the present study is to establish the acute toxicity profile of different extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica. Hexane and ethanol extract of Vernonia Anthelmintica has been studied for its brine shrimp lethality potential. Water decoction [WDVA], Hexane [HEVA] and Ethanol [EEVA] extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica has also been evaluated for their in-vivo acute oral toxicity in mice by Lorke's method. Phytochemistry of all three extracts was also evaluated for the presence of their secondary metabolites. All three extracts showed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids, while alkaloids, tannins and fixed oils were present in HEVA and EEVA. Furthermore EEVA also showed presence of carbohydrates and HEVA also showed the presence of cardiac glycosides. Ethanol and hexane extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica showed a positive cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test at 24 hours with LC50 104.16 [224.0-48.05] micro g/ml and 216.11 micro g/ml [378.2-128.7] respectively as compared to standard drug etoposide LC50 7.46 micro g/ml. The oral LD50 for EEVA, HEVA and WDVA in mice by Lorke's method was greater than 5000mg/kg. The result of brine shrimp lethality test clearly exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic potential; however seems to be safe for oral use since LD50 was higher than 5000mg/kg and thus safety of acute dosing in vivo practices is justified

Hijama improves overall quality of life in chronic renal failure patients: a pilot study

Present study assesses the therapeutic effectiveness of Hijama [blood letting] inpatients of chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis for past several years with almost no urinary output.24 patients from Sindh Government Qatar Hospital Karachi were selected randomly under going dialysis 2-3 times/week for an average of 3 years under supervision of Dr. Khurram Danial, in-charge nephrologist at dialysis Centre Sindh Government Qatar Hospital Karachi after the written consent from patients. Each patient was subjected to Hijama session once a week after dialysis for a period of one year in a nearby hospital Aligarh Shifa with the consent of the ethical committee of the hospital. Serum urea, creatinine, complete blood count and electrolytes were determined prior to hijama as baseline values and were again recorded on monthly basis for twelve months of Hijama sessions. The patient's feedback regarding quality of life after each hijama session shows that almost all the patients reported a significant recovery from severe fatigue which they used to face during the interval between the dialysis sessions. There was significant recovery in all patients from anorexia and insomnia with the improvement in quality of life as compared to patients not undergoing hijama. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were shifted towards normal in almost all patients after Hijama. Serum Creatinine level was declined significantly, while electrolyte and hematological parameters were also improved significantly. The hemoglobin of all patients undergoing hijama was maintained near normal without any blood transfusion, which was frequently needed in patients not undergoing hijama sessions. There was insignificant improvement in Urinary output in 2 out of 24 patients. Results of the present study suggest that hijama may be performed safely in patients of chronic renal failure on dialysis with overall improvement in quality of life, since there was reduction in fatigue, improvement in appetite, quality of sleep and platelet count

Analyses of bile from gallbladders of fish [Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis, Pomadasys commersonni and Kishinoella tonggol]

Bile from gallbladders of Arius platystomus [Singhara], Arius tenuispinis [Khagga], Pomadasys commersonni [Holoola] and Kishinoella tonggol [Dawan] were derivatised and analysed by GC-MS for identification of bile acids and bile alcohols. Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid were found as major bile acids in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Other bile acids identified in Arius platystomus were allochenodeoxycholic acid, allodeoxycholic acid, 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha -trihydroxy-24-methyl-5beta-cholestane-26-oic acid, and 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha, 24-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-cholestane-26-oic acid. Cholesterol was found as major bile alcohol in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Cholic acid was the major bile acid identified in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol while other bile acids included 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha -tridydroxy-5alpha-cholestanoic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha -tridydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid. Bile alcohol 5beta-cyprinol was present in significant amounts with 5beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol being the other contributors in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol

Comparative effects of metformin and pioglitazone on lipid profile of rabbits

This is the initial part of study in which the effects of two oral hypoglycemic drugs metformin and pioglitazone were studied on lipid profile of rabbits. White rabbits of both sexes were equally divided in to three groups each comprising of seven animals. Control group was given distilled water 2m1/kg, animals of group II were given metformin in the dose of 22mg/kg and animals of group III received pioglitazone in the dose of 0.5mg/kg. Serum concentration of cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], triglycerides [TGs], low density lipoprotein [LDL] and high density lipoprotein [HDL] were measured after 8 week of oral dosing. Results shows that after 8 weeks animals received metformin did not reveal any significant change in lipid profile, but animals received pioglitazone showed significant [P<0.05] decrease in lipid profile, the decrease in cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides is favorable however decrease in HDL is troublesome and warrant further investigations

Assessment of sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological toxicities of a herbal combination

The herbal combination under study consists of Withania somnifera, Tribulus terrestris, Mucuna pruriens and Argyria speciosa. Present study is mainly designed to investigate the gross physical, sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological effects of the combination widely used for its stimulating, revitalizing and fertility boosting effects in Pakistan. Sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological outcomes of herbal combination were assessed on 27 albino rabbits weighing from 1000gm-1500gm after giving herbal combination for 60 days in two doses 27 and 81mg/kg against control. No significant toxicity was revealed during the entire period of study, however some biochemical changes were observed in kidney and liver but these changes did not coincide with histopathological findings. There was no mortality and evidence of systemic toxicity including hematological toxicity following 60 days administration of herbal combination. Results of present study suggest that further studies are required on large number of animals before reaching to a definite conclusion, more over clinical studies should also be conducted to confirm the possible toxic effects of the herbal combination

Effect of Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower] on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits

Diabetes mellitus is a major threat to present and future generations. The role of herbal medication has emerged as a safe alternative to currently available medication due to its decreased potential to produce side effects, hence effect of Carthamus tinctorius was observed on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Thirty five healthy male rabbits were divided into 5 groups with 7 rabbits in each [Normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with glibenclamide, diabetic treated with Carthamus tinctorius extract at doses of 200 and 300mg/kg of body weight]. Drug and extract were given orally for 30 days and the values for blood glucose levels were observed after 15[th] and 30[th] day of treatment by using standard reagent kits provided by Human Germany. While insulin levels were checked at the end of the study by using Architect i1000 by Abbott Diagnostics USA. Animals were also observed for any gross toxicity during the study. Results revealed that Carthamus tinctorius has significant hypoglycemic effect at 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg doses as compared to diabetic control group. Insulin levels were significantly increased in Glibenclamide treated as well as Carthamus tinctorius treated groups as compared to diabetic control

In vitro/in vivo effect of Citrus limon [L. Burm. f.] juice on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors in rabbits

The genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae includes many species e.g. Citrus indica, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limon, among which Citrus limon L. Burm. f. has been reported to have highest antimicrobial activity. It is used as antidote against certain venom, due to its platelet inhibitory effect and also reported to have hypocholesterolemic effect. However its anticoagulant and thrombolytic effect were not been investigated, hence a prospective in-vitro/in-vivo study was designed to determine the effect of Citrus limon on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors. Invitro tests revealed highly significant increase in thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time by Citrus limon, whereas fibrinogen concentration was significantly reduced in comparison to control, however prothrombin time was not affected significantly. In-vivo testing of Citrus limon was done at three different doses i.e. 0.2ml/kg, 0.4ml/kg and 0.6ml/kg in healthy rabbits. Significant changes were observed in hematological parameters such as erythrocytes, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Bleeding time and thrombin time was significantly prolonged and there was increase in protein C and thrombin antithrombin complex levels. These results may be due to inactivation of thrombin because it significantly decreases fibrinogen concentration and inhibit platelet aggregation. Citrus limon showed maximal anticoagulant effect at 0.4ml/kg, which suggest that Citrus limon possesses an antithrombin component and could prevent thrombosis playing a cardio protective role

Memory boosting effect of citrus limon, pomegranate and their combinations

Memory is greatly influenced by factors like food, stress and quality of sleep, hence present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Citrus limon and Pomegranate juices on memory of mice using Harvard Panlab Passive Avoidance response apparatus controlled through LE2708 Programmer. Passive avoidance is fear-motivated tests used to assess short or long-term memory of small animals, which measures latency to enter into the black compartment. Animals at MCLD showed highly significant and significant increase in latency to enter into the black compartment after 3 and 24 hours respectively than control, animals at HCLD showed significant increase in latency only after 3 hours. Animals both at low and moderate doses of pomegranate showed significant increase in test latency after 3 hours, while animals at high dose showed highly significant and significant increase in latency after 3 and 24 hours respectively. There was highly significant and significant increase in latency in animals at CPJ-1 combination after 3 and 24 hours respectively; however animals received CPJ-2 combination showed significant increase in latency only after 3 hours as compare to control. These results suggest that Citrus limon and Pomegranate has phytochemicals and essential nutrients which boost memory, particularly short term memory. Hence it may be concluded that flavonoids in these juices may be responsible for memory enhancing effects and a synergistic effect is observed by CPJ-1 and CPJ-2 combinations

Evaluation of cardiovascular safety of herbal cough syrup

Background: Herbal medicine or phytotherapy is the science of using herbal remedies for the treatment of diseases. Nowadays increasing number of people are using herbal medicines because of lower level of side effects and toxicity associated with them. Pharmacologists must be knowledgeable about their safety. Present study was carried out to evaluate the cardiovascular safety of herbal cough syrup. The syrup contains Glycerrhiza glabra, Piper longum, Adhatoda vasica, Viola odorata, Hyssopus officinalis, and Alpinia galanga. All these ingredients are said to have antitussive properties without any cardiovascular toxic effects

Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular safety of herbal cough syrup

Methods: Twenty eight rabbits of either sex, weighing 670g-1200g were divided into four groups, with 7 rabbits in each group. Group I was the control group and received 0.3 ml of water, group II, III and IV received herbal syrup normal dose [0.57ml/kg], moderate dose [5ml/kg], and high dose [10ml/kg] respectively once daily, orally for a period of 45 days following which blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture, centrifuged and serum was analyzed on Vitalab eclipse automatic analyzer for cardiac and lipid profile

Results: In comparison to control group there were no significant changes in cardiac and lipid profile of all groups. Overall results did not reveal any significant toxicity

Conclusion: The Herbal Syrup is safe as an antitussive and reveals no significant cardiovascular toxicity

Effects of Allium sativum [Garlic] on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension

The present study evaluated the effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension Patients [n=210] with stage 1 essential hypertension were divided into 7 groups named as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Each group comprised of 30 patients. Each patient in group A, B, C, D and E has received garlic tablets at the dose of 300/mg. 600/mg, 900/mg, 1200/mg and 1500/mg in divided doses per day respectively for 24 weeks while Group F and group G were given tablet atenolol and placebo respectively. Blood pressure readings were recorded at weeks 0, 12 and 24. Present study showed significant decrease in both Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure in both dose and duration dependent manner. In each garlic treated group, significant reduction in SBP and DBP [p<0.005] were observed when compared with atenolol [P<0.005] and placebo

Hepatoprotective effect of herbal drug on CCl[4] induced liver damage

Herbs have been a huge source of natural substances used to treat and prevent several illnesses; therefore it is vital to identify the probable toxicity that might take place as a consequence of using herbal combinations. This study was undertaken in rabbits to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of herbal drug in normal and CCI[4] induced hepatic damage. Herbal drug was tested in 3 different doses, each group comprising of seven rabbits of either sex followed by the administration of CCI[4] with herbal drug and saline for 45 days. Liver function tests and histopathological evaluation were carried out at the end of dosing using standards kits. The result shows that normal dose of herbal drug [0.43 ml/kg] possess hepatoprotective effects against CCI[4] induced liver damage in rabbits which may be due to the various active ingredients present in herbal drug combination. Present study also suggests that there was a significant [p<0.05] increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT in animals kept on high dose of herbal drug [10 ml/kg]; however studies on huge number of animals and humans are requisite before reaching to definite conclusion

Impact of herbal drug combination on lipid profile, renal and cardiac parameters

For the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the investigation of medicinal plants as potential sources of new therapeutic agents; hence it is crucial to recognize the apparent toxicity that might occur while using herbal medicines. This study was undertaken in rabbits to assess the safety profile of an herbal drug combination. It was tested in 3 different doses for a period of 45 days, each group comprising of seven rabbits of either sex. Biochemical test and histopathological assessment were performed at the completion of dosing using standards reagent kits. The result shows that high dose of herbal drug [10ml/kg] revealed significant increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase, total protein and creatinine [p<0.05]; more over there was highly significant decrease in triglycerides [p<0.005] at the completion of dosing

Evaluation of teratogenic effects of risperidone following simultaneous administration with antihypertensive and antiemetic drugs

Multiple drug administration is an important aspect of clinical practice particularly in specific physiological situation such as in neonates, elderly or pregnancy, since in all such situations, possibility of unwanted effects increases due to altered body physiology. In present study, the teratogenic effects of multiple drug administration risperidone, meclizine/pyridoxine and hydralazine have been compared with the teratogenic effects of individual drugs in pregnant mice. Moreover the role of folic acid and alpha-tocopherol if any had also been investigated in reducing the teratogenic effects of these drugs in combination

role of allopurinol and angiotensin receptor blockers in serum uric acid reduction in gouty and hypertensive patients

To evaluate the effect of Allopurinol in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers on hyperuricemia in gouty and hypertensive patients. Randomized, open label, prospective, comparative trial. This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; BMSI/JPMC, Karachi from April 2010 to November 2010. 80 hypertensive and hyperuricemic patients were enrolled from OPD and medical wards and were divided into two groups. Group DR-1[40 Patients] were given allopurinol 300mg plus candisartan 8mg daily and group DR-2 [40 patients] were given allopurinol 200mg Plus Losartan 50mg, daily four 4 months. 6 patients were unable to continue the follow-up 3 patients in each group. DR-1 combination therapy decreased serum uric acid level from 8.92 +/- 0.19mg/dl at day 0 to 5.33 +/- 0.11 mg/dl at day120. DR-2 group also showed a significant reduction in serum uric acid level from 9.14 +/- 0.19mg/dl at day 0 to 4.74 +/- 0.09mg/dl at day 120 [p<0.001]. When effects were compared in both treatment groups, the effect of group 2 regimens on serum uric acid level was more marked due to Losartan combination which also have uricosuric effects than in group 1 regimen, with average percentage decrease in serum uric acid - 40.35% in group DR-1 and -48.24% in group DR-2. The allopurinol 200mg and Losartan 50mg is more effective than allopurinol 300mg+ candesartan 8mg, to decrease serum uric acid level and group DR-2 drugs combination useful in those hyperuricemic patients who cannot tolerate high doses of uric acid lowering drugschromatogram obtained indicated the quantity of pesticide residues. Milk samples and serum samples were analyzed using HPLC technique. Pesticides such as malathion, permethrin, deltamethrin and Polytrin-C were detected in different concentrations. The levels were significantly higher than the maximum residual limit. It is concluded that the presence of pesticides in the human body is a major concern in the development of various ailments because of possible immunotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticides

Evaluation of efficacy of budesonide in prevention of cardiovascular risks in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in COPD patients. Systemic inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in COPD. It has, therefore, been suggested that anti-inflammatory agents may prevent cardiovascular disease. It would be plausible that inhaled steroids, such as Budesonide, reduce the local inflammation and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity, thus a local effect on the lung resulting in diminished spill-over of inflammation systematically to the cardiovascular system is an attractive hypothesis. To assess the impact of Budesonide in reducing the cardiovascular risk in COPD patients. Experimental Randomized Study. This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC Karachi in collaboration with Department of chest medicine, JPMC, Karachi from Dec. 2010 to March, 2011. Thirty five patients with moderate stable COPD, hsCRP level >3mg/lit, were evaluated in an open label, intention to treat clinical trial. The patients were assigned to give Budesonide [Pulmicort] inhaled 200mcg BD for 12 consecutive weeks. The primary study outcome was to evaluate the reduction in cardiovascular risk by evaluating the improvement in FEV1 and reduction in hsCRP levels, was evaluated at day 30, 60 and day 90. Thirty four [96%] patients were completed the study. At baseline hsCRP levels was 6.68 +/- 0.26 which decrease to 5.82 +/- 0.20 [P<0.010] at day 90. FEV1[L] at baseline was 2.12 +/- 0.05 and at day 90 FEV1 increased up to 2.40 +/- 0.04 [P<0.001]. This shows that, the Budesonide can statistically significant decrease the hsCRP levels and increase the FEV1. In conclusion, Budesonide effectively decrease the cardiovascular risk by decreasing the systemic inflammation which were indicated by decreasing the hsCRP levels and also improve pulmonary functional capacity in COPD patients

Effect of natural honey on human platelets and blood coagulation proteins

Present study was conducted to determine the effects of honey on blood hemostasis, in-vitro effect of honey was observed on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation employing, activated partial prothrombin time [aPTT], prothrombin time [PT], thrombin time [TT] and fibrinogen levels in blood. Honey samples showed moderate inhibition of platelet aggregation with IC[50] 5-7.5%. The coagulation assays showed that at higher concentrations [>/= 15%] honey samples increased whole blood clotting time. When assayed in platelet poor plasma [PPP], honey samples significantly [P >/= 0.005] prolonged aPTT, PT, and TT. The honey samples [at 3.75% and 7.5% concentrations] cause mean increment of aPTT = 19 +/- 10% and 62 +/- 10%; PT 6 +/- 5% and 40 +/- 5%; TT 35 +/- 15% and 112 +/- 30% respectively. Moreover, PPP isolated from whole blood pre-incubated with honey samples [9.0% for 10 minutes] showed mean prolongation of aPTT, PT and TT of 45 +/- 21%, 26 +/- 9% and 105 +/- 24% respectively. Interestingly, incubation of honey at 6.25% and 11.75% concentrations in PPP considerably [P >/= 0.005] reduced fibrinogen levels i.e. 13 +/- 4% and 86 +/- 30% respectively. The present study outlines the inhibitory effect of natural honey on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. These observations provide first line data for modulatory role [s] of honey on process of hemostasis