Advances in surgical repair of ureteral injury / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Ureteral injury can be classified as iatrogenic or traumatic, which represents a rare but challenging field of reconstructive urology. Due to their close proximity to vital abdominal and pelvic organs, the ureters are highly susceptible to iatrogenic injury, while ureteral injury caused by external trauma is relatively rare. The signs of ureteric injury are difficult to identify initially and often present after a delay. The treatment of ureteral injury, which is depended on the type, location, and degree of injury, the time of diagnosis and the patient's overall clinical condition, ranges from simple endoscopic management to complex surgical reconstruction. And long defect of the ureter presents much greater challenges to urologists. Ureterotomy under endoscopy using laser or cold-knife is available for the treatment of 2-3 cm benign ureteral injuries or strictures. Pyeloplasty is an effective treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and some improved methods showed the possibility of repairing long-segment (10-15 cm) stenosis. Proximal and mid-ureteral injuries or strictures of 2-3 cm long can often be managed by primary ureteroureterostomy. When not feasible due to ureteral defects of longer segment, mobilization of the kidney should be considered, and transureteroureterostomy is alternative if the proximal ureter is of sufficient length. And autotransplantation or nephrectomy is regarded as the last resorts. Most of the injuries or strictures are observed in the distal ureter, below the pelvic brim, and are usually treated with ureteroneocystostomy. A non-refluxing technique together with a ureteral nipple or submucosal tunnel method, is preferable as it minimizes vesico-ureteral reflux and the risk of infection. In order to cover a longer distance, ureteroneocystostomy in combination with a psoas hitch (covering 6-10 cm of defect) or a Boari flap (covering 12-15 cm) is often adopted. Among various ureteral replacement procedures, only intestinal ureteral substitution, which includes ileal ureter, appendiceal interposition and reconfigured colon substitution, has gained wide acceptance when urothelial tissue is insufficient. Ileal ureter can be used to replace the ureter of >15 cm defect and even to replace the entire unbilateral ureter or bilateral ureter. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques are increasingly being employed for ureteral reconstruction and adopted with encouraging results.

P70S6K is involved in the inhibition of testosterone production in TM3 mouse Leydig cells overexpressing Cox7a2 / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of Cox7a2 on the LH-induced testosterone production and the involved autophagy regulating signals in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Cox7a2-pEYFP-N1 fluorescent protein vector was constructed and transfected into TM3 mouse Leydig cells. The level of testosterone was determined by ELISA, and the effects of Cox7a2 on the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and the phosphorylation of the autophagy regulatory factor P70S6K were detected by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>LH stimulation increased the StAR protein expression and testosterone production, while Cox7a2 decreased P70S6K phosphorylation, reduced StAR expression and consequently inhibited LH-induced testosterone biosynthesis in the TM3 Leydig cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cox7a2 inhibits testosterone production by decreasing the StAR protein expression, which might be at least in part related with the activation of autophagy in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p>

Differential transcription of Bcl-2 and Bax through the cell cycle in prostate cancer cell line / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the differential expression of apoptosis associated gene Bcl-2 and Bax through cell cycle and its possible clinical meaning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was synchronized in M, G1, S and G2 phase using modified thymine deoxyriboside blockage and high pressure N2O technique. The efficiency of synchronization was detected by flow-cytometry. RT-PCR and Western blot methods were used to examine the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mRNA and protein level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The synchronized rate of M, G1, S and G2 phase were 92.1%, 87.0%, 80.2% and 75.9% respectively. Bcl-2 was constitutively expressed through the cell cycle, but both the mRNA and protein expression level of Bcl-2 were very high in the G1 phase, dramatically decreased in M, S and G2 phase. The expression level of Bax had no change through the cell cycle.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cell cycle could influence the expression level of Bcl-2 significantly but not Bax, these might have some clinical relevance.</p>

Expression and localization of CKLFSF2 in human spermatogenesis / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the expression and subcellular localization of chemokine-like factor superfamily 2 (CKLFSF2) in human testis and its potential role in spermatogenesis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A specific polyclonal antibody against CKLFSF2 was raised. The expression and cellular localization of CKLFSF2 in the seminiferous tubules was checked by immunohistochemistry method. Also, in situ hybridization was applied to localize the mRNA distribution. The EGFP-CKLFSF2 fusion protein was expressed in COS-7 cells to localize its subcellular location in vitro. In addition, the abnormal expression of CKLFSF2 in testes of patients with male infertility was assayed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Having a close correlation with spermatogenesis defects, CKLFSF2 was specifically expressed in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells, which were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) near the Golgi apparatus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CKLFSF2 could play important roles in the process of meiosis and spermiogenesis, and might be involved in the vesicular transport or membrane apposition events in the endoplasmic reticulum.</p>

Construction of pGEX4T-1-Cox7a2 and expression, purification and identification of the recombinant protein / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone and express Cox7a2, one mitochondrial respiratory chain related gene, and to identify its recombinant protein.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The coding region of Cox7a2 was amplified from primary cultured mouse Leydig cells by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned into pGEX4T-1 vector by BamH I and EcoR I sites, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The recombinant fusion protein vector was transformed and expressed into BL21. The recombinant fusion protein was identified by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The entire coding region of Cox7a2 was cloned and expressed. The fusion protein was identified by anti-GST monoclonal antibody using Western blotting.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cloning of Cox7a2 and the expression of the recombinant protein would help to study the detailed function of Cox7a2, one respiratory chain related and highly differently expressed gene in the tissues of aging testes.</p>

Cox7a2 mediates steroidogenesis in TM3 mouse Leydig cells / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the regulatory function of Cox7a2 on steroidogenesis and the mechanism involved in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cDNA of Cox7a2 was cloned from TM3 mouse Leydig cells. It was subcloned to pDsRed-Express-N1 and transfected back into TM3 mouse Leydig cells for Cox7a2 overexpression by transient gene transfection. Steroidogenesis affected by overexpressed Cox7a2 was studied by ELISA. To elicit the mechanism of this effect, expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined by Western blot and fluorometer, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cDNA of Cox7a2 (249 bp) was cloned from Leydig cells and confirmed by DNA sequencing. After constructed pDsRed-Express-N1-Cox7a2 was transfected back into TM3 mouse Leydig cells, Cox7a2 inhibited not only luteinizing hormone (LH)-induced secretion of testosterone but also the expression of StAR protein. At the same time, Cox7a2 increased the activity of ROS in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cox7a2 inhibited LH-induced StAR protein expression, and consequent testosterone production, at least in part, by increasing ROS activity in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p>

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis value of ultrasound in epididymal mass / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To elevate the diagnosis and differential diagnosis levels of epididymal mass by sonography.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a retrospective study of 179 cases of epididymal mass treated by surgery in our hospital between 1990 and 2005. The analysis was focused on pathological and sonographic features.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>179 patients with mean age of 51.4 +/- 14.7 were enrolled. The epididymal mass was classified into four groups: epididymal cyst (n = 98), nonspecific epididymitis (n = 27), tuberculous epididymitis (n = 33) , and epididymal tumor (n = 21). Epididymal cyst could be easily diagnosed by ultrasound, the diagnostic rate was 93.8%, but nonspecific epididymitis and tuberculous epididymitis were hard to differentiate, complicating with multiple organs lesions may distinguish tuberculous from nonspecific epididymitis. Tuberculous epididymitis could be easily diagnosed when cold abscess, calcification and sinus tract emerged. The majority epididymal tumors were benign, and malignant cases were rarely seen. Patient's history, physical examination and sonographic features were all essential to make a right diagnosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ultrasound features may be helpful to the differential diagnosis of epididymal mass and ultrasound should be the first choice of image detection in epididymal lesions.</p>

Construction and expression of ATP50 fluorescent protein in TM3 mouse Leydig cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and localization of ATP50 by construction of ATP50-pEYFP-N1 in primary cultured mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primary cultured mouse Leydig cells were confirmed by 3B-HSD staining. ATP50 was cloned into pEYFP-N1 between Bam HI and Eco RI sites. Cell-transfection and living-cell fluorescence imaging microscopy were employed to investigate the sub-cellular localization of YFP-ATP50 in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ATP50 green fluorescent protein was well co-localized with red fluorescence mitochondrion marker-Mitotracker in TM3 mouse Leydig cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ATP50 was expressed in primary cultured mouse Leydig cells. The fluorescent expression vector of ATP50 was constructed successfully and YFP-ATP50 was located in mitochondria in TM3 mouse Leydig cells, which provided a useful clue for further research on the steroidogenesis dysfunction in aging males.</p>

Short-term neoadjuvant hormone therapy enhanced expression of clusterin in prostate cancer / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To define changes in clusterin expression following short-term neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) and its biological significance in prostate cancer tissues.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-six archival radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens without receiving NHT, 19 needle biopsies and corresponding 19 RP specimens following 3-month NHT, were subjected to immunohistochemical clusterin staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Staining for clusterin was mainly found in cytoplasm and part of extracellular matrix. Clusterin expression was significantly greater in RP specimens with preoperative NHT (t = 2.91, P < 0.01); Needle biopsies obtained before NHT consistently demonstrated lower staining intensity (1.42 +/- 0.51) than corresponding RP specimens (2.16 +/- 0.60) following 3-month NHT (t = 7.10, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Upregulation of clusterin in part accounts for malignant progression of prostate cancer through its anti-apoptotic action following androgen withdrawal. These findings support that adjuvant therapy targeting clusterin may enhance androgen ablation therapy in advanced prostate cancer.</p>

Effects of icariin on erectile function and expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in castrated rats / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effect of icariin on erectile function and the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in castrated rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one sham-operated group (A) and three castrated groups (B, C and D). One week after surgery, rats were treated with normal saline (groups A and B) or oral icariin (1 mg/[kg.day] for group C and 5 mg/[kg.day] for group D) for 4 weeks. One week after treatment, the erectile function of the rats was assessed by measuring intracavernosal pressure (ICP) during electrostimulation of the cavernosal nerve. The serum testosterone (ST) levels, the percent of smooth muscle (PSM) in trabecular tissue, and the expression of mRNA and proteins of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) in corpus cavernosum (CC) were also evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ICP, PSM, ST and the expression of nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and PDE5 were significantly decreased in group B compared with those in group A (P 0.01). However, ICP, PSM and the expression of nNOS and iNOS were increased in groups C and D compared with those in group B (P 0.05). Changes in ST and the expression of eNOS and PDE5 were not significant (P 0.05) in groups C and D compared with those in group B.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oral treatment with icariin ( 98.6 % purity) for 4 weeks potentially improves erectile function. This effect is correlated with an increase in PSM and the expression of certain NOS in the CC of castrated rats. These results suggest that icariin may have a therapeutic effect on erectile dysfunction.</p>

Long-term survival of human spermatogonial stem cells in vitro and its functional identification / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The culture of human spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) has not been studied in detail yet. Here we tried to explore the optimized culture method of human SSC by using several different co-culture systems.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The alpha6 +Thy-1 +c-kit- cells acquired by the immunomagnetic beads sorting technique were cultured in different co-culture systems. Their morphological, biological characteristics and survival rates were intensively observed by microscopic or immunocytochemical assay. The long-term survival rate of human SSC during culture period was evaluated by germ cell transplantation technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The alpha6 +Thy-1 +c-kit- cells could stably survive in the DMEM and DMEM/F12 mediums with fetal bovine serum (FBS) on feeder layer. The survival rates within 1 week were more than 90%. The long-time culture showed the cells were gradually attached on the surface of Sertoli cells by the manner of scattered single cell or accumulated masses. Part of the SSC became more tightly attachment with Sertoli cells or mounted among the Sertoli cells. They could survive or even proliferate for more than 3 months in vitro. Germ cells transplantation study showed that some alpha6 +Thy-1 +c-kit- cells labeled by PKH26 could resided on the basal membrane of seminiferous tubule of nude mice, appearing as single or coupled cells 2 months later after transplantation. The function evaluation of the cultured cells by counting the fluorescent cells in the seminiferous tubule showed 54.9% and 9.2% of SSC in the alpha6 +Thy-1 +c-kit- cells were still remained after cultured for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Human SSC could maintain survival in vitro for more than 3 months, but it was still need to seek for a more optimized and successful culture system for its efficient expansion and proliferation. Thus it will open up a wide prospect for the understanding of the biology of human SSC and the treatment of male sterility.</p>

Preliminary screening of specific surface markers of human spermatogonial stem cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the specific surface markers for the isolation and purification of human spermatogonial stem cells (SSC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specific markers of human SSC were screened and identified in fetal and adult testes by immunohistochemical assay, using HSC markers c-kit, Thy-1 and human ES integrins.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In human adult testes, the alpha6 integrin extensively and significantly expressed on the surface of most of the germ cells in the seminiferous tubule, and beta1 integrin mainly expressed on the surface of the germ cells residing on or near the basal membrane in the seminiferous tubule. Thy-1 scattering expressed on the surface of some cells of the basal membrane, and on some Leydig cells as well. The three antigen markers expressed on the SSC of human adult testes specifically to some extent. SSEA-1 specifically expressed on the surface of the gonocytes in the fetal testes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The alpha6 and beta1 integrins and Thy-1 may be used for the SSC isolation as positive markers. SSEA-1 can be used as an identification marker for the fetus SSC.</p>

Effect of mouse uroplakin II promoter on human bladder cancer cell line / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of gene expression of mouse uroplakin II (UPII) promoter on human bladder cell cancer cell line.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mRNA expression of different cell lines was quantified by RT-PCR. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase (Luc) were used as reporter genes. The plasmids carrying UPII or GFP were constructed and transfected into human cell lines of bladder transitional cell cancer (BIU-87), kindey cancer (GRC-1), vascular endothelium (EC), lung cancer cell line (A549) and skin fibroblast cell line (Hs27). GFP activity of cells was detected by confocual microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM). Luciferase value was measured by luminometer (microplate) and luciferase to beta-galactosidase ratios (L/G values) were used for evaluating transfection efficiency.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>RT-PCR showed high expression level of UPII mRNA in bladder cancer cell line BIU-87, whereas low level or no expression in nonbladder cancer cell lines. The activity of GFP in bladder cancer (BIU-87) cell was higher than that in the other cell lines (5 - 10/HP versus 0 - 2/HP), with 4.34% positive cells in BIU-87 detected by FCM, but no positive cell was found in the other cell lines. L/G values indicated that the luciferase expression in human bladder cancer cells transfected with mouse UPII promoter was 1.8 - 8.2-fold as high as that in the nonbladder cell lines.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Mouse UPII promoter gene can be expressed in a tissue-specific fashion in human urinary bladder cancer. It is capable of initiating transcription of reporter genes in human bladder cancer cell line.</p>

Clinical analysis of 174 cases of primary ureteral carcinoma / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse the clinicopathological features and discuss the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of primary ureteral carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and seventy four cases of primary ureteral carcinoma diagnosed pathologically between January 1971 and July 2002 in our institution were followed up and retrospectively studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of primary ureteral carcinoma was increasing during the last 30 years. The mean age of occurrence was 63.7 years. The most useful methods of detecting tumors preoperatively were retrograde urogram, CT, magnetic resonance urography and ureteroscopy, with positive percentage of 87.8% (86/98), 96.0% (48/50), 95.8% (23/24), 87.0% (20/23) respectively. 131 (75.3%) cases underwent nephroureterectomy with a cuff of bladder. 171 (98.3%) cases were transitional cell carcinoma. T(a-2) and G(1, 2) tumors account for 70% of all respectively. The 5 year and 10 year survival rates were 53.1% (52/98) and 30.5% (18/59) respectively. The subsequent bladder cancer occurred in 38 cases (23.8%), and the subsequent contralateral ureteral carcinoma occurred in 6 cases (3.8%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prognosis of primary ureteral carcinoma is poor. Tumor stage and grade are both the prognostic factors. Precise preoperative diagnosis and more effective adjuvant therapy may improve the prognosis.</p>

Construction and screening of suppression subtractive hybridization library of renal cell carcinoma / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct and screen the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Poly A(+) RNA was isolated from RCC lines 786-O (tester) and renal cell (RC) lines HK-2 (driver), respectively. SSH procedure was performed according to the protocol of the PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction Kit (Clontech), and PCR products were cloned into pT-Adv vector and transformed E. coli TOP10F'. All positive clones picked out were digested and some of which were sequenced.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The SSH library contained 362 clones with SSH cDNA fragments distributed mainly from 0.3 to 0.9 kb. Among 50 clones sequenced randomly, 2 represented unknown genes and the other 48 derived from 36 known genes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quality of the SSH library of human RCC is reliable and its construction is the basis for further screening differentially expressed genes of RCC.</p>

Expression and significance of clusterin in normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression and significance of Clusterin in normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clusterin expression in samples of 12 normal prostate, 15 BPH, and 56 prostate cancer were studied by immunohistochemical stain.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 83 cases, 67 are positive or weak positive (81%). The rate of positive or weak positive for normal prostate, BPH and prostate cancer was 17% (2/12), 73% (11/15), and 96% (54/56) respectively. The expression level of Clusterin in prostate cancer was much higher than in normal prostate (t = 8.82, P < 0.01). BPH (t = 7.63, P < 0.01) was related positively with pathological grade (r = 0.649, P < 0.01) and stage (r = 0.609, P < 0.01) of prostate cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Clusterin may play an important role in the biological characteristics of prostate cancer by the anti-apoptosis pathway.</p>

Multivariate analysis of recurrence in T1 bladder transitional cell carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prognostic value of some clinicopathologic indexes and biologic tumor markers in predicting recurrence in T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expressions of p53, E-cadherin and VEGF of 75 patients with T1 primary bladder TCC were detected by streptabitin peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemical methods. The effects of clinicopathologic indexes and biologic tumor markers on recurrence were assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence- free survival rates were 68.0%, 45.3% and 20.9%. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, tumor mutifocality and the expression of p53, E-cadherin and VEGF were associated with recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the independent recurrence variables were tumor mutifocality, the expression of p53 and E-cadherin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Tumor mutifocality and the abnormal expression of p53 and E-cadherin are the variables that independently predict recurrence in T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.</p>

Impact of short-term neoadjuvant hormonal treatment on neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the impact of short-term neoadjuvant hormonal treatment on neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation and the relation of NE differentiation and tumor regression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The radical prostatectomy specimens and the biopsy specimens of the same 18 patients with prostate cancer were compared. The effect of hormonal treatment on NE-differentiation was evaluated by specific antibodies against chromogranin A (ChA) and serotonin (5-HT).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ChA-positive cell count was 3.2 x 10(-5)/microm(2) [(0-5.7) x 10(-5)/microm(2)] before hormonal treatment and 2.3 x 10(-5) microm(2)[(0-6.6) x 10(-5)/microm(2)] afterward (P > 0.05). For the proportion of NE-positive tumor, it was 7.0% (0%-14.9%) and 4.5% (0%-13.1%) (P > 0.05). No correlation existed between NE-differentiation and the neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. The NE cell density did not differ significantly between 12 non-/slightly regressive tumor foci and 6 highly regressive ones (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Short-term neoadjuvant hormonal therapy does not induce clonal propagation of NE cells. The degree of tumor regression following short-term neoadjuvant hormonal therapy is not correlated with the NE differentiation.</p>

The challenge of male reproductive health / 中华男科学杂志

Recently, research on male reproductive ability brings along the concern on male reproductive health. At present time, the situation of reproductive health was not optimistic and many problems need to be solved. In this article, many important topics were included, such as the changing and the possible reasons of male reproductive health; much concern was needed for babies, children, and male juvenile; increasing tendency of the infection rates of male urogenital system; research on male infertility needed to be explored deeply; there was no satisfactory methods for male contraception; the diagnosis and treatment of male erectile dysfunction were not sufficient for the need; research on andropause was at the primary stage; life regime of men needed to be adjusted. Concerning for male reproductive health is the responsibility of both medical workers and whole society.

Prevention of prostatitis / 中华男科学杂志

Prostatitis is a common disease in men without satisfactory therapeutics methods, and prevention of prostatitis becomes much more important. The main methods include treatment of general infection and secondardy infection of the prostate actively, diet and life-style modification, avoiding unnecessary medical examination, establishing good coping styles, giving publicity to the knowledge of prostate and prostate-related disease, and strengthening prevention in the post-prostatitis patients.