Prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged 40 and above in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China and provide scientific evidence for osteoporosis prevention and control. Methods: Data of this study were from the 2018 China Osteoporosis Epidemiological Survey, covering 44 counties (districts) in 11 provinces in China. Related variables were collected by questionnaire survey and physical measurement, and the BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorption method. The prevalence of osteoporosis and its 95%CI in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were estimated with complex sampling weights. Results: A total of 5 728 postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were included in the analysis and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 32.5% (95%CI: 30.3%-34.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women aged 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years were 16.0% (95%CI:4.5%-27.5%), 18.4% (95%CI:15.9%-20.8%), 37.5% (95%CI:34.5%-40.4%), 52.9% (95%CI: 47.5%-58.3%), and 68.0% (95%CI:55.9%-80.1%) respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis was higher (P<0.001) in those with education level of primary school or below (47.2%, 95%CI: 43.0%-51.3%) and in those with individual annual income less than 10 000 Yuan, (40.3%, 95%CI: 36.9%-43.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 35.1% in rural areas (95%CI: 32.0%-38.1%), which was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis in low weight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 69.9% (95%CI: 59.0%-80.8%), 42.2% (95%CI: 38.7%-45.7%), 24.2% (95%CI: 21.3%-27.1%) and 14.6% (95%CI: 11.1%-18.0%), respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis in those with menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years and in those with menopause years ≥11 years were 46.1% (95%CI:40.8%-51.3%) and 48.2% (95%CI:45.0%-51.3%), respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age ≥60 years, education level of primary school or below, annual household income per capita less than 10 000 Yuan, low body weight, menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years, menopause years ≥11 years were risk factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in China. Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis was high in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China, and there were differences in osteoporosis prevalence among different socioeconomic groups. Effective interventions should be taken for the prevention and control of osteoporosis in key groups in the future.

Clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid on primary endocardial fibroelastosis in children / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid in treatment of primary endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) in children.Methods Fifty-eight primary EFE cases admitted in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Jan.2006 to Dec.2013 were treated and followed-up for more than 3 years.Based on whether the application of glucocorticoid and the length of time of glucocorticoid therapy,cases were divided into three groups:no glucocorticoid group (n=15),glucocorticoid 0.5-1 year group (n=17) and glucocorticoid 1-2 year group (n=26).The following indicators were followed up and observed:the cardiac function indexes before and after treatment [Modified ROSS score,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS)],cardiac size [cardiothoracic ratio (C/T)] and the proportion of death.The efficacy and safety of glucocorticoid were studied.Results No statistically significant difference of modified ROSS scores,LVEF,LVFS and C/T existed among the 3 groups before treatment (P＞0.05).After treatment,the modified ROSS score,LVEF,LVFS and C/T in glucocorticoid 0.5-1 year group were 2.06 ± 1.78,59.29 ± 8.34,31.24 ± 6.0 and 0.580 ± 0.055,respectively,which were significantly different from those before treatment (5.06 ± 1.92,38.76 ± 6.31,18.47 ± 3.14 and 0.67 ± 0.05,respectively,P＜0.05);the modified ROSS score,LVEF LVFS and C/T in glucocorticoid 1-2 years group were 1.28 ± 1.54,64.64 ± 9.08,35.44 ± 5.44 and 0.57 ± 0.06,which were significantly different from those before treatment (5.28 ± 2.26,37.88 ± 8.48,18.12 ± 4.99 and 0.67 ± 0.04,P＜0.05).After treatment,the modified ROSS score,LVEF,LVFS and C/T in no glucocorticoid group were 6.00 ± 1.48,42.91 ± 14.36,21.55 ± 8.63 and 0.63 ± 0.05,which were significantly different compared with those in glucocorticoid 0.5-1 year group and glucocorticoid 1-2 years group (P＜0.05).However,no significant difference existed between glucocorticoid 0.5-1 year group and 1-2 years group on the modified ROSS score,LVEF and C/T after treatment (P＞0.05).Conclusion The glucocorticoid has good clinical effect on endocardial fibroelastosis,and no significant difference is found on the efficacy between the total course of glucocorticoid therapy 0.5-1 year group and 1-2 years group.

Relationship between Autophagy and Curcumin-induced Anticancer Effect / 中国医学科学院学报

Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from turmeric rhizome and has multiple pharmacological roles. Recently,its anticancer properties have been recognized. Also,curcumin regulates autophagy in tumor cells via signaling pathways including AMP-activated protein kinase,mammalian target of rapamycin,transcription factor EB,Beclin-1,B-cell lymphoma 2,and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Considering the complicated crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis,in this article we summaize the mechanism of curcumin-induced autophagy and its effect on apoptosis,with an attempt to provide insights on tumor therapy.

Radio technician operation specification of multi b value DWI technique applied to liver tumor detection / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To enhance the standardized operation of multi b value DWI technique when the radio technician detects liver tumors.Methods The operation specifications of multi b value DWI technique applied to liver benign tumors diagnosis were analyzed for MRI conventional examination,MR-DWI scan,MR-DWI image processing.Considerations were also taken on unified detection standard,supervision system,management mechanism and etc.Results Radio technician was improved in operation specification when used multi b value DWI technique to detect liver tumors. Conclusion Radio technician operation specification of multi b value DWI technique has to be strengthened to enhance the clinical efficacy.

Effects of NO on T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of spontaneously hypertensive rats / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To investigate whether NO can relieve hypertensive cerebrovascular and renal injury by regulating the ratio of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and reducing proinflammatory cytokine release . Methods Twelve-week SHR and WKY rats were randomly divided into three groups :WKY group ,SHR group and SHR+NO intervention group ,with 6 rats in each group .Rats in SHR+ NO intervention group were injected intraperitoneally with sodium nitroprusside according to 10 μg/(kg · d) for 4 weeks ,while WKY group and SHR group were injected intraperitoneally with an equal amount of saline for 4 weeks .After measuring the tail artery blood pressure ,basilar artery and renal pathological changes were observed by HE staining ;the rates of CD4+ /CD8+ and CD4+ CD25+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry ;and the expression of TNF-α was detected by ELISA .Results The expressions of CD4+ /CD8+ and TNF-αin SHR group were significantly higher than those in WKY group (P<0 .01) while the rate of CD4+ CD25+ in SHR group was significantly lower than that in WKY group (P<0 .01) .The expressions of CD4+ /CD8+ and TNF-α in SHR+ NO intervention group were significantly lower than those in SHR group whereas the rate of CD4+ CD25+ was significantly higher than that in SHR group (P<0 .05) .Conclusion NO can improve the target organ damage caused by hypertension by regulating the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets ratio and reducing the release of proinflammatory factors .

Effect of electroacupuncture stimulation on expression of angiotensinogen, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, endothelin-1, and endothelin a receptor mRNA in spontaneously hypertensive rat aorta / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation on the expressions of angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin-1 (ET1), and endothelin A receptor (ETAR) mRNA in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) aorta.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen male SHRs were randomly divided into three groups, an SHR group, an SHR Baihui (DU 20) and Zusanli (ST 36) acupoint (SHR-AP) group, and an SHR non-acupoint (SHR-NAP) group, with 6 rats in each group. Six Wistar rats were used as a control. Rats in the SHR-AP group were stimulated by DU 20 and ST 36 acupoints, both of which were connected with EA. EA was handled one time every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, for total 24 times (8 weeks). SHRNAP rats were acupointed at a 15°angle flat into 0.5 cm to two points, which were 1 and 2 cm from rail tip separately. EA parameters were the same as the SHR-AP rats. SHR control rats and Wistar rats were fixed without EA. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure AGT, AT1R, ET1, and ETAR mRNA expression in rat aorta.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>EA stimulation significantly reduced rat aorta vascular AGT, ET1, ETAR and AT1R mRNA expressions in the SHR-AP and SHR-NAP groups (P <0.01). Among these four genes, AT1R mRNA expression was significantly lower in the SHR-AP than in the SHR-NAP group (P <0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EA could reduce the AT1R mRNA expression in SHR-AP rat aorta, indicating a potential mechanism for the hypotensive effects of EA.</p>

Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Development and Hatching of Mouse Blastocysts / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the regulatory role and mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) in the development and hatching of mouse blastocysts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Kunming female mice were superovulated and then mated with mature male mice. On the day 2.5 of their pregnancy, morulae were flushed from their uterine horns with culture media. Morulae were cultured in different concentrations of N-nitro-L arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or the combination of L-NAME and SNP in culture media for 48 hours. The development and hatching of blastocysts were examined on day 4 and day 5 and the total numbers of blastocyst cells and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase 3) were observed under confocal laser scanning microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the increase of the concentration of L-NAME or SNP, the hatching rate of blastocysts and the total number of blastocyst cells were significantly reduced. The addition of 10 nmol/L SNP in culture media with 5 mmol/L L-NAME significantly increased the development of blastocysts and promoted hatching of blastocysts. However, with increase of SNP concentration in culture media with 5 mmol/L L-NAME, the development and hatching rates of blastocysts were significantly decreased. L-NAME had no obvious effect on the expression of active caspase 3 in blastocyst cells. However,when being above 500 nmol/L,SNP significantly increased the expression of caspase 3 in blastocyst cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NO plays an important role in development and hatching of mouse blastocysts. Excessively high or low NO can damage the division of blastomeres, resulting in the failure of the blastocyst development and hatching. Also, excessively high NO can lead to the apoptosis of the blastocyst cells.</p>

Histone modifications during spermatogenesis and male infertility / 中国医学科学院学报

Many pathological phenomena of male infertility are related to epigenetic changes in male germ cells. Epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis plays an important role in mitotic/meiotic divisions and spermiogenesis. The histones have various post-translational modifications on different amino acid residues during spermatogenesis. These modifications are crucial to the precise regulation of spermatogenesis. Moreover, the histone-to-protamine transition will occur during spermiogenesis. Many studies have also found that abnormal changes of histone modifications during spermatogenesis may damage the sperm development, leading to male sterility. This article reviews the changes of histone modifications during spermatogenesis, the regulation of the development of male germ cells, and the relationship between histone abnormalities and male sterility.

Effects of bisphenol-A on blastocyst development and implantation / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) on blastocyst development and implantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to completely randomized grouping method, 90 pregnant mice were divided into 100, 300, and 600 mg/(kg·d)BPA groups and control group. BPA-treated pregnant mice were orally administered with BPA at concentrations of 100, 300 and 600 mg/(kg·d) from day 0.5 to day 3.5 of their pregnancy. Blastocyst implantation and development were studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 300 mg/(kg·d) BPA group, the number of implantation sites and implantation rate were significantly decreased. In the 600 mg/(kg·d) group, no implantation sites were observed among pregnant mice and BPA inhibited embryo implantation. Blastocyst development on day 4 was examined, and findings showed that the development rate and total numbers of blastocysts in BPA treatment groups had no significant difference from the control group. However, BPA at 300 and 600 mg/(kg·d) significantly reduced blastocyst hatching rate and dramatically increased the number of blastocyst apoptotic cells when compared with those in the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BPA at a high concentration damages the blastocyst development before implantation and inhibits embryo implantation.</p>

Effects of 14 single herbs on the induction of caspase-3 in tumor cells: a brief review / 中国结合医学杂志

Chinese medicines (CMs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of tumors because of their unique advantages. The induction of tumor cell apoptosis is an important method of tumor treatment. Caspase-3 is a member of the caspase (cysteine aspartic proteinases) family of enzymes, which are the major inducers of apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity is often measured in the context of research into anti-tumor drugs that target apoptosis. Many studies have shown that CMs upregulate the expression of caspase-3 in tumor cells via extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways, removing endogenous suppression of apoptosis and promoting tumor cell death. Therefore, several CMs fulfill the criteria for anti-tumor drugs. In this paper, we review the efficacy of 14 Chinese herbal medicines, across a wide range applications, and discuss their effects on caspase-3 activity in tumor cells.

Effects of bisphenol A on the female reproductive organs and their mechanisms / 中国医学科学院学报

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a commonly used phenolic environmental estrogen. Long-term exposure of female mammalians to BPA can lead to endocrine disorders, followed by the morphological and functional changes in ovary, uterus, vagina, and oviducts. The interactions of BPA with various target molecules or tissues will cause different effects. To further elucidate the effects of BPA on female reproductive system, we review the changes in the structure and functions of female reproduction system after BPA exposure and their possible mechanisms.

Polycomb group proteins and their roles in regulating stem cell development / 中国医学科学院学报

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a family of epigenetic regulators responsible for the repression of genes in proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. PcG protein complex consists of two important epigenetic regulators: PRC1 (polycomb repressive complex 1) and PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2). In order to further understand the functions of PcG proteins in stem cell growth and differentiation, we review the PcG protein composition, PcG protein localization in the target gene, PcG protein recruitment, and the functions of PcG proteins in the development of stem cells.

Immunoglobulin expression in colon cancer cell line HT-29 and its biological activities / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the expression of immunoglobulins in HT-29 cells (an established colon cancer cell line, and explore their effect on the biological activities of the cancer cells.)</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The transcripts of variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy chains in HT-29 cells were detected by RT-PCR. Antisense CDR3 (specific to HT-29)-pIRES 1 neo vector was constructed, then transfected into HT-29 cells by electroporation. Programmed cell death and growth inhibition of HT-29 cells were detected by FCM and MTT, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The transcripts of Ig heavy chain (V(H) CDR3 region) were expressed in HT-29 cells. Moreover, they showed a monoclonal characteristic after being sequenced. After transfection of the antisense vector of CDR3 (specific to HT-29)-pIRES 1 neo, expression level of Ig in HT-29 cells was significantly decreased, and growth inhibition (P < 0.05) and apoptosis (P < 0.01) were induced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggest that tumor derived Ig could promote the survival and growth of tumor cells.</p>

Construction of recombinant human CD59 using ICAM-2 promoter for endothelial-specific expression in xenotransplantation / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a recombinant human CD59 gene containing intercellular adhesion molecule-2 promoter for high level endothelial-specific expression in xenotransplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ICAM-2 promotor fragment and CD59-intron 1 fragment were produced by PCR from the human blood genome, and then clone these fragments into a pcDNA3-CD59 eukaryotic expression vector which was followed by digestion with the specific restricted endonuclease (for example: EcoRI, Hind III). The ICAM-2 promoter and CD59-intron 1 fragments were identified by PCR, and sequencing. The recombinant was then transfected into pig aorta endothelial cells with Lipofection, and the expression was measured by flow cytometer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Products of the sequences measured were in accord with the frames of the gene bank. The expression of the protein of this recombinant was positive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The CD59 recombinant gene is constructed successfully, providing a basis for transgenic research.</p>