Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Progress in DNA-sensing pathways in Epstein-Barr virus infection / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is generally susceptible in human beings and multi-organ systems can be involved in EBV infection, such as blood, respiratory, urinary, digestive and nervous systems. EBV infection also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of related tumors, autoimmune diseases and other diseases, posing a great threat to human health. As a DNA virus, EBV can be sensed by DNA recognition receptors to trigger a series of downstream immune responses. A DNA-sensing pathway consists of DNA sensors, adaptor molecules and downstream effector signals. Double-stranded DNA sensors mainly include absent in melanoma 2-like receptors (ALRs) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Adaptors were mainly stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Downstream immune responses mainly involve typeⅠIFN, inflammasomes and proinflammatory cytokines. As a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family, EBV triggers complex innate and adaptive immune responses in the host, especially the sensing pathways mediated by a variety of DNA recognition receptors, which play a key role in host immune defense and pathogen immune evasion. This review made the DNA sensor as the clue to comprehensively summarize the progress in the activation, regulatory mechanism and clinical relevance of DNA-sensing pathways in EBV infection in recent years, aiming to achieve a better understanding of the host innate immune responses during EBV infection and provide an immunological basis for the prevention and treatment of EBV infection-related diseases.

Research progress on the mechanisms of inflammasomes during respiratory infections / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Acute respiratory infections are the most common infectious diseases in children.Among them, respiratory viruses are the main pathogens that cause many respiratory diseases, system damages or even death.As the first line of defense against pathogens like respiratory viruses, the innate immune system recognizes the structural components of viruses and endogenous danger signals with the pattern recognition receptors on immune cells and epithelial cells.During this process, inflammasomes are assembled and activated, and they participate in the recognition of viruses, inflammatory and immune response against viruses.The present study aims to describe the composition and function of inflammasomes, as well as the activation and negative regulation mechanisms of inflammasomes during common respiratory infections.

AIM2 inflammasome activation may mediate high mobility group box 1 release in murine allergic rhinitis / Ativação do inflamassoma AIM2 pode mediar a liberação da proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade no modelo murino de rinite alérgica

Abstract Introduction: High mobility group box 1 protein participates in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Activation of the inflammasome can mediate the release of high mobility group box 1. The role of the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome in allergic rhinitis remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the function of absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome in murine allergic rhinitis and the interaction between high mobility group box 1 and the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome. Methods: A murine allergic rhinitis model was established using twenty Balb/c mice. Expression of the components of the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome: absent in melanoma 2, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (Asc), caspase-1 p20, and additional nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) were detected by western blotting during allergic rhinitis. Alterations of absent in melanoma 2, caspase-1, and high mobility group box 1 after ovalbumin challenge were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. TdT-mediated dUTP Nick end labeling, TUNEL assay, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1 were used for the observation of pyroptosis. Results: Eosinophilia and goblet cell infiltration were observed in the nasal mucosa of mice in the allergic rhinitis group. Absent in melanoma 2, Asc, and caspase-1 p20 increased after ovalbumin exposure while Nlrp3 did not. High mobility group box 1 was released in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis mice. TUNEL-positive cells increased in the epithelium and laminae propria, whereas cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1 was not observed. Conclusions: The absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome was activated and pyroptosis may occur in the nasal mucosa after ovalbumin treatment. These may contribute to the translocation of high mobility group box 1 and the development of allergic rhinitis.

Resumo Introdução: A proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade participa da patogênese da rinite alérgica. A ativação do inflamassoma pode mediar a liberação de proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade. O papel do inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2 na rinite alérgica permanece incerto. Objetivo: Investigar a função do inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2 em um modelo murino de rinite alérgica e a interação entre a proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade e o inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2. Método: Um modelo murino de rinite alérgica foi estabelecido com 20 camundongos Balb/c. A expressão dos componentes do inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2, da proteína speck-like associada à apoptose com CARD (Asc), da caspase-1 p20 e do domínio de pirina da família NLR adicional com 3 (Nlrp3) foi detectada por western blotting durante a rinite alérgica. Alterações de inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2, na caspase-1 e na proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade após o teste de provocação com ovalbumina foram demonstradas por imuno-histoquímica. O ensaio dUTP Nick-End Labeling mediado por TdT, TUNEL e clivagem de caspase-3 e PARP-1 foram usados para a observação de piroptose. Resultados: Eosinofilia e infiltração de células caliciformes foram observadas na mucosa nasal de camundongos do grupo rinite alérgica. Inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2, Asc e caspase-1 p20 aumentou após a exposição à ovalbumina, enquanto Nlrp3 não aumentou. A proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade foi liberada na mucosa nasal de camundongos com rinite alérgica. As células TUNEL-positivas aumentaram no epitélio e na lâmina própria, enquanto a clivagem da caspase-3 e a PARP-1 não foram observadas. Conclusão: O inflamassoma ausente no melanoma 2 foi ativado e pode ocorrer piroptose na mucosa nasal após o tratamento com ovalbumina. Esses fatores podem contribuir para a translocação de proteína do grupo Box-1 de alta mobilidade e o desenvolvimento de rinite alérgica.

Therapeutic regulation of autophagy in hepatic metabolism

Metabolic homeostasis requires dynamic catabolic and anabolic processes. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosomal degradative pathway, can rewire cellular metabolism linking catabolic to anabolic processes and thus sustain homeostasis. This is especially relevant in the liver, a key metabolic organ that governs body energy metabolism. Autophagy's role in hepatic energy regulation has just begun to emerge and autophagy seems to have a much broader impact than what has been appreciated in the field. Though classically known for selective or bulk degradation of cellular components or energy-dense macromolecules, emerging evidence indicates autophagy selectively regulates various signaling proteins to directly impact the expression levels of metabolic enzymes or their upstream regulators. Hence, we review three specific mechanisms by which autophagy can regulate metabolism: A) nutrient regeneration, B) quality control of organelles, and C) signaling protein regulation. The plasticity of the autophagic function is unraveling a new therapeutic approach. Thus, we will also discuss the potential translation of promising preclinical data on autophagy modulation into therapeutic strategies that can be used in the clinic to treat common metabolic disorders.

Inclusión de la práctica colaborativa interprofesional para la promoción y prevención de la salud bucal / Inclusion of interprofessional collaborative practice for the promotion and prevention of oral health / Inclusão da prática interprofissional colaborativa para a promoção e prevenção da saúde bucal

Resumen Las actividades de promoción y prevención en Salud son relevantes en la Atención Primaria; no obstante, las relacionadas con el Programa de Salud Oral, en Chile, aparecen asociadas a los programas preventivos y no formando parte de ellos, situación que también ocurre en otros países. La presente revisión tiene como objetivos evidenciar las actuales políticas y lineamientos internacionales que indican que se debe propender a una Práctica Colaborativa Interprofesional para una mejor calidad en la atención; y proponer un trabajo interprofesional donde las acciones de promoción y prevención en Salud Bucal se incluyan en los programas preventivos existentes. La Práctica Colaborativa Interprofesional ocurre cuando los miembros del equipo de salud se organizan, planifican, gestionan y proporcionan servicios integrales de salud, evitando la fragmentación de los cuidados. Esto se logra estructurando las competencias comunes, colaborativas y específicas. El trabajo interdependiente permite complementar conocimientos y habilidades que contribuyen a cumplir con las políticas de Calidad de la Atención y Triple Meta en salud. De modo que, se proponen estrategias de trabajo en promoción y prevención de Salud Bucal a incorporar y ejecutar en los diversos programas preventivos ya existentes a lo largo del ciclo vital. En conclusión, es necesario un cambio de paradigma en la atención bucodental donde el foco ya no esté en el programa sino en el individuo, familia y comunidad para lograr una salud integral. Resulta relevante compartir experiencias de atención interprofesional y a incorporar la Educación Interprofesional y Practica Colaborativa en el proceso formativo de las futuras generaciones.

Abstract Health prevention and promotion actions are relevant in primary care; nevertheless, those related to the Oral Health Program in Chile are associated with preventive programs and are not part of them, which occurs in other countries as well. The objectives of this review are to display the current international policies and guidelines that indicate that an Interprofessional Collaborative Practice should be promoted for a better quality of care as well as to propose interprofessional work including promotion and prevention actions in Oral Health in the existing preventive programs. Interprofessional Collaborative Practice occurs when members of the health team organize, plan, manage and provide integral health services, avoiding fragmentation of care. This is achieved by structuring common, collaborative, and specific competencies. Interdependent work allows complementing knowledge and skills that contribute to comply with the policies of Quality of Care and Triple Aim in health. Therefore, work strategies in oral health promotion and prevention are proposed to be incorporated and implemented in the various preventive programs already in place throughout the life cycle. In conclusion, there is a need for a paradigm shift in oral health care, where the focus is no longer on the program but on the individual, family, and community to achieve comprehensive health. Finally, it becomes relevant to share experiences of interprofessional care, and incorporating Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice in the formative process of future generations.

Resumo As atividades de promoção e prevenção da saúde são relevantes na Atenção Básica; no entanto, aqueles relacionados ao Programa de Saúde Bucal no Chile aparecem associados aos programas preventivos e não fazem parte deles, situação que também ocorre em outros países. A presente revisão visa demonstrar as atuais políticas e diretrizes internacionais que indicam que uma Prática Interprofissional Colaborativa deve ser promovida para uma melhor qualidade de atendimento; e propor um trabalho interprofissional onde as ações de promoção e prevenção em Saúde Bucal estejam incluídas nos programas preventivos existentes. A Prática Colaborativa Interprofissional ocorre quando os membros da equipe de saúde organizam, planejam, gerenciam e prestam serviços de saúde integrais, evitando a fragmentação do cuidado. Isso é conseguido através da estruturação de competências comuns, colaborativas e específicas. O trabalho interdependente permite complementar conhecimentos e competências que contribuem para o cumprimento das políticas de Qualidade da Assistência e Triplo Objetivo em saúde. Assim, são propostas estratégias de trabalho na promoção e prevenção da Saúde Bucal a serem incorporadas e executadas nos diversos programas preventivos já existentes ao longo do ciclo vital. Conclui-se que é necessária uma mudança de paradigma na higiene bucal, onde o foco não seja mais o programa, mas sim o indivíduo, a família e a comunidade para o alcance da saúde integral. É relevante compartilhar experiências de cuidado interprofissional e incorporar a Educação Interprofissional e a Prática Colaborativa no processo de formação das futuras gerações.

Lonicerin targets EZH2 to alleviate ulcerative colitis by autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation

Aberrant activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in colonic macrophages strongly associates with the occurrence and progression of ulcerative colitis. Although targeting NLRP3 inflammasome has been considered to be a potential therapy, the underlying mechanism through which pathway the intestinal inflammation is modulated remains controversial. By focusing on the flavonoid lonicerin, one of the most abundant constituents existed in a long historical anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious herb

Gasdermin D in pyroptosis

Pyroptosis is the process of inflammatory cell death. The primary function of pyroptosis is to induce strong inflammatory responses that defend the host against microbe infection. Excessive pyroptosis, however, leads to several inflammatory diseases, including sepsis and autoimmune disorders. Pyroptosis can be canonical or noncanonical. Upon microbe infection, the canonical pathway responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while the noncanonical pathway responds to intracellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. The last step of pyroptosis requires the cleavage of gasdermin D (GsdmD) at D275 (numbering after human GSDMD) into N- and C-termini by caspase 1 in the canonical pathway and caspase 4/5/11 (caspase 4/5 in humans, caspase 11 in mice) in the noncanonical pathway. Upon cleavage, the N-terminus of GsdmD (GsdmD-N) forms a transmembrane pore that releases cytokines such as IL-1

Approach for reporting serous effusion fluid in pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity and immunohistochemistry

Background: The aim of this study is to make a detailed cytological study of effusion fluids and compare with cell block study of the representative cases and IHC studies were done.Methods: Prospective study of 216 cases effusion fluids from in and around hospitals, Mangalore. This study conducted over a period of 18 months from October-2014 to April-2016. This study scrutinized and approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. The samples were processed by conventional cytology using Papanicolaou-stain and Cell Block (CB) method using 10% Alcohol-formalin fixative and stained with H and E. The cellularity, architectural patterns, morphological details were studied both smears. Ancillary immunohistochemical staining with calretinin and EMA are done.Results: A total of 216 cases of effusion fluids with cell block study were included, age range of 13 years to 93 years. Pleural fluid comprised of 55.09%, peritoneal fluid of 43.51% and pericardial fluid of 1.38%. 71% were clinically diagnosed as non-neoplastic and 29% were neoplastic condition. In CS study, 84.5% cases were benign/reactive effusion and 8.5% were positive for malignancy. In CB study, 84.5% were benign/reactive effusion and 10.2% were positive for malignancy. In comparison authors found an increase in diagnostic efficacy by 18%. IHC EMA for adenocarcinoma cells has sensitivity of 100% and calretinin for reactive mesothelial cells has specificity of 100%.Conclusions: Authors concluded that cell block technique when used as an adjuvant to routine smear examination in effusion fluids has increased the diagnostic yield and better preservation of architectural pattern. IHC is helpful in differentiating between reactive mesothelial and adenocarcinoma cells.

Advances in role of inflammasome in fibrotic diseases / 中国药理学通报

The inflammasome—a molecular complex of proteins whose activation and subsequent secretion of inflammatory cytokines are essential for innate immune defense, playing an significant role in adaptive immune responses. Fibrosis is the final stage of the development of chronic inflammation, which is the result of excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, leading to tissue structure damage and organ dysfunction. This paper reviews the role of inflammasome in fibrotic diseases in order to promote the research and development of inflammasome mechanisms and drugs.

Associação do polimorfismo de IL-13 (+1398A/G) com a asma e a ancestralidade genômica / Association of IL-13 (+1398A/G) gene polymorphisms with asthma and genomic ancestry

Introdução: A asma é uma doença complexa, resultante da interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. A expressão aumentada de genes relacionados à inflamação define as alterações celulares e estruturais do aparelho respiratório, enquanto o meio ambiente modula os diferentes fenótipos asmáticos. Os produtos dessas células envolvidos na inflamação incluem citocinas, como a interleucina13 (IL-13), que está relacionada com a síntese direta de IgE, imunoglobulina essencial na patogênese da asma. Há divergências entre a prevalência da asma e o grupo étnico estudado, desta forma, o uso de Marcadores Informativos de Ancestralidade (AIM ­ Ancestry Informative Markers) possibilita a caracterização da ancestralidade genômica de diferentes populações. Objetivos: Verificar a associação entre polimorfismos do gene IL-13R com a ancestralidade genômica e a asma em uma população no sul da Bahia. Métodos: Foram genotipadas 320 amostras, sendo 114 casos, e 206 controles, utilizando o método de PCR e PCR/RFLP em sete AIMs (Sb19.3, APO, AT3, RB2300, LPL, CKMM e PV92) que apresentam elevado diferencial de frequência alélica entre africanos, ameríndios e europeu, e um polimorfismo no receptor de IL-13 (IL-13RA1). Resultados: Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a maior contribuição foi ameríndia, tanto para os casos (37,42%), como para os controles (50,52%), demonstrando que há diferenças nas contribuições étnicas das amostras da região estudada. O polimorfismo no receptor de IL-13 (IL- 13RA1) apresentou associação significativa com rinite e história familiar. Conclusões: A heterogeneidade da composição étnica das amostras pode ter influenciado na não associação das duas variáveis: níveis de IgE sérico e histórico familiar, e a presença do polimorfismo no receptor da IL-13RA1, e aponta a necessidade de realização do controle genômico.

Introduction: Asthma is a complex disease resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Increased expression of inflammatory genes defines cellular and structural changes in the respiratory tract, while the environment modulates the different asthmatic phenotypes. Cell products involved in inflammation include cytokines, such as interleukin-13 (IL-13), which is related to the direct synthesis of IgE, an immunoglobulin that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Because there is divergence of asthma prevalence between different ethnic groups, the use of ancestry informative markers (AIMs) allows for the characterization of genomic ancestry in different populations. Objectives: To examine the association of IL-13R gene polymorphisms with genomic ancestry and asthma in a population from the south of Bahia. Methods: A total of 320 samples, 114 cases and 206 controls, were genotyped using PCR and PCR/RFLP methods for 7 AIMs (Sb19.3, APO, AT3, RB2300, LPL, CKMM, and PV92) that showed a high allele frequency differential between Africans, Amerindians, and Europeans and 1 polymorphism in the IL-13 receptor (IL-13RA1). Results: Amerindian ancestry provided the greatest contribution in both cases (37.42%) and controls (50.52%), indicating that there are differences in the ethnic contribution of the samples from the study region. The IL-13 receptor (IL-13RA1) polymorphism was significantly associated with rhinitis and family history. Conclusions: Heterogeneity in the ethnic composition of the samples may have influenced the non-association of serum IgE levels and family history with the presence of IL-13RA1 receptor polymorphism, and the results point to the need for genomic control.

Tradução e adaptação do Check List RE-AIM para a realidade Brasileira / Translation and adaptation of the RE-AIM Check List for Brazilian reality

O objetivo foi traduzir e adaptar os itens de codificação relacionados às dimensões do modelo RE-AIM para auxiliar no planejamento e avaliação de programas de promoção da atividade física e saúde, bem como na análise da qualidade do relato em estudos de revisão sistemática. Foram realizadas equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica por profissionais de saúde mono e bilíngues. Na análise conceitual e de itens foi realizada discussão entre especialistas e na semântica, tradução inversa (inglês para português) e reversa (português para inglês) dos itens. Posteriormente, foi avaliada a equivalência entre as retraduções e o conteúdo original. Dessa forma, foi apresentada a tradução e adaptação dos 54 itens que permite o planejamento e avaliação de programas e dos 21 itens para análise da qualidade das informações relatadas em evidências científicas. Espera-se contribuir para o planeja-mento e avaliação de programas ou revisões sistemáticas para promoção da atividade física e saúde

The goal was to translate and adapt the coding items related to the dimensions of the RE-AIM model to assist in the planning and evaluation of physical activity and health promotion programs as well as in the analysis of the quality of the report in systematic review studies. Mono and bilingual health professionals carried out conceptual, item and semantic equivalence. In the conceptual and item analysis specialists carried out a discussion and in the semantic one, an inverse (English to Portuguese) and a reverse (Portuguese to English) translation of the items were performed. Posteriorly, the equivalence between the retranslations and the original content was evaluated. Therefore, the translation and adaptation of the 54 items that allow the planning and evaluation of the programs were presented as well as the translation and adaptation of the 21 items necessary to the analysis of the quality of the information reported in scientific evidence. It is expected to contribute to programs planning and evaluation or their systematic review aiming at physical activity and health promotion

Efficiency in the operational process: reduction of incorrect entries and guarantee of compliance in the rendering of accounts / Eficiência no processo operacional: redução dos lançamentos incorretos e garantia de compliance na prestação de contas

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the impact of the Lean Six Sigma methodology in reducing incorrect entries of non-appropriated revenues and expenses. Methods Process for the review and application of the Lean Six Sigma methodology between December 2015 and September 2016, in a high-complexity general hospital in the city of São Paulo (SP). Results A total of 3,756,814 (100%) entries were audited between December 2015 and September 2016. The Sigma level evolved over the course of the process and increased from 3.44 Sigma in December 2015 to 5.92 Sigma in September 2016. Entries classified as non-appropriated revenues and expenses were brought down to 0% at the end of the study. Conclusion The use of the Lean Six Sigma methodology was efficient in reducing incorrect entries, calculating costs, ensuring compliance in rendering of accounts and accurately determining cost-outcome ratios.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o impacto da metodologia Lean Seis Sigma na redução de lançamentos incorretos de receitas e despesas não apropriadas. Métodos Processo de revisão e aplicação de metodologia Lean Seis Sigma, no período de dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016, em um hospital geral de alta complexidade da cidade de São Paulo (SP). Resultados Foram auditados 3.756.814 (100%) lançamentos durante os meses de dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016. O nível Sigma foi demonstrado na evolução do processo e aumentou de 3,44 Sigma, em dezembro de 2015, para 5,92 Sigma, em setembro de 2016. Os lançamentos classificados como receitas e despesas não apropriadas chegaram a 0% ao término do estudo. Conclusão O uso da metodologia Lean Seis Sigma foi eficiente na redução de lançamentos incorretos, na apuração correta de custos, na garantia de compliance na prestação de contas e na acurácia no projeto de custos e desfechos.

La asignatura Ontogenia Humana y Sistema Osteomio-Articular: elementos importantes desde el punto de vista didáctico / The matter Human Ontogeny and Osteomyoarticular System: main elements from the didactic point of view

Durante los últimos años las transformaciones curriculares realizadas en la educación médica cubana han estado orientadas a elevar la calidad en la formación de los profesionales de la salud, por lo que la implementación de un nuevo plan de estudio D, ha llevado a procesos de perfeccionamiento para tratar de lograr un mejor desarrollo del proceso de aprendizaje. Con el objetivo de valorar en el programa de la asignatura Ontogenia Humana y Sistema Osteomio-Articular , algunos elementos que se consideran necesarios, dada su importancia desde el punto de vista didáctico, se realizó el presente trabajo de acuerdo al criterio de los autores. Se analizó la precedencia de los contenidos, los objetivos generales propuestos y su relación con el contenido, sistema de habilidades, así como tareas docentes. Se considera que el mismo posee insuficiencias que deben tenerse en cuenta ya que pueden ser perfeccionadas con vistas al mejoramiento del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje, siempre teniendo presente el carácter sistémico del diseño; además las modificaciones que se hagan a los programas deben ser sometidos a una evaluación, tomando en consideración los criterios de profesores de experiencia en todas las universidades del país para así poder determinar su pertinencia (AU).

During the last years, the curricular transformations carried out in Cuban medical education have been aimed to increasing the quality of the health professionals training; thus, the implementation of a new study plan D has led to improving processes to achieve a better development of the learning process. This work was carried out according to the authors' criteria, with the aim of assessing several elements in the program of the matter Human Ontogeny and Osteomyoarticular System. The analyzed topics were precedence of the contents, proposed general objectives and their relationship with the content, skills system, and also teaching tasks. It is considered that it has deficiencies that has to be considered because they could be improved with the aim of bettering the teaching learning process, taking always into account the systemic character of the design; besides that, the modifications introduced in the programs have to be evaluated, listening the criteria of experienced professors in all the universities of the country (AU).

Research progress of AIM2 in tumor / 实用肿瘤学杂志

Absent in melanoma 2(AIM2),as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor,can perceive the cytoplasmic dsDNA which released by the cells infected with DNA virus or bacteria.AIM2 will be raised by Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD to produce inflammation complex,activate of Caspase-1,promote the maturation,and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18,or lead to pyroptosis.AIM2 plays an importation role in initiating immunity.Recent research shows that AIM2 has an influence on the occurrence and progress in tumor,it acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits tumor progression in liver and breast carcinoma;However,AIM2 shows the carcinogenic effect of promoting tumor development on cervical carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma.These results contribute to the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumor.

Cumplimiento de los propósitos de salud bucal para el 2015 en pobladores de un consultorio médico / Fulfillment of the purposes of oral health by 2015 for residents of a doctor´s office

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal con vistas a describir el cumplimiento de los propósitos de salud bucal para el 2015 en 224 pobladores de ambos sexos, pertenecientes al consultorio médico No. 46 del área de salud "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, desde agosto del 2013 hasta diciembre del 2014. Los datos de interés fueron plasmados en una planilla confeccionada al efecto. Se utilizaron variables cualitativas, cuantitativas y medidas de resumen como el porcentaje y el índice. Estos propósitos solo se cumplieron en los jóvenes de 18 años que mantenían todos sus dientes y en la población sana periodontalmente.

A descriptive and cross-sectional investigation aimed at describing the fulfillment of the purposes of oral health by 2015 in 224 residents of both sexes, belonging to the doctor´s office Nº 46 of "José Martí Pérez" health area in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from August, 2013 to December, 2014. The data of interest were written in a form made to this purpose. Qualitative, quantitative variables and summary measures were used as the percentage and index. These purposes were only fulfilled in the 18 years adolescents who had all their teeth and in the periodontally healthy population.

Transición de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica / Transition of patients with chronic kidney disease

Existe actualmente un creciente interés en los problemas asociados a la transición desde la atención de los adolescentes y jóvenes con enfermedad renal crónica en centros pediátricos a los de adultos. Los pacientes y ambos equipos experimentan diferentes visiones y sensaciones de insatisfacción. Aún falta mucho para que el proceso sea exitoso por las características distintivas de este grupo y sus propias historias personales. El objetivo de este trabajo es mediante una herramienta objetiva, determinar cuál de las competencias deseables de obtener para lograr una adecuada transición de la atención pediátrica a la del adulto es la menos desarrollada en los pacientes con enfermedad renal. Se encontró que el manejo de la propia vida es el ítem menos logrado, sobre todo en los varones adolescentes. Concluimos que fortalecer la autonomía de estos adolescentes y jóvenes debe ser un objetivo a trabajar por todo el equipo de salud para puedan completar este proceso transicional exitosamente (AU)

Currently there is a growing interest in problems associated with transition of care from pediatric to adult centers of adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease. The patients and both teams have different views and feelings of frustration. Much is still lacking for the process to become successful due to the typical features of this group of patients and their personal histories. The aim of this study was to determine through an objective tool the necessary skills to achieve an adequate transition from pediatric to adult care that have not been developed in patients with kidney disease. It was found that control over their own life was the item that was less achieved, particularly in adolescent boys. We conclude that strengthening the autonomy of these adolescents and young adults should be an aim of the whole health team for the successful transition of these patients (AU)

Evaluación de un modelo de atención primaria en salud en Santander, Colombia / Evaluation of a primary health care model in Santander, Colombia / Avaliação de um modelo de atenção primária à saúde em santander, colômbia

Objetivo: Evaluar la experiencia de implementación de un modelo de Atención Primaria en Salud (MAPIS) en zonas predominantemente rurales en Santander, Colombia. Métodos: se utilizó el modelo RE-AIM por medio de sus cinco dimensiones: Cobertura, Efectividad, Adopción, Implementación y Mantenimiento. En el proceso se usaron métodos mixtos que incluyeron estudios de caso y evaluación cuantitativa del desempeño y resultados en salud en seis municipios. Resultados: Se encontró una cobertura y desarrollo heterogéneo de la implementación del MAPIS a nivel municipal. La calificación de los atributos del MAPIS y la percepción del estado individual de salud fue más favorable en los municipios con mayor desarrollo del MAPIS. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron cambios en los indicadores básicos de salud atribuidos al MAPIS. Se identificaron debilidades en la continuidad operativa del modelo y en la articulación con otras estrategias intersectoriales. Conclusiones: Aunque se evidenciaron algunos resultados intermedios positivos en los municipios de mayor desarrollo del MAPIS, en general el impacto del nivel de desarrollo del MAPIS en términos de mejoramiento de los indicadores básicos de salud no se evidencia aún en esta primera evaluación y diversos factores organizacionales de carácter departamental y municipal, así como la misma estructura del sistema de salud colombiano, ponen en riesgo su continuidad.

Objective: To evaluate the experience of implementing a Primary Health Care Model (PHCM) in predominantly rural areas of the department of Santander, Colombia. Methodology: The five dimensions of the RE-AIM model were used: coverage, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. Mixed methods were used including case studies and quantitative evaluation of the model's performance and health outcomes in six municipalities. Results: The coverage, development and implementation of the PHCM were found to be heterogeneous at the municipal level. The rating of the attributes of the PHCM and the perception of the individual health status was more favorable in the municipalities where the PHCM was more developed. However, no changes were found in the basic health indicators attributed to PHCM. Weaknesses were identified in the operational continuity of the model and in the coordination with other intersectoral strategies. Conclusions: Although some positive intermediate results are evident in the municipalities where the PHCM is more developed, in general, the level of development of the PHCM on basic health indicators is not yet evident in this first evaluation and various organizational factors at the departmental and municipal level, as well as the structure of the Colombian health system itself, threaten its continuity.

Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de implementação de um modelo de atenção primária à saúde (MAPS) em áreas predominantemente rurais de Santander, Colômbia. Métodos: Utilizou-se o modelo RE-AIM nas suas cinco dimensões: Cobertura, Efetividade, Adopção, Implementação y Manutenção. Neste processo utilizaram-se metodologias mistas, incluindo estudos de caso e avaliação quantitativa da execução e resultados em saúde em seis municípios. Resultados: Encontraram-se cobertura e desenvolvimento heterogêneos na implementação do MAPS a nível municipal. A qualificação dos atributos do MAPS e da percepção do estado individual de saúde foi melhor nos municípios com maior desenvolvimento do MAPS. Porém, não se evidenciaram mudanças nos indicadores básicos de saúde atribuídos ao MAPS. Identificaram-se fraquezas na continuidade operativa do modelo e na articulação com outras estratégias entre setores. Conclusões: Embora se tenham evidenciado alguns resultados intermédios positivos nos municípios com maior desenvolvimento do MAPS, na generalidade o impacto do nível de desenvolvimento do MAPS em termos de melhorar os indicadores básicos de saúde não está presente nesta primeira avaliação. Além disso, tanto fatores referentes à organização estadual e municipal, quanto a estrutura do sistema colombiano de saúde ariscam a continuidade do MAPS.

The clinical application research of Utrecht applicator in three-dimensional image guided brachytherapy (3D-IGBT) for cervical cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical application of Utrecht applicator in three-dimensional image-guided brachytherapy (3D-IGBT) for locally advanced cervical cancer,as well as its application discipline in intracavitary/interstitial (IC/IS) therapy.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 45 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who received radical radiotherapy,and the patients received external beam radiotherapy followed by 3D-IGBT.A total of 130 times (n =45) of IC/IS therapy were performed,and the patients who received such therapy were all enrolled.The patients who met the target dose fractionation defined in the plan were enrolled as group A (n=37,86 times),and the other patients were enrolled as group B (n=22,44 times).Two groups difference was analyzed with Group t-test.Results The frequencies of use of 15-,20-,and 25-mm ovoids by the applicator were 50.0％,20.0％,and 30.0％,respectively,and the 30-mm ovoid was not used.A total of 499 needles were used,and the frequencies of use of 6,7,10,and 11 insertion holes were 23.1％,21.2％,21.2％,and 24.1 ％,respectively.Group A had a significantly lower mean number of the needles than group B (3.7 vs.4.2,P=0.008).Compared with group B,group A had a significantly lower mean high-risk clinical target volume (CTV)(40.71±18.43 cm3 vs.51.81±14.74 cm3,P=0.001),as well significantly lower width and height of high-risk CTV (P=0.011 and 0.006),but the thickness of high-risk CTV was similar between the two groups (P=0.595).The difference between height and insertion depth (DH) was similar between the two groups (P=0.366).Group A had a smaller difference between width and pinhole distance Dw than group B (P=0.007).Conclusions When IC/IS therapy is performed for locally advanced cervical cancer,the 15-,20-,and 25-mm ovoids of Utrecht applicator and 6,7,10,and 11 insertion holes are frequently used.When the number of needles is no less than 4 and the depth is no less than 3 cm,width is the major factor which affects the planned dose.

Programa Universidade Aberta para a Terceira Idade: avaliação do programa por meio do modelo RE-AIM / Open University Program for Seniors: program evaluation using the RE-AIM framework

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o programa Universidade Aberta para a Terceira Idade, por meio do modelo RE-AIM. O programa desenvolve ações de promoção de saúde, bem-estar físico e mental e interação social, proporcionando assim melhorias na qualidade de vida de idosos do município de Irati-PR e região. Para avaliação do programa utilizou-se o modelo RE-AIM, uma ferramenta desenvolvida para avaliar o efeito de programas de intervenção em ambientes construídos e propõe esta avaliação a partir de cinco dimensões: Alcance, Eficácia/Efetividade, Adoção, Implementação e Manutenção em nível organizacional e/ou individual. É um instrumento traduzido e adaptado para a realidade brasileira. Foram analisadas as informações obtidas em vídeos, relatórios e documentos institucionais. Os resultados demonstraram, que o programa apesar de ser antigo, possui Adoção e Alcance baixos, não apresenta instrumentos que avaliem a Efetividade do programa, apresenta um custo para que suas ações sejam desenvolvidas, não há participação efetiva de docentes de diferentes áreas do conhecimento e não há resultados em relação à manutenção em nível individual. Apesar destes aspectos observados, não há dúvidas que os programas vinculados as Universidades Abertas para Terceira Idade em Instituições de Ensino Superior, no Brasil, são estratégias valiosa no intuito de promover melhorias no processo de envelhecimento. No entanto, é imprescindível que avaliações constantes sejam efetivadas e ações conjuntas de extensão, ensino e pesquisa sejam realizadas, buscando assegurar a condução dos programas com objetivos sustentados metodológica e cientificamente.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the Open University for the Elderly program, through the RE-AIM model. The program develops health promotion, physical and mental well-being and social interaction, thus providing improvements in the quality of life of elderly in Irati-PR and region. For evaluation of the program used the RE-AIM model, a tool developed to evaluate the effect of intervention programs in built environments and proposes this assessment from five dimensions: Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance level organizational and/or individual. It is a translated and adapted instrument to the Brazilian reality. The information obtained in videos, reports and institutional documents were analyzed. The results showed that the program despite being old, has Adoption and range low, has no instruments to assess the effectiveness of the program, has a cost that their actions are developed, there is no effective participation of teachers from different areas of knowledge and there are no results regarding the maintenance at the individual level. Despite these observed aspects, there is no doubt that the programs linked the Open Universities for Senior Citizens in higher education institutions in Brazil are valuable strategies in order to promote improvements in the aging process. However, it is essential that ongoing assessments to take effect and joint extension actions, teaching and research are carried out, seeking to ensure the conduct of programs with sustained objectives methodological and scientific.